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KINGDOM ANIMALIA Vocabulary 17.1: Heterotroph Asymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Vertebrates Invertebrates External fertilization Internal fertilization Characteristics of ALL animals Multicellular No cell wall No chlorophyll Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Animal Characteristics have specialized cells that serve special functions and can form tissues, organs, and in most animals, organ systems 2.5-4.0 million species on earth classified according to their structural similarities, most likely evolutionary relationships, and body plans Purpose of Animal Movement get food protect themselves find a habitat reproduce Animal Classification 9 main phyla Porifera - sponges Cnidaria - jellyfish, hydra, coral Platyhelminthes (flatworms) - planaria, flukes, tapeworms Nematoda (roundworms) - pinworms, hookworms, heartworms Mollusca - squid, octopus, clams, snails, slugs Annelida (segmented worms) - earthworms, leaches Arthropoda - arachnids (spiders, ticks, scorpions), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes, insects (grasshoppers, butterflies, ants) Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins Chordata (vertebrates) - fish, amphibians (frogs, toads, Human Classification Body Symmetry Asymmetrical - bodies do not have any certain shape radial - bodies are arranged around a central point (like a bicycle wheel)/ drawing al line down any plane would divide them into halves that are about equal bilateral symmetry - (humans) you can draw a line lengthwise down the animal's body along only one plane to divide it into 2 halves that are equal (right and left halves) Animal Reproduction most reproduce asexually, but some can reproduce asexually Asexual reproduction - 1 parent, uses the process of mitosis, produces offspring that is genetically identical to the parent sexual reproduction - usually requires 2 parents, male and female (although some animals can produce male and female haploid gametes through the process of meiosis), gametes are haploid (half the number of chromosomes as other cells), fertilization of male and female gametes must occur to form a new organism, offspring is genetically different from the parents 2 types of sexual reproduction: External fertilization - occurs outside the body, Internal fertilization - occurs inside the body Sexual Reproduction External Fertilization female lays eggs in water male releases sperm into the water eggs are fertilized outside the body always requires water most fish and all amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders) many offspring are produced (gives a better chance that at least some will survive) no protection from predators or the environment, so few will survive Internal Fertilization male deposits sperm inside the female sperm unites with the egg(s) inside the female does not require water earthworms, insects, birds, all mammals including aquatic ones (whales and dolphins) fewer gametes are needed/ greater chance of successful fertilization in some animals, the developing embryo is protected inside the parent and has a better chance of survival elaborate mating rituals are often needed so that one member of a species doesn't mistake the other for prey 17.2 Vocabulary Porifera Hermaphrodite Cnidaria Carnivores Cnidocytes Nematocysts Polyp Medusa Sponges and Cnidarians 95% of the species in the Kingdom Animalia are invertebrates no vertebral column from microscopic to 20 meters long Sponge Characteristics Phylum Porifera simplest of animals "pore-bearing" Grow in the ocean no tissues, organs, or systems only specialized cells asymmetrical (irregular in shape) 1 cm to 2 meters wide variety of colors Sponge Reproduction (asexual) grow from the parent and break away (budding) piece of the parent may break away and develop into a new organism (fragmentation) in unfavorable times, they form gemmules - groups of cells that have become enclosed by a tough outer covering gemmules - can survive long periods of time in freezing and extremely hot weather conditions when environment calms, the cells leave the gemmule and develop into a new sponge Sexual Reproduction fertilization occurs in several ways eggs fertilized inside the body wall of the parent sponge eggs are squirted into the surrounding water where they can be fertilized most species - individuals are hermaphrodites (animals that produce both eggs and sperm) species with separate sexes, fusion of sperm and eggs produces zygotes zygotes develop into free swimming immature organisms eventually attach to the ocean bottom and develop into new adult sponges Cnidarian Characteristics Phylum Cnidaria 10,000 species all carnivores (eat other animals) all live in water include jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral more complex than sponges Cnidarian Body Forms polyp - tentacles that point upward (sea anemone) medusa - tentacles that hang down (jellyfish) 2 types of tissues: inner layer and an outer layer separated by a jelly-like layer have nerve cells that coordinate their movement Cnidarian Symmetry and Cells radial symmetry mouth in the center of their body tentacles are arranged around the mouth like spokes on a wheel cnidocytes - special stinging cells in the tentacles that are sensitive to touch nematocyst - shoots out and delivers a chemical that paralyzes the victim 1 nematocyst may not be lethal, but there are hundreds of nematocysts per tentacle paralyzed victim is pulled to the mouth and devoured alive 7 Pounds Box Jellyfish Cnidarian Reproduction reproduce sexually and asexually in polyp form (asexually) - reproduce by budding/ buds fall off the parent and become new organisms in polyp form (sexually) - release sperm and eggs into the water in medusa form (asexually) - releases many discshaped structures/ each disk matures into an adult medusa in medusa form (sexually) - release sperm and egg cells into the water/ fertilized egg becomes a larva which develops as it moves through the water/ larva attaches to a hard surface and develops into a polyp/ polyp then reproduces asexually by releasing many disc-shaped structures/ each disk will mature into an adult medusa Immortal Jellyfish Vocabulary 17.3 Platyhelminthes Parasite Nematoda Annelida Worms Guinea worm -> more complex than sponges and cnidarians have nervous systems many have complete digestive systems some have organs and a circulatory system All have bilateral symmetry 3 Phyla: Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), and Annelida (segmented worms Flatworm Characteristics planarians and tapeworms flat ribbon-like bodies made of 3 layers free-living or parasitic parasite - organism thatfeeds on or gets nutrients from another living organism/ parasite benefits, but host does not longest tapeworm on record: 33 meters long!! Planarian Tapeworm Flatworm Reproduction asexual: regenerate grow back body parts/ fragmentation - broken pieces will grow into new organisms sexual: hermaphrodites (organism that can produce both eggs and sperm) Roundworm Characteristics Phylum Nematoda many are parasitic(heartworms, hookworms, pinworms) bodies are slender and pointed at each end complete digestive system with 2 openings (1 for ingesting, 1 for excretion) live in soil, water, inside animals, even in vinegar most are free-living, some parasitic simple nervous systems muscles that run the length of their bodies parasitic roundworms have complex life cycles that involve several hosts Roundworm Reproduction sexually by internal fertilization females may release over 100,000 eggs a day! Segmented Worm Characteristics Phylum Annelida earthworms and leeches earthworms - eat the soil/ get nutrients from ingesting microorganisms living in the soil and from dead and decaying organic matter/ improve soil quality Segmented Worm Reproduction Leeches - commonly used in medicine external parasites saliva contains an anticoagulant that keeps blood from clotting can consume up to 5 times their body weight in blood Segmented Worms bodies are divided into little ring-like segments organ systems are more developed than other worms closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels) well developed nervous systems and excretory systems can be filter feeders that filter nutrients out of water, feed on decaying plant material in the soil, or be carnivores Segmented Worm Reproduction hermaphrodites reproduce sexually by exchanging sperm with another worm of its kind Vocabulary 17.4 Molluska Gastropod Bivalve Sessile Cephalopod Echinodermata Tube feet Mollusks and Echinoderms Mollusk Characteristics Phylum Mollusca bilateral symmetry soft body muscular foot Gastropods "stomach footed" snails and slugs may or may not have a shell move by sliding on a slimy trail that they secrete get their food by scraping plants with a file-like tongue called a radula Bivalves clams and oysters 2 shells foot may be used to help them move or dig down into the sand filter feeders, getting their food and oxygen from water that is pulled through the shell Cephalopods "head footed" squid, octopus, cuddlefish tentacles well developed brain aggressive disposition may have an internal shell or no shell some can shape-shift and change colors to mimic their surroundings ink when frightened to escape predation Mollusk Reproduction primarily reproduce sexually aquatic species use external fertilization land snails use internal fertilization some snails can reproduce asexually by parthogenesis process in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult Echinoderm Characteristics Phylum Echinodermata starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers "spiny-skin" internal skeleton made of spiny calcium plates radial symmetry water vascular system - allows water to move through the body to its hundreds of tube feet tube feet act as suction cups and allow echinoderms like starfish to move and get food water vascular system also functions in respiration and circulation do not have a well developed nervous system Not what you would want to happen... Echinoderm Reproduction sexually - external fertilization asexually by fragmentation can also regenerate body parts as long as part of the central ring is attached Vocabulary 17.5 Arthropods Exoskeleton Crustaceans Arachnids Millipedes Centipedes Insects Metamorphosis Arthropods Phylum Arthropoda bilateral symmetry segmented bodies with exoskeletons and jointed appendages exoskeleton made of chitin arthropods molt - shed their exoskeletons (until the new exoskeleton hardens, they are vulnerable to predators jointed appendages include legs, claws, antennae 750,000 species are known Crustaceans usually aquatic lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, and barnacles usually have 2 antennae, set of chewing mouthparts called mandibles, and a body that has 2 or 3 segments some have chelipeds - catch food crayfish have 4 pairs of walking legs some have swimmerets that help them move backward very quickly in the water Arachnids Spiders, ticks, scorpions Spiders - inject a chemical into their prey that liquefies it (they drink their prey like a smoothie) Scorpions - have claws to catch their prey (modified mouthparts) Scorpions - have a venomous stinger on their abdomen that can paralyze or kill their prey Brown Recluse Millipedes and Centipedes Almost worm like Millipedes - 2 pairs of legs per body segment/ move slowly/ feed on dead or decaying plant material Centipedes - 1 pair of legs per segment/ fast movers/ carnivorous, feeding on toads, small snakes, and other arthropods Insects Body divided into 3 parts 3 pairs of legs Can have large back legs adapted for jumping Can have mouthparts specialized for biting, chewing, piercing, or sponging Can be brightly colored or perfectly camoflaged Can have complex societies with specific tasks (bees, ants, termites) All go through metamorphosis - series of changes that occur from the egg to the adult Successful everywhere on Earth - extremely diverse with many different adaptations Arthropoda Reproduction Sexually by internal fertilization Most lay eggs Most go through metamorphosis (larva to adult) Some go through parthogenesis (unfertilized egg grows into an adult) World's Largest Terrestrial Arthropod Vocabulary 17.7 Chordata Vertebrates Ectotherms Endotherms Chordates and Vertebrates Phylum Chordata Have (in some stage of life) a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail that reaches beyond the anus Notochord - supporting rod near the nerve cord that most only have as embryos Pharyngeal pouches - structures in the throat that develop into gills in fish and amphibians Some Chordates tails are only present in the embryo, considered vestigial structures later in life 2 sub phyla that are NOT considered vertebrates: tunicates and lancelets (soft bodied that live in marine habitats) Yes, even humans have tails in the embryonic stage. They usually disappear but... Chordate Reproduction Most reproduce sexually (internally or externally) Some by parthogenesis (fish, sharks, reptiles, birds) 99% of Chordates are Vertebrates Strong supporting backbones (vertebral column - replaces the notochord as the embryo develops) Spinal cord within the backbone Vertebral columns grows with the vertebrate Supports and protects the animal's body Provides attachment for muscles 5 Main Groups of Vertebrates Ectotherms - fishes, amphibians, and reptiles Endotherms - birds and mammals Ectotherms Body temperature depends on the environment