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Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. I Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points Introduction – What is Leadership Leadership has been described as a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common goal. For example, some understand a leader simply as somebody who people follow, or as somebody who guides or directs others, while others define leadership as organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values charisma, and intelligence, among others. II American Leaders – Early Political Leaders Benjamin Franklin 1. He was the colonies' ambassador to France and convinced the French government to fight alongside the Americans against the British. He published pro-American books and a newspaper. He served on the Continental Congress. He was instrumental in the planning of our system of government. He was one of the Founding Fathers and one of the American representatives signing the Treaty of Versailles. 2. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers and a genius. He was the colonies' ambassador to France and convinced the French government to fight alongside the Americans against the British. He published pro-American books and a newspaper. He served on the Continental Congress. He was instrumental in the planning of our system of government. He was one of the Founding Fathers and one of the American representatives signing the Treaty of Versailles. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 3. Benjamin Franklin was a successful, impressive, and inspiring politician, statesman, author, publisher, scientist, and philosopher. He was one of the Founding Fathers and actually came up with the system of government outlined in the Constitution. 4. It would take practically forever to list all of his accomplishments and impacts, but some are as follows: inventing bi-focal glasses inventing the glass harmonica serving in the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention serving as America's first postmaster inventing the Franklin Stove inventing the lightning rod and not getting a patent, so as to make them affordable proving lightning electricity which can be harnessed via his kite and key experiment starting a lending library and fire station publishing Poor Richard's Almanac and the Pennsylvania Gazette Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points serving as the first American ambassador to France and persuading the French to join with the Americans against the British in the Revolutionary War 4. Basically, he helped us win the Revolution and establish a government afterward, improved and/or saved the lives of many people, laid the electrical groundwork out for most all scientific advancements to date. 5. Aside from being an inventor and a poster-child for economic individualism, he was also a brilliant statesman and was one of the most instrumental people in crafting the United States' early treaties. John Adams 1. John Adams (1735-1826) was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801. The Massachusetts-born, Harvard-educated Adams began his career as a lawyer. Intelligent, patriotic, opinionated and blunt, Adams became a critic of Great Britain's authority in colonial America and viewed the British imposition of high taxes and tariffs as a tool of oppression. During the 1770s, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the 1780s, Adams served as a diplomat in Europe and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783), which officially ended the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). From 1789 to 1797, Adams was America's first vice president. He then served a term as the nation's second president. He was defeated for another term by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). 2. Adams became an important leader in the fight for liberty. From 1774 to 1778 he was a member of the Continental Con- Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points gress. He was also appointed to the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson did most of the writing but it was Adams who debated and challenged Congress to approve this Declaration. After leaving Congress in October of 1777, Adams authored the constitution for Massachusetts. Adams' role during the revolution was that of a peace mediator. He was one of the men who drew up the final peace treaty with England. He then served as the United States Ambassador to England. 3. In 1789, when George Washington was elected President, Adams was elected Vice President. Once he wrote his wife that his office of V. P. was "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." In 1797 Adams was elected President. The fledgling government was in turmoil. The Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, believed that government should by ruled by a small, powerful group of men. The Republican Party believed that a system run by the mass of people would be best. Adams supported neither party but was elected by the Federalist. 4. During this time, France and England were at war. Adams did not want to involve the U.S. in this war and sent a delegation to France to mediate peace. France refused to talk unless the U.S. paid them a vast sum of money. Adams although anxious for peace was not going to pay France a bribe. Instead he commissioned the establishment of the First U.S. Navy. The U.S. was not directly involved in this war but many battles were fought between France and U.S. warships. Against the wishes of Hamilton and the Federalist Party, Adams sent another delegation in 1800 to talk peace with France. This time France was receptive and the war was soon over. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points Thomas Jefferson 1. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America's early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens' lives, was elected president in 1800. During his two terms in office (18011809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slave owner. After leaving office, he retired to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia. 2. *Special Note, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the same day, July the 4 th 1826, 50 years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence John Hancock American Revolution leader John Hancock (1737-1793) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and a governor of Massachusetts. The colonial Massachusetts native was raised by his uncle, a wealthy Boston merchant. When his uncle died, Hancock inherited his lucrative shipping business. In the mid-1760s, as the British government began imposing regulato- Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points ry measures to assert greater authority over its American colonies, anti-British sentiment and unrest grew among the colonists. Hancock used his wealth and influence to aid the movement for American independence. He was president of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted and the United States was born. From 1780 to 1785, Hancock was the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was reelected in 1787 and served until his death in 1793. III American Military Leaders George Washington Introduction 1. George Washington was the first president of the United States, Commanding General during the American Revolution and remains as one of the most influential and famous figures in American history. His contribution extends far beyond perhaps any other in the history of the United States. He was involved twice in Germantown's contribution to American history. In 1777 during the Revolution he led the American Army in the Battle of Germantown. In 1793 to escape the Yellow Fever Epidemic, the capitol was moved from Philadelphia to Germantown. In the house of Germantown resident Colonel Franks, Washington lived and met with his cabinet, including Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, and Alexander Hamilton. Washington played an important role and his contributions are crucial to understanding Germantown's place in American history. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 2. Washington was born in Westmoreland County Virginia on February 22, 1732. His father was a wealthy farmer. Washington was schooled at home, and at age 17 began his first job as surveyor of Culpeper County, Va. In 1752, he inherited the family estate of Mount Vernon, which would be his beloved home throughout the rest of his life. Washington was appointed adjunct of the southern district of Virginia, and given the rank of Major. He hoped to join the British Army, some day, and fought in the French and Indian War. During the War, Washington proved his great ability as a commander. In 1758 the French were defeated. Despite his military success, Washington gave up his commission and became a farmer. He married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy widow. 3. By 1774, however, Washington had become a key supporter of the colonial cause and was elected to the First Continental Congress. The next year, the Second Continental Congress voted Washington to be the commander of their army, and Washington's military career was born anew. He led the Continental Army against the mighty British Army as they began their fight for independence. Revolution Washington led his army against the British and their commander Sir William Howe. The "shot heard around the world" was fired at Lexington in 1774 and the War began. The Battle of Bunker Hill gave the Americans great confidence, soon challenged by the mighty British Army on Long Island, Harlem Heights, and White Plains, New York. Washington retreated to Manhattan and bought some time. He crossed the Delaware and found victory against the British in Trenton, New Jersey and later in Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points Princeton. Washington chased the British back to New York and Washington went into winter quarters in Morristown, New Jersey. Howe's army landed at Head of Elk and moved toward Philadelphia. The British triumphed at Brandywine, and Washington moved his troops to protect Philadelphia. The British took Germantown and camped there, awaiting the Americans. Washington formulated his plan and his troops in for the attack. The Battle of Germantown On October 2nd, Washington conceived a bold plan of attack on Howe's 9,000 troop garrison stationed in Germantown. It called for the simultaneous advance of four different units of troops — moving by night. At dawn, the four columns were to converge not far from General Howe's headquarters and catch the British by surprise. The morning started well for the Americans who had the British retreating. But Washington's plan went astray when one of his four columns lost its bearings in a dense fog and thick smoke. Others columns failed to coordinate effectively. The British defense was particularly strong at a Germantown mansion named Cliveden where dozens of soldiers had taken refuge. Valuable time was lost while the Americans under Henry Knox bombarded the house. Those inside did not surrender because they feared that Anthony Wayne's men, still furious over the Paoli Massacre, would kill them anyway. In the end, bad luck and poor timing forced Washington to retreat to Whitemarsh with the British in pursuit. The Battle was an American defeat but it served to boost morale and selfconfidence. They believed the defeat was the result of bad luck, not poor tactics. The Americans suffered 152 losses, 521 wounded, and over 400 captured. The British casualties numbered 537 plus 14 captured. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points End of the War The British took Philadelphia and the Americans camped for the winter at Valley Forge. There they regrouped and received training by several skilled Europeans. They emerged from Valley Forge with new determination and a much improved army, militarily. Further, in 1778, France signed a treaty with the Americans, and began supplying supplies and naval assistance. The now strong Americans and the powerful French Navy clashed with the British at Yorktown. There the British surrendered and the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783. The War was over and the United States of America was born. After the War Washington resigned as commander and retired to his estate at Mount Vernon. The new United States adopted the Articles of Confederation, but its founders realized the necessity to draft a new document as their Constitution. A convention was held and Washington presided and was very involved in the process. After much heated debate, on several occasions almost forcing the convention to be adjourned, the delegates ratified the United States Constitution. Washington was elected president of the United States on February 4, 1789. John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president. In April Washington took the oath of office in New York City, where the seat of government was still provisionally maintained. Washington supported adding a Bill of Rights to the original Constitution to specify the rights of individual citizens, but he opposed attempts to eliminate Congress's power to levy taxes and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states. To Washington these provisions formed the basis of fiscal stability and solid national credit. He supported Alexander Hamilton's pro- Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points posal for a national bank, and appointed Hamilton to his cabinet, along with Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph and Henry Knox. Washington was very popular and served a second term in 1792. The Germantown White House In 1793, the Yellow Fever Epidemic struck hard in the capitol of Philadelphia. In November of that year, Washington and his cabinet removed to Germantown, which became the capitol until the epidemic was over. Washington stayed in the house of Colonel Franks, which became the Germantown White House. There he met with his cabinet and conducted business. Washington returned to Franks' House a year later and vacationed there with his wife. Later Years Washington decided to declare neutrality when France declared war on Britain, Spain and Netherlands. Edmund Randolph succeeded Jefferson as Secretary of State. The Whiskey Rebellion broke out in Western Pennsylvania, but was put down by New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia militias. After this event, Washington saw the need for a standing army. Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to make a treaty with Britain, providing assurance against another war breaking out. In 1796, Washington declared that he would not serve a third term. He attended the inauguration of John Adams then retired to Mount Vernon. On December 14, 1799 Washington awoke with an enflamed throat. His condition worsened, despite the doctor's efforts, and Washington died at 11:00 that night. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points Marquis de Lafayette 1. The Marquis de Lafayette was born in Chavaniac Auvergne, France on September 6th, 1757. He was baptized Marie, Joseph, Paul, Yves, Roch, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis du Lafayette, Baron de Vissac, Seigneur de St. Romain. 2. His father had died at the Battle of Minden in 1759 during the Seven Years War. In 1768, he moved to Paris with his mother, and entered the college du Plessis. Then, in 1770, Lafayette's mother and grandmother died in the same week. As a result, Lafayette inherited a great deal of wealth. The next year, he joined the Royal Army as a Sous-lieutenant in the Kimip Musketeers, and two years later, at age 16, he married the 14 year-old Marie Adrienne Francoise de Noalles, who came from one of the most powerful families in France in a pre-arranged marriage. 3. Later, he became interested in the American cause. In 1776, he signed an agreement with Silas Dean, the American Army Commissioner in Paris, to serve as a Major General in the Continental Army. The next year, Lafayette bought his own ship and sailed for America accompanied by Baron Johann de Kalb. They landed in South Carolina, and Lafayette arrived in Philadelphia at the end of July. On July 31st, he was commissioned a major general but was given no command. 4. After he recuperated from a wound he received at Brandywine for two months in Bethlehem, he rejoined the army. In December, he was given command of division of Virginia troops. He then fought at Monmouth in 1778 and then returned to France. In 1779, he returned to America with secret news that Rochambeau's forces would be sent to America. He commanded a third of the army during the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 5. Two months later, he returned to France. Louis XVI appointed him as a member of the Assembly of Notables and advised on the financial crisis in 1787. Lafayette then called for a national assembly. In 1789, he was elected to Estates General from Auvergne and presented the first European Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens. He was also named Commander of the Paris National Guard and given the title: "Hero of Two Worlds." 6. In 1790, Lafayette supported the decree abolishing titles of nobility and presided over the Fete de la Federation. Then, in 1791, Lafayette resigned his military post upon acceptance of the New Constitution. When France was at war with Prussia and Austria, he took command of the center army at the front. During the French Revolution in 1792, Jacobins under Robespierre attacked both the monarchy and Lafayette as a tool of the king. Louis XVI was deposed and the Assembly passed a bill of impeachment against Lafayette. Lafayette fled France and was captured and imprisoned by the Austrians in Olmutz. His wife, Adrienne, was arrested in France. In 1795, Adrienne was released from a French prison and joined her husband in Olmutz with their two daughters. Their son, George Washington Lafayette, was sent to America to live with General Washington. 7. Finally, in 1798, Napoleon arranged the release of Lafayette and his family. Lafayette returned to France in 1799 and moved to LaGrange Blenau. He voted against life consulship for Napoleon in 1802 and his wife died in 1808. In 1815, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies during the Hundred Days War. After Waterloo, he proposed Napoleon's abdication, while threatening to overthrow him otherwise. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 8. In 1824, he returned on a visit to the United States and visited all 24 states over a fourteen month period. After returning to France in 1830, he reestablished the National Guard and participated in the July revolution. Lafayette then accepted Louis Philipe as king after he promised a monarchy with republican institutions. He died on May 20, 1834 and was buried at the Picpus Cemetery in Paris. Horatio Gates 1. Horatio Gates, (born c. 1728, Maldon, Essex, England—died April 10, 1806, New York, New York, U.S.), English-born American general in the American Revolution (1775–83) whose victory over the British at the Battle of Saratoga (1777) turned the tide of victory in behalf of the Revolutionaries. 2. Gates first served in North America in the French and Indian War (1754–63), emerged as a major, and returned to England. In 1772 he immigrated to the region that is now West Virginia. Sympathizing with colonial complaints against the crown, in 1775 he was made adjutant general of the Continental Army, and in 1777 he superseded General Philip Schuyler in northern New York. In the two battles of Saratoga his army forced General John Burgoyne to surrender, partly, however, because of the previous maneuvers of Schuyler and the initiative of General Benedict Arnold. Congress next elected Gates president of the Board of War. At the same time a group of army officers, among them General Thomas Conway, became involved in a plan to replace General George Washington with Gates. The “Conway Cabal” soon collapsed, and in the spring of 1778 Gates returned to his command in New York. Transferred to the south (June 1780), Gates was disastrously defeated by Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, on August 16. An official inquiry into his conduct was ordered but charges were never pressed. After the war Gates freed his slaves, moved to New York, and served one term in the state legislature. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points George Rogers Clark 1. George Rogers Clark is remembered as the heroic Revolutionary War commander who led a small force of frontiersmen through the freezing waters of the Illinois country to capture British-held Fort Sackville at Vincennes during February 1779. Although this was Clark's most dramatic accomplishment, he continued his exertions on behalf of the American cause in the West during the entire war. These efforts included building forts on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, repelling a British-led Indian attack in the Illinois country, and leading two major expeditions that destroyed the major Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. Despite these accomplishments, the second half of his life witnessed a sad decline in his fortunes and health. 2. During September 1783, the Revolutionary War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris and Clark returned to private life. Following the war, Clark served as chairman of a board of commissioners that allotted lands across the Ohio River from Louisville to those individuals who had taken part in his 1778 and 1779 campaigns. He also was appointed a commissioner to make treaties with tribes north of the Ohio River who were continuing their raids into Kentucky. During 1786, after it became apparent that the treaties were ineffective, Clark was requested by Kentucky and Virginia authorities to lead a retaliatory expedition against the tribes along the Wabash River. From the beginning, however, Clark was plagued by questions of his authority and by the unruly behavior of the troops. After proceeding along the Wabash River north of Vincennes, a large portion of the men mutinied. Clark returned to Vincennes and established a garrison to protect this outpost before returning to Kentucky. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 3. This expedition was the low point of Clark's career. Soon he became the victim of a deliberate campaign to ruin his reputation. Hounded, too, by creditors, Clark turned to a series of projects in an attempt to recoup his fortune. The first of these undertakings was to start a colony across the Mississippi River in Spanish Louisiana with the consent of the Spanish government. When this consent was not given, Clark made preparations to establish a colony of American adventurers in Spanish territory near Natchez, but President George Washington issued a proclamation against this project. During 1793, Clark agreed to accept a French commission as major general and lead an expedition of American frontiersmen against Spanish Louisiana. This venture also failed when Washington again issued a proclamation against American citizens invading foreign territory. During 1798 the plan was resurrected, but once more came to naught. 4. During 1803, at the age of 51, Clark moved from Louisville across the Ohio River to Clarksville, IN, a town named in his honor. Six years later he suffered a stroke of paralysis and also the amputation of his leg. He returned to Louisville where he lived with his sister, Lucy Croghan, at Locust Grove. In 1812, in belated recognition of Revolutionary War services, the General Assembly of Virginia granted Clark a sword and half pay of $400 a year. His health continued to deteriorate and he died on February 13, 1818, at the age of 65. On February 15, a cold and stormy day, Clark's body was laid to rest in a ceremony attended by a large crowd. In his funeral oration, Judge John Rowan succinctly summed up the stature and importance of George Rogers Clark during the critical years on the Trans-Appalachian frontier: "The mighty oak of the forest has fallen, and now the scrub oaks sprout all around." Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points John Paul Jones 1. On April 10, 1778, Commander John Paul Jones and his crew of 140 men aboard the USS Ranger set sail from the naval port at Brest, France, and head toward the Irish Sea to begin raids on British warships. This was the first mission of its kind during the Revolutionary War. 2. Commander Jones, remembered as one of the most daring and successful naval commanders of the American Revolution, was born in Scotland, on July 6, 1747. He became an apprentice to a merchant at 13 and soon went to sea, traveling first to the West Indies and then to North America as a young man. In Virginia at the onset of the American Revolution, Jones sided with the Patriots and received a commission as a first lieutenant in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775. 3. After departing from Brest, Jones successfully executed raids on two forts in England s Whitehaven Harbor, despite a disgruntled crew more interested in "gain than honor." Jones then continued to his home territory of Kirkcudbright Bay, Scotland, where he intended to abduct the earl of Selkirk and then exchange him for American sailors held captive by Britain. Although he did not find the earl at home, Jones crew was able to steal all his silver, including his wife s teapot, still containing her breakfast tea. From Scotland, Jones sailed across the Irish Sea to Carrickfergus, where the Ranger captured the HMS Drake after delivering fatal wounds to the British ships captain and lieutenant. 4. In September 1779, Jones fought one of the fiercest battles in naval history when he led the USS Bonhomme Richard Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points frigate, named for Benjamin Franklin, in an engagement with the 50-gun British warship HMS Serapis. After the Bonhomme Richard was struck, it began taking on water and caught fire. When the British captain of the Serapis ordered Jones to surrender, he famously replied, "I have not yet begun to fight!" A few hours later, the captain and crew of the Serapis admitted defeat and Jones took command of the British ship. 5. One of the greatest naval commanders in history, Jones is remembered as a "Father of the American Navy," along with fellow Revolutionary War hero Commodore John Barry. 6. John Paul Jones is buried in a crypt at the U.S. Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis, Maryland, where a Marine honor guard stands at attention in his honor whenever the crypt is open to the public. Nathan Hale 1. Nathan Hale attended college at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut from when he was 14 until the time he was 16 He graduated from Yale and became a teacher at age 18. His students and friends said that Nathan Hale had a very friendly personality. 2. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775, his spirit and patriotism got him a position as a lieutenant in the Continental Army. The following year, his work as a lieutenant was so good that he got promoted to a Captain. He took the position of Captain on the Rangers group. The Rangers were known for their bravery and courage in dangerous missions. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 3. In September of 1776, George Washington was planning to infiltrate the British by going behind enemy lines in New York. Once Nathan Hale heard about this, he immediately went to his superior who was Major Thomas Knowlton. 4. The plan was set into action. Nathan Hale went behind the enemy lines disguised as a Dutch Schoolmaster. He successfully penetrated the British in New York. He recovered very important military information. Unfortunately, on September 21, 1776, the night he was planning to go home, he was arrested by British Soldiers. The arrest was supposedly linked with the betrayal of his loyalist cousin. 5. Commander-in-Chief of the British, General William Howe, tried to bribe Nathan Hale into coming onto the British side. He refused. 6. On September 22, 1776, Nathan Hale was hanged. He truly gave blood and spirit to our country. Before he died, he said these words of a true American, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." III British Military Leaders John Burgoyne John Burgoyne is well known for his role in the American Revolution, though not in a way most would like to be remembered. Learn more about this British officer often referred to as Gentleman Johnny. Early Career Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points It was common in 18th-century Europe for nobles and wealthy men to purchase an officer's commission in infantry or cavalry regiments. John Burgoyne purchased his first commission with his inheritance shortly after leaving school. He was commonly seen in high society and acquired a sum of debts, often having to sell his commission to pay off gambling debts and repurchase a different commission later while on better financial footing. Seven Years' War Burgoyne achieved a great deal of success during the Seven Years' War (sometimes referred to in North America as the French and Indian War) where he led expeditions against towns on the French coast. He was instrumental in introducing light cavalry to the British Army at the time. After his success in the Seven Years' War, Burgoyne held office in Parliament and launched his dramatic career. His debut as a playwright came shortly afterward, with production of "The Maid of the Oaks." Although his disastrous military performance culminated in surrender, Burgoyne was able to regain literary success with a play titled "The Heiress," produced nearly a decade later. American Revolution Having been promoted to major-general due to his distinguished service in the Seven Years' War, John Burgoyne led troops in the American Revolution. He arrived in the Boston area a few weeks after violence broke out in Lexington and Concord in 1775, but he grew frustrated by the siege in Boston and left. Burgoyne returned some few months later in 1776, however, as Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points part of the command which drove the Continental Army from Quebec. Burgoyne was serving under General Guy Carleton at the time and thought Carleton was commanding poorly by not pressing his advantage after an important British naval victory on Lake Champlain. Command of Troops Burgoyne convinced King George III that General Carleton was not acting boldly enough to win the war decisively and was shortly thereafter given charge of troops for an ambitious plan to split the colonies and end the conflict. Burgoyne planned to march from Quebec, capture Fort Ticonderoga and the city of Albany and meet with a force coming from New York City. Burgoyne was confident of his ability to split New England from the southern colonies and win the war in this manner, despite the concerns of more cautious elements. Battle of Saratoga What happened to Burgoyne was vastly different than the overconfident general imagined. Due to miscommunication from Britain, the British forces under Howe and Clinton did not move in time to support Burgoyne's attack in the summer of 1777. Furthermore, there was much less support from loyalists and Native American tribes in the countryside than Burgoyne imagined. Although he briefly gained control of Fort Edward and some of Fort Ticonderoga, Burgoyne cut communications with Quebec Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points in the late summer. The Battle of Saratoga resulted in the surrender of Burgoyne and over 5000 of his men to General Horatio Gates of the Continental Army. Effects of Burgoyne's Loss The Battle of Saratoga is considered the greatest tipping point toward the colonists in the American Revolution. It was the largest and most decisive victory to date for the Continental Army and provided impetus for France to enter the war officially in support of the colonies. Though current historians blame much of the defeat on the miscommunication which stripped Burgoyne of assistance from Generals Howe and Clinton, at the time Burgoyne was considered responsible for the loss. He was treated with disdain and contempt in Britain and stripped of his command and governorship for several years. Although John Burgoyne achieved some significant successes in his early career and was also a minor though notable dramatist in his time, his legacy today is indistinguishable from his failed plan and the staggering loss he suffered at Saratoga. Whether fairly or unfairly, many in both Britain and the United States chose to portray General Burgoyne as an example of the well-connected but incompetent British aristocracy. Lord Cornwallis 1. Charles Cornwallis led several successful early campaigns during the American Revolution, securing British victories at Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points New York, Brandywine and Camden. In 1781, as second in command to Gen. Henry Clinton, he moved his forces to Virginia, where he was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown. This American victory and Cornwallis' surrender of his troops to George Washington was the final major conflict of the American Revolution. 2. Charles was educated at Eton College. In the United States, he is best remembered as a British general in the American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered the end of the War, as the bulk of British troops had surrendered with Cornwallis, although minor skirmishes continued for another two years. 3. Today Cornwallis is remembered primarily as the British commander who surrendered at Yorktown. Because of the enormous impact the siege had on American history he is still fairly well-known in the United States. In his native Britain, Cornwallis remains largely unknown - as are most of his American contemporaries such as John Burgoyne, William Howe, Henry Clinton and Thomas Gage. This is fairly consistent with the lack of knowledge of Britons to the events of the American Revolution. 4. Although opposed to the measures that provoked the American Revolution, he accepted as a duty a command in North America with the rank of Major General. During the American Revolution Cornwallis served with distinction. He aided the Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points British victory at the Battle of Long Island on Aug. 27–28, 1776. Later that year he pursued Washington's army across New Jersey, halting at New Brunswick on orders from Gen. William Howe. Hurrying forward again after Washington's victory at Trenton on Dec. 26, 1776, Cornwallis failed to entrap the patriots and went into winter quarters. Cornwallis was largely responsible for the British victory at Brandywine, Pa., Sept. 11, 1777, and led British forces into Philadelphia on the 28th. 5. III After a brief visit to England he returned as a Lieutenant General, second in command to Sir Henry Clinton. He opposed the evacuation of Philadelphia but accompanied the British Army on its retreat to New York and repulsed the Americans under Gen. Charles Lee at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. He again returned to England to attend his ill wife, who died in 1779, but rejoined Clinton in August 1779 and participated in the siege of Charleston, S.C. (April 1–May 12, 1780). When the city fell, Clinton returned to New York. Cornwallis took command of British forces in the South. American Frontiersmen Daniel Boone 1. Daniel Boone (1734-1820) is the most widely known of American frontiersmen. Daniel Boone is the most widely known of American frontiersmen. He served as the model for James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking, and his adventures inspired incidents in hundreds of works of fiction. Even Lord Byron mentioned him in Don Juan. Without Boone the history of Kentucky would have been much different. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 2. Boone was born near Reading, in Berks County, Pennsylvania, the son of hard-working but adventurous Quaker parents. He learned some blacksmithing but had very little formal education. Daniel appears to have been a scrappy lad who loved hunting, the wilderness, and independence. When his parents left Pennsylvania in 1750 bound for the Yadkin valley of northwest North Carolina, Daniel went along willingly. 3. There, on the cutting edge of the frontier, he was able to indulge his hunting prowess and love of the wilderness. In the following years he served as a wagoner with Gen. Edward Braddock's ill-fated expedition to Fort Duquesne in 1755; married a neighbor's daughter, Rebecca Bryan, in 1756; and in 1758 is believed to have been a wagoner with Gen. John Forbes who was hacking out the road to Fort Duquesne, which he rebuilt as Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh). Back in North Carolina, Daniel purchased land from his father but never seriously engaged in farming; he loved to roam. In 1763 he and his brother Squire journeyed to Florida, although for unknown reasons they did not stay. 4. Boone's fame rests primarily upon his exploration and settlement of Kentucky. He was first in eastern Kentucky in 1767, but his expedition of 1769-1771 is more widely known. With a small party Boone advanced along the Warrior's Path into an Edenic region. When the time came for the party to return he remained behind in the wilderness until March 1771. On the way home, he and his brother were robbed by Indians of their deerskins and pelts, but the two remained exuberant over the land known as “Kentucky.” 5. So much did Daniel love that “dark and bloody ground” that he tried to return in 1773, taking forty settlers with him, but Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points the Indians drove them back. The next year he went again into the region carrying a warning of Indian troubles to Governor John Murray Dunmore's surveyors. Even as Judge Richard Henderson was concluding the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (March 1775) by which much of Kentucky was sold to his Transylvania Company, Boone was hacking out the Wilderness Road. As soon as he reached his destination, he began building Boonesboro, one of several stations (forts) under construction at that time. 6. For the next four years—through 1778—Boone, a captain in the militia, was busy defending the settlements. His leadership helped save the three remaining Kentucky stations, Boonesboro, Logan's and Harrodsburg. These were stirring years of ambushes (such as Blue Licks in 1778), captures (Boone was seized but escaped from the Shawnees), rescues, and desperate defenses. 7. Although he was highly respected and served in the Virginia assembly, Boone was not a good businessman and he lost his Kentucky lands. In September 1799, he set out for Missouri where a son had preceded him. He settled in the Femme Osage valley where he continued to hunt and roam until his death. Twenty-five years later his remains and those of his wife were returned to Kentucky for burial. 8. Daniel Boone was helped to immortality through the writings of John Filson, who’s The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucky included an appendix containing “The Adventures of Col. Daniel Boon [sic].” The book was widely read in England and Europe as well as in America, and Boone became the model of the American frontiersman. But even Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points if he had not been cast as a heroic figure in Kentucky, residents of Kentucky would still honor him as that state's frontier hero. Swamp Fox- Francis Marion 1. Francis Marion was a very important American war hero nicknamed, "the Swamp 2. Fox. His birth was unknown, but some say he was born in St. John's Parish, Berkeley County, close to Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1732. Marion was a descendent of the French Huguenots who settled in South Carolina. He came from a farming family. He was born around the time that George Washington was born. He was born very weak, with underdeveloped legs and ankles. Once Francis Marion was 12, he overcame his sickliness and became interested in sports and outdoor activities. At 16, he tried to become a seaman, but this didn't last long because his ship sunk! 3. Marion was promoted to lieutenant of the militia in 1761, after a battle with the Cherokees. He then later returned back to St. John's and became a politician, supporting the colonies in their battles with England. Afterward, Marion was chosen to be a spokesperson of the South Carolina congress. Marion was a lieutenant in the continental service, and took lead of an attack on the Savannah. 4. In 1780, Marion was the commando of a war against the Loyalists along the Peedee and Santee rivers. "He chased away three loyalist groups." comments the author. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal Discussion 7-2 US History ~ Chapter 7 Topic Discussions E Lundberg Topic of Discussion – American Leadership Chapter Information ~ Ch 7; 4 sections; 35 pages The American Revolution (1775-1783) Section 1 ~ The Early Years of the War Section 2 ~ The War Expands Section 3 ~ The Path to Victory Section 4 ~ The Legacy of the War Pages 194-203 Pages 204-211 Pages 212-221 Pages 222-228 Key Ideas Leadership so crucial to this time period for America Communication and networking helped the cause Loyalists to the Crown helped overthrow the Patriots A variety of leadership help the Patriots cause The Native Americans still struggled for an identity and a home. Related Topics American Patriots v. American Loyalists British Mercenaries Native Americans and their fight for survival Immigration during the Revolutionary War Foreign Relations Key Connections - 10 Major (Common) Themes 1. How cultures change through the blending of different ethnic groups. 2. Taking the land. 3. The individual versus the state. 4. The quest for equity - slavery and it’s end, women’s suffrage etc. 5. Sectionalism. 6. Immigration and Americanization. 7. The change in social class. 8. Technology developments and the environment. 9. Relations with other nations. 10. Historiography, how we know things. Talking Points 5. He then cut the British stock lines, decided to raid Georgetown, retired for a little while to Snow's Island, then re-raided Georgetown. When Marion was aided with troops, he finally took over Georgetown. Poor Georgetown. Marion drove the British back to Charleston by commanding the militias of North and South Carolina. He did all this for free. 6. He was a representative of his community in the state legislature, along with the Constitutional Convention. He also voted for federal union. When Marion came back to Pond Bluff after the war, he found his farm was ripped to shreds. The British had stolen his valued property and driven off his cattle. The goods inside his home were also taken. After this, he married Mary Esther Videau, his cousin. The two of them had no children. Francis Marion died at his home, Pond Bluff, on February 26, 1795. Questions to Think About How were the American able to overcome the British armed forces? Where did the Americans get their financial support? What impact did spies have on the War? What was happening to the slaves at this time? Supporting Materials The Radicalism of the American revolution by Wood America at War by Finn Leaders of the American Revolution by Wade 7 Leadership Lessons from the American Revolution by Antal
