Download international baccalaureate - School of Medical Sciences

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BIOLOGY
NOTES
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DISEASE
Disease is any condition which impairs the normal functioning of the human body. There are many causes of
disease. The two main categories of disease are:
 Infectious diseases
 Non-Infectious diseases
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Infectious diseases are caused by disease causing agents called pathogens. There are six main types of
pathogens: prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi and parasites. These pathogens vary greatly in size
and shape and also in the types of diseases they cause in their host.
Find information about each of these specimens or diseases and identify which type of pathogen they are caused by
(circle your selection).
DISEASE /
SPECIMEN NUMBER
HIV / AIDS
3035.7
DISEASE CAUSING PATHOGEN:
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
HYDATID
DISEASE
3000.14
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
TYPHOID
492.15
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Parasite
MALARIA
microscope
room
LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS
2130.14
SYPHILIS
display
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
2190.9
VARIANT
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB
DISEASE
display
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PATHOGENS:
Pathogens are different sizes and have a range of distinguishing characteristics.
Can you identify the pathogen type which best fits each of these characteristics? (circle your selection).
These pathogens are not made of cells and are
often considered not living even though they
contain nucleic acids. Vaccination may
protect us from some of the diseases they
cause.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
These are the smallest of all pathogens. They
are made up of only protein and have no DNA
or cellular structures. They cause diseases like
mad cow disease.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
These are the largest pathogens many of
which are visible to the naked eye like
tapeworms and ticks. They require a host as
part of their life cycle.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
These are cellular pathogens but they do not
have any membranes around organelles
(prokaryotic). We treat the diseases they
cause with antibiotics.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
These single celled pathogens are often found
in water or soil and cause diseases like
amoebic dysentery. Many of these pathogens
are spread by vectors like the mosquito or in
contaminated drinking water.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
These pathogens can be microscopic or
macroscopic. They have DNA and membrane
bound organelles (eukaryotic). They are
responsible for diseases like athlete’s foot,
thrush and ringworm.
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasite
CASE STUDY: HIV / AIDS Specimen 3035.7
Specimen name
Brief history and
evidence of disease
Cause and Transmission
Symptoms
Treatment, Prevention and Control
What is something interesting, surprising or useful you’ve discovered about this disease?
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NON- INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Non-Infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens. They are caused by various other factors and are
often the result of the interplay of genetics and lifestyle. Many of these diseases are closely related to
lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity and much can be done to decrease your risk through positive
lifestyle habits.
For each specimen number listed here, write in the name of the specimen under title and then identify links between
these diseases and their contributing factors. In most cases, multiple factors will combine to increase an individual’s
disease risk. (You may circle more than one for each disease/specimen)
TITLE:
478.24
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
Genetics
Smoking
Alcohol
Environment
Old age
Lack of
exercise
Poor diet
TITLE:
156.9
TITLE:
722.8
TITLE:
1133.10
TITLE:
1007.17
TITLE:
598.6
TITLE:
350.20
TITLE:
1117.4
Look at the “Effects of Smoking on the Body” display.
List four diseases that can be linked to smoking.
Identify how smoking can affect women and men.
Give three reasons why quitting is an advantage.
CASE STUDY: DIABETES 388.5
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CASE STUDY: DIABETES 388.5
Specimen name
Brief history and
evidence of disease
Cause and Transmission
Symptoms
Treatment, Prevention and Control
What is something interesting, surprising or useful you’ve discovered about this disease?
Look at the posters and displays on Diabetes.
What causes TYPE I Diabetes?
THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM (6.2)
What causes TYPE II Diabetes?
What are some of the effects of diabetes on the body?
How can risk factors for diabetes be reduced?
Look at the display of fats, sugars and salts in common foods.
Record some data about a food/ foods shown in the information in this display?
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CASE STUDY: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease is a general term that refers to diseases of the heart and blood
vessels. Although death rates for CVD are declining, it remains a leading cause of morbidity
and mortality in Australia. The process of atherosclerosis is the most common underlying
cause of CVD and can ultimately lead to strokes, heart attacks, angina, heart failure and
peripheral vascular disease.
What is atherosclerosis? How does it affect blood flow around the body?
Sketch and label a cross-section of a coronary artery
affected by atherosclerosis.
List seven risk factors for Atherosclerosis.
Select ONE of the following specimens to study, using info sheets, posters and catalogues.
1312.17 Myocardial Infarction
649.12 Pulmonary Embolism
485.12 Cerebral Infarction
1450.17 Gangrene
Specimen name
Brief history and
evidence of disease
Cause
Symptoms and Treatment
What lifestyle (risk) factors may have been involved with the disease in this person?
Find Specimen 3087.11 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft and associated display.
What is a coronary bypass graft?
What other techniques could be used to assist blood flow through diseased coronary arteries?
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THE HEART
The heart is at the centre of our cardiovascular system. It pumps deoxygenated blood to our lungs which
returns to the heart full of oxygen ready to be delivered by the main pumping chamber to all the tissues of
the body. It achieves this through an intricate system of channels, muscle tissue and valves.
Find the heart model or a labelled poster of the heart to identify the main parts of the heart shown below.
Heart Valves
Heart valves control the flow of blood through the heart. These valves can become damaged due to old age
or diseases such as rheumatic fever. This can lead to problems including breathlessness, fatigue and chest
pain.
Find and examine Specimen 3227.17 (Biventricular hypertrophy) to complete this section.
Below is a part of the clinical history of the specimen:
“...this patient experiences symptoms such as shortness of breath, feeling of being unwell and constant tiredness.
When examined it was determined that he had heart failure (his heart was not pumping enough blood to the rest of his
body). He also had a heart murmur (“leaky: heart valves) ...”
Explain why he experienced the symptoms described above.
What treatment has the patient had? How would this treatment alleviate symptoms?
Artificial Heart Valves can be used as a replacement when a natural heart valve can’t be repaired. The
natural heart valve can be removed and replaced with a substitute mechanical or biological valve.
View examples of artificial heart valves and associated information in the display case.
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THE LIVER
The liver is the second largest organ in the human body. It has
many important functions including:






Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break
down fats in the small intestine during digestion
Production of certain proteins for blood plasma
Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage
(glycogen can later be converted back to glucose for energy)
Regulation of blood levels of amino acids, which form the
building blocks of proteins
Processing of haemoglobin for use of its iron content (the liver
stores iron)
Clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances
Find a poster, diagram or model to label the body parts shown above.
CASE STUDY: CIRRHOSIS 478.24
Specimen name
Brief history and
evidence of disease
Cause and Occurrence
Symptoms
Treatment, Management and Control
What is something interesting, surprising or useful you’ve discovered about this disease?
STOMACH ULCERS AND STOMACH CANCERS
Select ONE of the following specimens to study, using info sheets, posters and catalogues.
1199.27 Chronic Gastric Ulcer
1112.27 Stomach Carcinoma
1234.27 “Giant” Gastric Ulcer
Specimen name
Brief history and
evidence of disease
Cause and Symptoms
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MUSCLES AND MOVEMENT
The skeleton and muscles function together as the musculoskeletal system. The skeleton provides
protection for vital organs, support for the body and a framework for muscles to act against. Damage can
occur through injury or disease. Arthritis is an example of one disease that can damage skeletal joints and
affect the range of movement.
Find the “Joint Disease” poster to label the following components of a normal synovial joint.
Go the imaging bay (Bay 21) and
examine the X-ray of the person
with Osteoarthritis.
Which hip is affected in this
patient?
How has the disease changed the
joint?
What is missing from damaged
joints that can be seen in X-rays?
Select ONE of the following specimens to study, using info sheets, posters and catalogues.
1417.6 Osteoarthritis
554.6 Rheumatoid arthritis
598.6 Femur osteoporosis
Specimen name
Brief history and evidence of
disease
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
Which of the following would be a good treatment or management option for this condition? ( Circle your selection/s)
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MEDICAL AND HEALTH TERMINOLOGY
Use common names and words to describe the types of organs, tissues or diseases found
in each of these bays in the museum and in doing so understanding what each of the
following words mean. In doing so, you may need to wander around the museum, visit
each bay and read through some of the catalogues.
BAY 7:
HAEMATOLOGICAL
________________________________
BAY 8:
PULMONARY
________________________________
BAY 11:
CARDIAC
________________________________
BAY 12:
VASCULAR
________________________________
BAY 13:
CONGENITAL
________________________________
BAY 14:
INFLAMMATION
________________________________
BAY 18:
DEGENERATIVE
________________________________
BAY 19:
NEOPLASIA
________________________________
BAY 22:
ENDOCRINE
________________________________
BAY 24:
HEPATIC
________________________________
BAY 27:
NEUROLOGICAL
________________________________
BAY 30:
RENAL
________________________________
Did you know?
In and around 400 BC, Hippocrates
famously mentioned about exercise,
"If we could give every individual the
right amount of nourishment and
exercise, not too little and not too
much, we would have found the safest
way to health."
Did you know?
Exercise did not become
fashionable until the late
1800’s when people started
to lead increasingly
sedentary lifestyles due to
less work involving manual
labour.
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MUSEUM MAP
Syllabus Points covered:
6.2
6.3
6.5
11.2
H2
H4
H5
Transport Systems (6.2.1)
Defence against Infectious Disease
(6.3.1, 6.3.7, 6.3.8)
Nerves, Hormones and Homeostasis
(6.5.12)
Muscles and Movement (11.2.1)
Digestion (H2.8)
Functions of the Liver (H4.5, H4.7)
The Transport System (H5.4, H5.5)
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