Download Skeletal System

The Skeletal System
Lg. Animal Pre-Vet
Spring 2010
What is the skeletal system?
• In mammals the skeletal system consists
of bones, teeth, joints, and structures that
connect bones to other bones or muscles
(e.g., ligaments, tendons, and cartilage).
What is the function of bone?
• Bone helps with:
– Movement
– Support
– Protection
– Mineral Storage
– Blood Cell Formation
• Red Marrow
– Energy Storage
• Yellow Marrow
What is bone made of?
• Bone is comprised of:
– 26% minerals (mostly calcium phosphate and calcium
carbonate)
– 50% is water
– 4% is fat
– 20% is protein
– Bone requires adequate
amounts of vitamins and
minerals in the ration.
Important Terms Related to the
Skeleton
Skeletons can be divided into two
sections, which include
a. Axial Skeleton—These
bones are on or close to the
midline axis of the body and
include the skull, vertebrae
and ribs.
b. Appendicular skeleton—
These bones project from the
body in the pectoral (front)
and pelvic (hind) limbs, and
are connected to the body
through the bones of the
girdles.
Other Important Terms, Con't.
c. Joints—points where two or
more bones meet.
d. Ligament—Tough band of
connective tissue connecting
one bone to another.
Other Important Terms, Con't.
e. Tendon—Thick band of connective tissue
that attaches muscle to bone.
f. Compact Bone—layer of protective hard
bone tissue surrounding every bone
g. Spongy Bone—soft bone filled with many
holes and spaces surrounded by hard
bone.
Types of bones in the animal body
• Long Bones--They serve as support columns. They
assist the animal in body support, locomotion and
eating. Example: Femur
• Short Bones--They are shaped like a cube and are
located in complex joints, such as the knee and hock.
They diffuse concussion and diminish friction.
Example: Hock
• Flat Bones--They protect vital
organs such as the brain, the
heart, and the lungs. They are longer
and wider than they are thick.
Example: Scapula
Types of bones in the animal body
• Pneumatic bones--they contain air
spaces called sinuses that are in
contact with the atmosphere.
Example: Frontal face bones.
• Irregular Bones--important to the
protection and support of the
central nervous system and are
points of some muscle attachment.
Example: Vertebrae
• Sesamoid Bones--they are flat and
round. They are located along the
course of tendons. Example:
Kneecap or patella
bones commonly found in livestock
and companion animals?
• There are many bones found in livestock
and companion animals that share the
same names as human bones.
• Veterinarians, livestock producers, and
even pet owners benefit from knowing the
names of these common bones.
Bones commonly found in livestock
and companion animals?
• A. The bone that surrounds and protects
the brain is known as the skull.
– Similarly, bones that surround and protect the
spinal cord are known as vertebrae.
– There are five types of vertebrae, beginning
near the skull with cervical and followed by
thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
• B. The two bones that make up the jaw
are known as the mandible and maxilla.
– The maxilla is positioned above the mandible.
Bones commonly found in livestock
and companion animals?
• C. The shoulder blade is called the scapula.
• In the front arm (or wing) of an animal, the large single
bone above the joint is called the humerus.
• Below the joint contains two bones: the ulna and the
radius.
• The front foot bones are known as the carpals and
metacarpals, while the rear foot bones are known as the
tarsus and metatarsus.
• The rear leg of the animal has a structure similar to the
front leg.
• The large, single leg bone is called the femur, and the
two smaller leg bones below the knee joint are the tibia
and fibula.
Bones commonly found in livestock
and companion animals?
• D. Ribs are bones that surround and
protect the heart and lungs, the most vital
internal organs.
– There are normally many ribs, surrounded
with muscle and connective tissue to give the
chest cavity movement and protection.
• E. Many other bones throughout the
animal body each serve a specific
function.
– Depending on the animal, hundreds of bones
can be found throughout the body.
Horse Skeleton
Unlabeled Horse Skeleton