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Introduction
•Biology is the study of Life (Bios = life,
logos=knowledge)
• Plant Biology or Botany is the part of
Biology that studies plants.
•Ethnobotany (Ethno= man) is the part
of plant Biology that studies the uses
and relationships between man and
plants.
Living things are classified into three
domains:
Archea (old bacteria).
Bacteria (new bacteria) with nucleated
cells.
Eukarya: multicellular organisms with
nucleated cells.
The domain Eukarya is classified
into four kindgoms:
Protista: Single cells organisms, including algae.
Fungi: Includes mushrooms, mildews, yeasts and
molds.
Plantae: Multicellular autotroph organisms.
Animalia: Multicellular heterotroph organisms.
Plant Structure
•The basic morphology of plants
reflects that plants draw resources
from two very different environments:
the soil and the air.
•Plants have evolved two systems: a
subterranean root system to obtain
water and minerals from the soil and
an aerial shoot system of stems and
leaves used to transform light into
chemical energy (food).
•The Root system anchors the plant in
the soil, absorbs minerals and water,
and stores food.
•The shoot systems consists of stems
and leaves. And they may be
vegetative (leaf bearing) or
reproductive (flower bearing).
Plant Systematics
and
Classification
A. Plants without true vascular tissue...................Bryophytes (Mosses)
A'. Plants with vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)...................... B
B. Plants without seeds ...............................Ferns and club mosses
B'. Plants with seeds......................................................................C
C. Plants without .................Gymnosperms (Conifers and Evergreens)
flowers.
C'. Flowering Plants............ Angiosperms
D. Magnoliopsida (DICOTS)
D'. Liliopsida (MONOCOTS)
Kingdom Plantae
• Evolutionary tree of plants
• From primitive advanced traits
Bryophytes
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Flowers
Seeds 
Green
alga
ancestor
Vascular 
Terrestrial 
Angiosperms
• A. Plants without true vascular tissue...................Bryophytes (Mosses)
• A'. Plants with vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)...................... B
Species of Sphagnum have
been used for external
medical treatment as
wound dressings, a use
that has been documented
to have taken place since
the ice ages and continued
on a large scale well into
the 20th century
during both world
wars.
Dried Sphagnum is highly
absorbent and, and it is
wound-healing. The
properties of Sphagnum
holocellulose (“sphagnan”,
a kind of pectin), acts by
immobilizing bacterial cells
and depriving them of their
nutrients.”
Photographs: Peat bogs and fenlands 'hugely
important' in conflicts By Mark Kinver Environment
reporter, BBC News
Decaying
Sphagnum is also
the major
component of
peat, which is
"mined" for use as
a fuel, as a
horticultural soil
additive, and in
smoking malt in
the production of
Scotch whisky.
New Forest Natl. Park, UK. Peat Bog by Lucy Morris
Irish Peat Bog is a photograph by Ann O Connell
Peat fires are also
used in the drying
(and smoking) of the
barley grains in the
production of Scotch
whisky. This gives
the beverage a
unique smoky flavor.
•Arctic people have used mosses for bedding.
North American tribal people used mosses for
basketry (yurok) and bedding, wound dressing,
diapers, and menstrual fluid absorption.
•Circumpolar and alpine people used mosses as
insulation in boots and mittens.
•Tribes of northeastern United States and
southeastern Canada used moss to fill chinks
in wooden longhouses.
All information above from Kimmerer, Robin Wall (2003). Gathering Moss
Tribes of the Pacific Northwest in the US and Canada
used mosses to clean salmon prior to drying, and
packed wet moss into pit ovens for steaming camas
bulbs. Food storage baskets and boiling baskets were
also packed with mosses.
Culture: KWAKWAKA'WAKW, BC, Canada. American Museum Natural History. NY. permanent collection.
A'. Plants with vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).... B
B. Plants without seeds ..Ferns and club mosses (Pteridophyta)
B'. Plants with seeds.....................................C
• Many ferns are grown in
horticulture as landscape
plants, for cut foliage, for the
florist’s market and as
houseplants. Examples:
Boston fern (Nephrolepis
exaltata), and the Florist Fern
(Rumohra adiantiformis). Bird's
Nest Fern (Asplenium nidus) is
also popular as a house plant.
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of
heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil.
For exampl,e, the Chinese brake fern absorbs and transports toxic
arsenic from roots to fronds
Rathinasabapathi B; Ma LQ; Srivastava M. 2006. Arsenic hyperaccumulating ferns and their application to phytoremediation of arsenic
contaminated sites. In: Teixeira da Silva JA, editors. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology: v. 3: Advances and Topical Issues. Global
Science Books. p 305-311
Ferns as medicinal plants
Native American medicinal uses of ferns can be categorized into
five major groups. Ferns for rheumatisms, fern for lung diseases,
Ferns used for Gynecology (including menstrual, postpartum, and
breastfeeding) and ferns used for digestion.
Ferns also are important in the Pharmacopeia of Chinese
(Eastern) medicine. For example, Dryopteris
filix-mas (male fern). The root was used, as
an anti-helmintic to expel tapeworms
(not anylonger). The antihelmintic activity has
been claimed to be due to flavaspidic acid.
The plant is sometimes referred to in ancient
literature as Worm Fern.
Ferns as Food
Some ferns are used for food,
including the fiddleheads of
bracken, Pteridium aquilinum,
ostrich fern, Matteuccia
struthiopteris, and cinnamon
fern, Osmunda cinnamomea.
The underground organs or
rhizoids from the King Fern or
para (Ptisana salicina) are a
traditional food in New Zealand
and the South Pacific.
Ferns were also used for food
30,000 years ago in Europe. For
example, in the Canary Island
(pre-Hispanic) they used ground
Fern rhizome to make gofio (a
flour mixture of barley, wheat and
grounded fern rhizome).
Example of Ethnobotany research or detective
work.
1. Gofio food used in the Canary Islands. Its use begun preHispanic. What does it mean? It was used before the
Hispanic arrived to the Canary Islands. It was originally
prepared by the Guanche culture.
2. Who were the Guanches? Guanches were the Berberrelated aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands. It is
believed that they migrated to the archipelago around
1000 BC. The preparation of Gofio was of origen
bereber.
3. Who are the Bereber? Berbers or
Amazighs are an ethnic group
indigenous to North Africa. They are
distributed in an area stretching from
the Atlantic Ocean to the Siwa Oasis in
Egypt, and from the Mediterranean Sea
to the Niger River. (wheat and barley)
and then it
Example of Ethnobotany research
5. VERY IMPORTANT. Linguistics play a very
important role in Ethnobotanical detective work
(research). Gofio derives from the name for the
product in the aboriginal language of Gran Canaria,
while in neighboring Tenerife it was known as
ahoren. The Berbers of North Africa (from whom the
Guanche population largely derived) ate a toasted
barley flour very similar to a food called arkul. In
Morocco, toasted flour is also mixed with almond
paste, honey, argan oil, anise, fennel, and sesame
seeds to make "sellou" (also called "zamita" or
"slilou" in some regions), a sweet paste with long
shelf life and high nutritive value.
Example of Ethnobotany research
6. So….How did it get to the Americas? The
Canary Islands were conquered by the
Spanish.
7. And then….all Hell broke loose. Chen
Canarian and spanish emigrants spread
its use to the Caribbean (notably in
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico,
and Venezuela) and the western Sahara.
8. In Latino America, gofio took a new
dimension and an explosion of varieties
were produced, specifically using corn,
wheat or a mixture of both.
It is also found in Argentina, Uruguay,
and Chile, where wheat is abundant, it is
known as harina tostada which is used in
a wide variety of recipes.
B'. Plants with seeds............................C
C. Plants without flowers ........Gymnosperms
(Conifers and Evergreens)
•There are between 700 and 900 species of
gymnosperms
•Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine,
fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers
that are used
for lumber.
Lumber is
used for
construction
and paper
making.
• Gymnosperms are the source of many useful oils which are
extracted for soaps and disinfectants.
• They also have many medicinal uses, including taxol from
Yews, which is used in treating ovarian cancer.
Gaurav,
Vishal, Shavit, Amit, and C. Roberts, Susan. Nature Prorecedings<http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3809.1> (2009) and Wilson,
S. and Roberts., S.C., Plant Biotechnology Journal 10 pp.249-268 (2012).
Medicinal uses
Taxus
Ginkgo
Heart,lungs,circulatorydisease
Cupresses
Vermifuge properties
Asthama,bronchitis,epilepsy
Cycas
Stomach & skin disorder,vomitting
Turpentine oil
Obtained from
• P.roxburghii
• P. insularis
• P. wallichiana
Used in :
• Painting
•Gymnosperms are also very important
ecologically as they provide food and
shelter for numerous animals and
insects. Gymnosperms prevent soil
erosion in forests and are important in
the fight against climate change as
they help reduce the amount of carbon
dioxide in the air.
•Some other common uses for
gymnosperms are soap, varnish, nail
polish, paints, and perfumes.
C'. Flowering Plants............ Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
D. Magnoliopsida (DICOTS)
D'. Liliopsida (MONOCOTS)
• With about 250,000 known species, the angiosperms are
by far the most diverse and widespread group of land
plants.
• As primary producers, flowering plants are at the base of
the food web of nearly every terrestrial ecosystem.
• Most land animals, including humans, depend on plants
directly or indirectly for sustenance.
Monocot vs. dicot
•Angiosperms are divided into monocots and
dicots
•As the zygote grows into the embryo, the first
leaves of the young body develop and are
referred as cotyledons (seed leaves)
•Monocots have one cotyledon; include corn,
lily, etc.
•Dicots have two cotyledons; bean oak, etc.
Monocot vs. dicot
•Number of cotyledons: one vs. two
Monocot vs. dicot
•Leaf venation pattern:
•Monocot is parallel
•Dicot is net pattern
Monocot vs. dicot
•Monocot: Fibrous root
•Dicot: Tap root
Monocot vs. dicot
•Flower parts:
•Monocot: in groups of three
•Dicot: in groups of four or five
Monocot vs. dicot
•Vascular bundle position
•Monocot: scattered
•Dicot: arranged in a circle
Monocot vs. dicot
• Stem type:
• Monocot: Herbaceous
• Dicot: herbaceous or woody
Summary: Monocot vs. dicot
Comparing monocot vs. dicot plants
FEATURE
MONOCOTS
DICOTS
1
2
Leaf venation
parallel
broad
Root system
Fibrous
Tap
In 3’s
In 4’s or 5’s
Scattered
Arranged in a
circle
Either
Cotyledons
Number of
floral parts
Vascular bundle
position
Woody or
herbaceous
Herbaceous
What is a species?
Species: a set of individuals that are closely
related by descent from a common
ancestor and ordinarily can reproduce
with each other, but not with members of
any other species.
Biological species: group of interbreeding
populations. Offspring are fertile.
Biological species concept
• Humans may have
considerable diversity, but we
all belong to the same species
because of our ability to
interbreed
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Homo sapiens
Species name
• Each species has a single correct scientific name (called a
binomial or two names). It is written in and it is always
italicized or underlined.
•First name is the genus name.
•Second name is the species name
For example:
Human: Homo sapiens
Cat: Felis catus
Dog: Canis lupus familiaris
Gray wolf: Canis lupus
If two species belong to the same genus, they
have a common ancestor. How close they are
related depends on how long they have
become independent species.
The evolution of the different members of the onion family is a good
example.
Examples
Genus of maple trees is Acer. It has many species including:
Acer saccharinum
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Taxonomic hierarchy
Species that have many characteristics in common are grouped into a genus.
Related genera that share combinations of traits are grouped into families.
Families are grouped into orders.
Orders into classes
Classes into divisions (or phyla for animals)
Related divisions/phyla are grouped into kingdoms
(e.g. house, street, city, county, state, country, continent, planet)