Download Exam 3 Review Chapters 5 and 6 Chapter 5

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Exam 3 Review
Chapters 5 and 6
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Chapter 5-The Body as a Whole
• The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
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Directional Terms
• See chart on page 102. There will be a matching section on the word parts.
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• Ex:
____tel/e
a. toward the front
____anter/o
b. distant from origin
____dors/o
c. toward the back
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Positions
• See Exercise 5 on page 103.
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• There will be 3 of the directional terms and you must pick the right definition.
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Anterolateral means:
a. behind and to the side
b. behind and toward the middle
c. to the front and one side
d. to the front and middle
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• Peritoneum-membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity. It secretes a lubricating fluid
that allows the organs to glide against one another to prevent adhesion, or sticking
together
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• Visera- large organs contained in the vental cavity
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Combining Forms for Select Body Regions or Structures
• See chart on page 107. Know these for a matching section.
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• Pay close attention to:
• abdomin/o= abdomen
• lapar/o= abdominal wall
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omphalocele- herniation of the navel
omphal/o= navel (umbilicus)
-cele= herniation
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Body Fluids
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Definitions
• lacrimation- crying or the discharge of tears
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• Anemia is a condition in which the number of RBC or the concentration of hemoglobin (or
both) is decreased.
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hidr/o vs. hydr/o
• hidr/o = sweat or persperation
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• hydr/o= water
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• What is the formation and excretion of sweat?
a. hydrotherapy
b. hydrosis
c. hidrosis
d. hidradenitis
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Word Parts that Pertain to Body Fluids
• See chart on page 112. Know the word parts for a matching section.
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• Practice with exercise 12.
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Glands
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Blood
Blood circulates through the heart and blood vessels, carrying oxygen, nutrients, vitamins,
and antibodies. Blood carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
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Blood Components:
• plasma
• leukocytes (WBC)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
• erythrocytes (RBC)
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Definitions
• hemodialysis-process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove
toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impared kidney function.
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Blood Terminology
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Definitions
antigen – any substance that body regards as foreign
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antibody-disease fighting protein produced by the immune system in response to the
presence of a specific antigen
• hypersensitivity- excessive reaction to an antigen
• ex: allergies, anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis is an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously
encountered antigen
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Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
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protection (of internal organs)
support (bones and ligaments)
movement (muscles moving bones)
formation of blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
storage of fat in bone marrow
storage and release of minerals especially calcium
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Definition
• orthopedics- branch of medicine involved in the prevention and correction of deformities or
diseases of the musculoskeletal system
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Major Bones of the Body
• See chart on page 136. There will be matching questions and you will need to know these
word parts in order to understand the word meanings throughout the chapter.
• Know the combining form and bone name as well as the common name.
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Know these combining forms in the head region.
• cephal/o= head
• cerebr/o= brain
• crani/o= skull
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• There will be a matching section on just these 3 combining forms.
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Major Bones of the Body, cont.
Pelvic Bones
• pelvis
pelv/I
The pelvis is made of three sets of bones that connect to the sacrum: ilium, ischium, pubis
• ilium
• ischium
• pubis
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ili/o
ischi/o
pub/o
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Definitions
• Cartilage is dense, flexible connective tissue that is commonly found in joints, the outer
ear, and the nasal septum.
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• Bursae are sacs of fluid located in areas of friction, especially the joints.
• bursa(singular), bursae(plural)
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• Tendons connect muscles to bone
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• Articulation is another name for joint.
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Word Parts and Their Meanings
• See the chart on page 145
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Diseases and Disorders
• my/o=muscle
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• myolysis- degeneration of muscle tissue
• myopathy- any disease of the muscle
• myalgia –muscle pain
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• Don’t get confused with myel/o
• myel/o=bone marrow or spinal cord
• myelitis- inflammation of bone marrow or spinal cord
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Definintions
herniated disk – also called “slipped disk” results from rupture of the cartilage between
vertebrae. It can press on the spinal cord or on a spinal nerve causing pain
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paraplegia-paralysis of the lower portion of the body and of both legs
quadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremities
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Definitions
• multiple myeloma – presence of many tumor masses in the bone
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• spina bifida- congenital abnormality characterized by defective closure of the bones of the
spine.
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Diseases and Disorders, cont.
osteoporosis- reduction in the amount of bone leading to fractures
• (oste/o=bone, -porosis=thinning of bone tissue)
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osteomalacia- A reversible skeletal disorder with softening of the bones caused by defective
bone mineralization, most commonly caused by vitamin D deficiency.
• (oste/o=bone, -malacia=abnormal softening)
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Types of Arthritis
osteoarthritis- (DJD-degenerative joint disease)-degenerative changes in joints, & loss of
cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis-progressive auto-immune disease with chronic joint deformities.
spondylarthritis – inflammation of the vertebra
gout – Hereditary inflammation of the joints especially the foot or knee cause by
hyperuricemia.
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