Download SATP-2 KINGDOM ANIMALIA part 1

KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Vocabulary 17.1:
Heterotroph
Asymmetrical
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
External fertilization
Internal fertilization
Characteristics of ALL animals
Multicellular
No cell wall
No chlorophyll
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Animal Characteristics
have specialized cells that
serve special functions and
can form tissues, organs, and
in most animals, organ systems
2.5-4.0 million species on
earth
classified according to their
structural similarities, most
likely evolutionary
relationships, and body plans
Purpose of Animal Movement
get food
protect themselves
find a habitat
reproduce
Animal Classification
9 main phyla
Porifera - sponges
Cnidaria - jellyfish, hydra, coral
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) - planaria, flukes, tapeworms
Nematoda (roundworms) - pinworms, hookworms,
heartworms
Mollusca - squid, octopus, clams, snails, slugs
Annelida (segmented worms) - earthworms, leaches
Arthropoda - arachnids (spiders, ticks, scorpions),
crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, pill bugs),
centipedes and millipedes, insects (grasshoppers,
butterflies, ants)
Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins
Chordata (vertebrates) - fish, amphibians (frogs, toads,
Human Classification
Body Symmetry
Asymmetrical - bodies do not have
any certain shape
radial - bodies are arranged around
a central point (like a bicycle wheel)/
drawing al line down any plane would
divide them into halves that are
about equal
bilateral symmetry - (humans) you
can draw a line lengthwise down the
animal's body along only one plane
to divide it into 2 halves that are
equal (right and left halves)
Animal Reproduction
most reproduce asexually, but some can
reproduce asexually
Asexual reproduction - 1 parent, uses the process
of mitosis, produces offspring that is genetically
identical to the parent
sexual reproduction - usually requires 2 parents,
male and female (although some animals can
produce male and female haploid gametes through
the process of meiosis), gametes are haploid (half
the number of chromosomes as other cells),
fertilization of male and female gametes must
occur to form a new organism, offspring is
genetically different from the parents
2 types of sexual reproduction: External
fertilization - occurs outside the body, Internal
fertilization - occurs inside the body
Sexual Reproduction
External Fertilization
female lays eggs in water
male releases sperm into the water
eggs are fertilized outside the body
always requires water
most fish and all amphibians (frogs,
toads, salamanders)
many offspring are produced (gives a
better chance that at least some will
survive)
no protection from predators or the
environment, so few will survive
Internal Fertilization
male deposits sperm inside the female
sperm unites with the egg(s) inside the female
does not require water
earthworms, insects, birds, all mammals
including aquatic ones (whales and dolphins)
fewer gametes are needed/ greater chance of
successful fertilization
in some animals, the developing embryo is
protected inside the parent and has a better
chance of survival
elaborate mating rituals are often needed so
that one member of a species doesn't mistake
the other for prey
17.2 Vocabulary
Porifera
Hermaphrodite
Cnidaria
Carnivores
Cnidocytes
Nematocysts
Polyp
Medusa
Sponges and Cnidarians
95% of the species in the
Kingdom Animalia are
invertebrates
no vertebral column
from microscopic to 20
meters long
Sponge Characteristics
Phylum Porifera
simplest of animals
"pore-bearing"
Grow in the ocean
no tissues, organs, or systems
only specialized cells
asymmetrical (irregular in shape)
1 cm to 2 meters wide
variety of colors
Sponge Reproduction (asexual)
grow from the parent and break away
(budding)
piece of the parent may break away and
develop into a new organism
(fragmentation)
in unfavorable times, they form gemmules -
groups of cells that have become enclosed
by a tough outer covering
gemmules - can survive long periods of time
in freezing and extremely hot weather
conditions
when environment calms, the cells leave the
gemmule and develop into a new sponge
Sexual Reproduction
fertilization occurs in several ways
eggs fertilized inside the body wall of the
parent sponge
eggs are squirted into the surrounding water
where they can be fertilized
most species - individuals are hermaphrodites
(animals that produce both eggs and sperm)
species with separate sexes, fusion of sperm
and eggs produces zygotes
zygotes develop into free swimming immature
organisms
eventually attach to the ocean bottom and
develop into new adult sponges
Cnidarian Characteristics
Phylum Cnidaria
10,000 species
all carnivores (eat other
animals)
all live in water
include jellyfish, sea
anemones, and coral
more complex than sponges
Cnidarian Body Forms
polyp - tentacles that point
upward (sea anemone)
medusa - tentacles that hang
down (jellyfish)
2 types of tissues: inner layer
and an outer layer separated
by a jelly-like layer
have nerve cells that
coordinate their movement
Cnidarian Symmetry and Cells
radial symmetry
mouth in the center of their body
tentacles are arranged around the mouth
like spokes on a wheel
cnidocytes - special stinging cells in the
tentacles that are sensitive to touch
nematocyst - shoots out and delivers a
chemical that paralyzes the victim
1 nematocyst may not be lethal, but there
are hundreds of nematocysts per tentacle
paralyzed victim is pulled to the mouth and
devoured alive
7 Pounds
Box Jellyfish
Cnidarian Reproduction
reproduce sexually and asexually
in polyp form (asexually) - reproduce by budding/
buds fall off the parent and become new organisms
in polyp form (sexually) - release sperm and eggs
into the water
in medusa form (asexually) - releases many discshaped structures/ each disk matures into an adult
medusa
in medusa form (sexually) - release sperm and egg
cells into the water/ fertilized egg becomes a larva
which develops as it moves through the water/ larva
attaches to a hard surface and develops into a
polyp/ polyp then reproduces asexually by
releasing many disc-shaped structures/ each disk
will mature into an adult medusa
Immortal Jellyfish
Vocabulary 17.3
Platyhelminthes
Parasite
Nematoda
Annelida
Worms
Guinea worm ->
more complex than sponges and
cnidarians
have nervous systems
many have complete digestive systems
some have organs and a circulatory
system
All have bilateral symmetry
3 Phyla: Platyhelminthes (flatworms),
Nematoda (roundworms), and
Annelida (segmented worms
Flatworm Characteristics
planarians and tapeworms
flat ribbon-like bodies made of 3
layers
free-living or parasitic
parasite - organism thatfeeds on
or gets nutrients from another
living organism/ parasite benefits,
but host does not
longest tapeworm on record:
33 meters long!!
Planarian
Tapeworm
Flatworm Reproduction
asexual: regenerate grow back body parts/
fragmentation - broken
pieces will grow into new
organisms
sexual: hermaphrodites
(organism that can
produce both eggs and
sperm)
Roundworm Characteristics
Phylum Nematoda
many are parasitic(heartworms, hookworms,
pinworms)
bodies are slender and pointed at each end
complete digestive system with 2 openings (1 for
ingesting, 1 for excretion)
live in soil, water, inside animals, even in vinegar
most are free-living, some parasitic
simple nervous systems
muscles that run the length of their bodies
parasitic roundworms have complex life cycles
that involve several hosts
Roundworm Reproduction
sexually by internal
fertilization
females may release over
100,000 eggs a day!
Segmented Worm Characteristics
Phylum Annelida
earthworms and leeches
earthworms - eat the soil/
get nutrients from ingesting
microorganisms living in the
soil and from dead and
decaying organic matter/
improve soil quality
Segmented Worm Reproduction
Leeches - commonly used
in medicine
external parasites
saliva contains an anticoagulant that keeps
blood from clotting
can consume up to 5 times
their body weight in blood
Segmented Worms
bodies are divided into little ring-like
segments
organ systems are more developed than
other worms
closed circulatory system (blood
contained in vessels)
well developed nervous systems and
excretory systems
can be filter feeders that filter nutrients
out of water, feed on decaying plant
material in the soil, or be carnivores
Segmented Worm Reproduction
hermaphrodites
reproduce sexually by
exchanging sperm with
another worm of its kind
Vocabulary 17.4
Molluska
Gastropod
Bivalve
Sessile
Cephalopod
Echinodermata
Tube feet
Mollusks and Echinoderms
Mollusk Characteristics
Phylum Mollusca
bilateral symmetry
soft body
muscular foot
Gastropods
"stomach footed"
snails and slugs
may or may not have a shell
move by sliding on a slimy
trail that they secrete
get their food by scraping
plants with a file-like tongue
called a radula
Bivalves
clams and oysters
2 shells
foot may be used to help
them move or dig down into
the sand
filter feeders, getting their
food and oxygen from water
that is pulled through the
shell
Cephalopods
"head footed"
squid, octopus, cuddlefish
tentacles
well developed brain
aggressive disposition
may have an internal shell or no shell
some can shape-shift and change
colors to mimic their surroundings
ink when frightened to escape
predation
Mollusk Reproduction
primarily reproduce sexually
aquatic species use external
fertilization
land snails use internal
fertilization
some snails can reproduce
asexually by parthogenesis process in which an unfertilized
egg develops into an adult
Echinoderm Characteristics
Phylum Echinodermata
starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sand dollars,
and sea cucumbers
"spiny-skin"
internal skeleton made of spiny calcium plates
radial symmetry
water vascular system - allows water to move
through the body to its hundreds of tube feet
tube feet act as suction cups and allow
echinoderms like starfish to move and get food
water vascular system also functions in respiration
and circulation
do not have a well developed nervous system
Not what you would want to
happen...
Echinoderm Reproduction
sexually - external
fertilization
asexually by
fragmentation
can also regenerate
body parts as long as
part of the central ring is
attached
Vocabulary 17.5
Arthropods
Exoskeleton
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Millipedes
Centipedes
Insects
Metamorphosis
Arthropods
Phylum Arthropoda
bilateral symmetry
segmented bodies with exoskeletons and
jointed appendages
exoskeleton made of chitin
arthropods molt - shed their
exoskeletons (until the new exoskeleton
hardens, they are vulnerable to predators
jointed appendages include legs, claws,
antennae
750,000 species are known
Crustaceans
usually aquatic
lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, and
barnacles
usually have 2 antennae, set of chewing
mouthparts called mandibles, and a
body that has 2 or 3 segments
some have chelipeds - catch food
crayfish have 4 pairs of walking legs
some have swimmerets that help them
move backward very quickly in the water
Arachnids
Spiders, ticks, scorpions
Spiders - inject a chemical into
their prey that liquefies it (they
drink their prey like a smoothie)
Scorpions - have claws to catch
their prey (modified
mouthparts)
Scorpions - have a venomous
stinger on their abdomen that
can paralyze or kill their prey
Brown Recluse
Millipedes and Centipedes
Almost worm like
Millipedes - 2 pairs of legs per
body segment/ move slowly/
feed on dead or decaying
plant material
Centipedes - 1 pair of legs per
segment/ fast movers/
carnivorous, feeding on toads,
small snakes, and other
arthropods
Insects
Body divided into 3 parts
3 pairs of legs
Can have large back legs adapted for jumping
Can have mouthparts specialized for biting,
chewing, piercing, or sponging
Can be brightly colored or perfectly
camoflaged
Can have complex societies with specific tasks
(bees, ants, termites)
All go through metamorphosis - series of
changes that occur from the egg to the adult
Successful everywhere on Earth - extremely
diverse with many different adaptations
Arthropoda Reproduction
Sexually by internal
fertilization
Most lay eggs
Most go through
metamorphosis (larva to
adult)
Some go through
parthogenesis (unfertilized
egg grows into an adult)
World's Largest Terrestrial
Arthropod
Vocabulary 17.7
Chordata
Vertebrates
Ectotherms
Endotherms
Chordates and Vertebrates
Phylum Chordata
Have (in some stage of life) a dorsal nerve cord,
a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail
that reaches beyond the anus
Notochord - supporting rod near the nerve
cord that most only have as embryos
Pharyngeal pouches - structures in the throat
that develop into gills in fish and amphibians
Some Chordates tails are only present in the
embryo, considered vestigial structures later in
life
2 sub phyla that are NOT considered
vertebrates: tunicates and lancelets (soft
bodied that live in marine habitats)
Yes, even humans have tails in the embryonic
stage. They usually disappear but...
Chordate Reproduction
Most reproduce sexually
(internally or externally)
Some by parthogenesis
(fish, sharks, reptiles,
birds)
99% of Chordates are Vertebrates
Strong supporting backbones
(vertebral column - replaces the
notochord as the embryo
develops)
Spinal cord within the backbone
Vertebral columns grows with the
vertebrate
Supports and protects the
animal's body
Provides attachment for muscles
5 Main Groups of Vertebrates
Ectotherms - fishes, amphibians, and
reptiles
Endotherms - birds and mammals
Ectotherms
Body temperature
depends on the
environment