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Soc213(001)
Deviant Behavior
Bogart Test
01A 9/18/01
Part 01: Text (Thio) Items: Old
Ch.02:Traditional Theories
1. According to Merton’s goals-means gap theory, the societally induced strain that forces
people to engage in deviant activities is _____. A. the inability to realize a success goal
B. the failure to achieve high status C. not having an illegitimate opportunity for
success D. lack of association with people who hold conventional ideas E. the
pressures induced by restrictive formal social control. (p. 17)
2. Cloward and Ohlin’s strain theory is based on the concept of _____ . A. differential
illegitimate opportunity B. status frustration C. differential association D. social
learning E. self-control.
3. The strength of one’s bond to society is to social bond and self-control theory as the
amount of rewards (to “punishment”) is to _____ theory. A. differential illegitimate
opportunity B. status frustration C. goals-means gap D. social learning E.
differential identification.
4. ______ focuses on formal social control. A. differential identification B. social
learning theory C. deterrence doctrine D. reintegrative shaming E. differential
reinforcement theory.
5. According to Robert Merton’s goal-means gap theory, the psychoanalytic approach to
deviant behavior is wrong because it assumes A. society discourages the individual from
engaging in deviant behavior. B. society encourages the individual to engage in deviant
behavior. C. society has no impact on human biological impulses. D. individuals freely
choose to partake in deviant behavior.
6. Control theorists define deviance as _____. A. a result of the capitalist system; B.
an ecological variant; C. the absence of what causes conformity; D. genetically
induced; E. socially learned.
7. According to Cohen’s theory, the place in American society where lower-class boys
experience the greatest status frustration is A. home. B. school. C. delinquent subcultures.
D. boys clubs. (p. 20)
8. Attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief are four elements of _____ . A.
Hirschi’s social bond and self-control theory; B. Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming
theory; C. the deterrence doctrine; D. Marxist theory; E. feminist theory.
9. _____ is to strain theory as differential identification is to learning theory. A. status
frustration; B. differential association; C. differential reinforcement; D. crime; E.
deviance.
10. Braithwaite's theory about _____ being able to reduce crime in the US may be able to
work for first-time offenders but not hardened criminals. A. social bonds B. reintegrative
shaming C. deterrence D. differential illegitimate opportunity E. learning theory.
Ch. 03: Modern Theories
11. Symbolic Interactionism A. was first linked to deviance by Thio, B. has no particular
fit with labeling theory, C. is disproven by labeling theory, D. has been associated with
labeling theory for 30 years, E. none of the above.
12. Labeling Theory focuses on each of these except A. the interaction between the
deviant and non-deviant, B. complementary relationship between deviant and non
deviant, C. the deviant act or action, D. the consequences of being called deviant, E.
those that call others deviant.
.13. Which of the following would most NOT be labeled as a deviant? A. the poor, B.
juvenile delinquents, C. prison guards, D. the mentally ill, E. drug addicts.
14. Although labelers and deviants may claim to be very objective, they are actually
highly subjective in constructing, defining or interpreting above. This is an assumption of
_____: A. positivism B. stigma C. feminist theory D. phenomenological theory E.
conflict theory.
15. Phenomenologists A. hold a view that is total and absolute. B. should rely heavily on
people's subjective interpretation of their own deviant experience. C. take the subject's
interpretation at face value. D. subjectively evaluate the subject's experience. E. approach
every instance of analysis with preconceived opinions and biases.
16. A _____ named Katz, found that virtually all robbers feel themselves "morally
superior" to their victims. A. feminist theorist; B. phenomenologist; C. conflict theorist;
D. control theorist; E. social reality theorist.
17. All but which of the following is a type of conflict theory? A. legal reality theory B.
social reality theory C. Marxist theory D. strain theory E. feminist theory.
18. Labeling theorists are primarily interested in analyzing the process of becoming a
_____ deviant. A. primary B. secondary C. sequential D. traditional E. legitimate
19. Which of the following terms does NOT belong? A. ethnomethodology B. sociology
of everyday life C. creative D. existential E. deterministic
20. The terms, phenomenological bracketing and phenomenological reduction, refer to
_____. A. positive consequences B. negative consequences C. situated meanings D.
abstract meanings E. theoretic independence
Part 02: Lecture Items - Old
21. According to Kai T. Erikson in his work Wayward Puritans the procedures associated
with deviance serve important functions to include all of the following EXCEPT. A. the
definition of the identity of the social system, B. the effective control of deviance within
the community, C. the mobilization of community resources in defense of its values, D.
the actual perpetuation of deviance within the community, E. the integration of the
community with respect to social norms.
22. Kingsley Davis and Emile Durkheim most clearly agreed that prostitution A. has a
positive social function, B. threatens marriage, C. corrupts society, D. has no effect on
modem society, E. is unnecessary in a healthy marriage.
23. According to Erikson, a primary function of deviance is to A. maintain class systems,
B. distract persons from other forms of oppression, C. maintain the collective identity of
the group or society, D. enlist the moral support of the poor, E. create amusement for the
working class.
24. According to Durkheim, a society without crime is A. impossible, B. probably
preindustrial, C. a society of saints, D. is a society without inequality, E. possible but not
probable.
25. As a functionalist, Kingsley Davis was interested in prostitution because, A. he found
the practice common in animals, B. he thought it a good source of revenue for oppressed
women, C. it is present in all cultures, D. there were many prostitutes where he grew up,
E. there is so much variability in prostitution from society to society.
26. The lecture notes use the metaphor of _____ to characterize Social Disorganization
Theory and the interdependence of populations. A. cultural clash, B. intergroup dynamics
C. cross-cultural communication, D.
cultural group conflict E. the web of life.
27. Park: "It is probable that the most deadly and the most demoralizing single
instrument of present-day civilization is A. government, B. concentrated wealth, C. the
automobile, D. contraception, E. the institution of the family.
28. In The Polish Peasant, what were the two opposing forces necessary for social
stability? A. organization and disorganization, B. disorganization and reorganization, C.
deviance and morality, D. ethnic diversity and minimal migration, E. none of the above.
29. Park used this metaphor for what he saw as the most problematic elements of society
in Chicago:, A. human sewer, B. cesspool of the soul, C. scrap pile of humanity, D. God's
darkest alley, E. human junk.
30. According to Robert Paris and Warren Dunham, all of the following statements
would be true EXCEPT _____. A. Zone II is the zone of transition, B. delinquency
decreases with distance from the center of the city, C. the highest rate of suicide is found
in the rooming house Area, D. hobohemia is found in the manufacturing district (Zone I),
E. working men's houses are typically found in Zone III.
31. According to the lecture notes, Emile Durkheim believed that human passions must
be limited and the regulative force to accomplish this must be _____. A. legal, B.
economic, C. political, D. moral (social), E. internalized self control.
32. Emile Durkheim refers to _____ suicide as that which results from the failure of an
individual to find a basis for existence (meaning). A. egoistic, B. differential, C.
altruistic, D. ritualistic, E. spiritual.
33. In his work, Illegitimate Means, Anomie, and Deviant Behavior, Richard Cloward
first proposed consolidating two approaches which included _____ A. Durkheim's
anomie and Kobrin's delinquency area approaches, B. Sutherland's differential
association and Durkheim's anomie approaches, C. Cloward's differential access and
Merton's disjunction of goals/means approaches, D. Sutherland's differential association
and Merton's disjunction of goals/means approaches, E. Durkheim's anomie and
Cloward's differential access approaches.
34. In his work, The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond, Albert
Cohen goes beyond the work of _____ to develop the concept of _____. A. Durkheim,
differential association, B. Kobrin, social disorganization, C. Merton, strain, D. Shaw &
McKay, anomie, E. Sutherland, differential access.
35. By means of what sociological concept does Cloward explain the fact that only some
people are given training or "tutelage" as professional thieves? A. differential
identification, B. retreatism, C. sub-culture, D. residual deviance, E. self selection.
36. The most important groups, according to developmental theorists, in the genesis of
criminal behavior are A. tertiary groups, B. intimate personal groups, C. secondary
groups, D. educational groups, E. religious groups.
37. In his work, Criminality Theories and Behavior Images, Daniel Glaser describes his
theory of _____ A. differential identification, B. differential opportunity, C. differential
association, D. differential access to illegitimate means, E. differential learning.
38. Sutherland, like the Chicago School generally, noted that crime was concentrated in
certain neighborhoods. His approach was to view it as related to the experience of _____
in these neighborhoods A. deprivation, B. cultural conflict, C. family disorganization, D.
high migration, E. deviant or criminal contacts.
39. According to Donald R. Cressey in his work, Other People's Money: A Study in the
Social Psychology of Embezzlement, a trust violator's thought process included all of the
following EXCEPT _____ A. the idea that his/her problem was unshareable, B. the idea
that it would be difficult to get caught, C. the idea that the act
itself was the result of a general irresponsibility for which he/she could not be completely
responsible, D. the idea that the act was essentially non-criminal, E. the perception of an
opportunity.
40. According to Sykes and Matza, in their 1957 work, Techniques of Neutralization: A
Theory of Delinquency, all of the following are considered to be techniques of
neutralization EXCEPT _____ A. condemnation of the condemners, B. denial of
responsibility, C. appeal to a higher law, D. denial of injury , E. denial of the victim.
Part 03: New Text (Thio) Items
Ch. 02: Traditional Theories
41. The theories of positivist sociologists attempt to explain the ___ of deviance.A.
negative features, B. functions, C. causes, D. meanings
42. According to Merton, the only cultural value of importance in American society is: A.
family relationships, B. hard work, C. material success, D. religious faith.
43. According to Merton, when persons hold high success aspirations and are not given
the opportunity to realize them, they might: A. resort to illegitimate means of achieving
their aspirations, B. reset their goals to an even higher level, C. yield to overwhelming
psychological pressures and become violent, D. become more religious.
44. According to Cohen’s theory, the place in American society where lower-class boys
experience the greatest status frustration is: A. home, B. school, C. neighborhood, D.
job.
45. According to Cloward and Ohlin, which subculture requires courage for risking
injury or death in a gang warfare? A. conformist subculture, B. criminal subculture, C.
ritualist subculture, D. conflict subculture.
46. Which of the following concepts constitutes the core of Sutherland’s differential
association theory? A. numerous associations with criminals, B. excess of criminal over
anticriminal associations, C. strong criminal personality, D. excess of criminal over
anticriminal personality traits.
47. Burgess and Akersa argued that before one becomes criminal, a process must occur
where he or she is rewarded for continuing deviant behavior. A. differential
reinforcement, B. differential revulsion, C. differential learning, D. differential
rejection.
48. According to Hirschi’s theory of social control, if elements of bonding to society are
weak, the individual might: A. have strong self-control, B. have a good self-concept, C.
develop a strong goal orientation, D. slide into deviance.
49. According to control theory, with ___ deterrence, the punishment of a criminal deters
the criminal from committing more crimes. A. swift, B. general, C. shaming, D.
specific.
50. Daniel Glaser felt that Sutherland’s theory was too ___, and proposed that a process
of identification with criminals also had to take place. A. liberal, B. mechanistic, C.
voluntary, D. sociological. (pg.24-25)
Part 03: Modern Theories
51. The test’s author states that the constructionist theories of deviance are basically nonetiologic. This means that these theories: A. focus on the causes of deviant behavior. B.
do not focus on the causes of deviant behavior. C. focus on behavior not classified as
deviant. D. are not truly sociological theories of deviant behavior. (pg. 35)
52. Labeling theory interprets deviance as a(n): A. totally subjective experience. B.
expression of human animalistic tendencies. C. process of symbolic interactionism. D.
outcome of conflict between powerful groups.
53. According to labeling theory, the final step leading to secondary deviation involves:
A. stronger penalties and rejections. B. formal action taken by the community against
the deviant. C. hostilities and resentment on the part of those who penalize the deviant.
D. acceptance of and adjustment to deviant social status by the deviant.
54. Which of the following groups is more likely to be involved in imposing labels? A.
the poor, B. the criminal, C. the powerful, D. women.
55. Which of the following theories examines the subjectivity of people, including their
attitudes, feelings, and opinions about deviance? A. conflict theory, B. labeling theory,
C. positivist theory, D. phenomenological theory.
56. Hank is a sociologist who interviewed a number of drug addicts to better understand
how they felt and thought about their drug problems. According to Schutz, he would be
most interested in ___ of deviance. A. first-degree constructs, B. second-degree
constructs, C. third-degree constructs, D. negative constructs.
57. The author of the text concludes that scientifically, the phenomenological version of
deviant reality and behavior is: A. superior to the positivist version. B. inferior to the
positivist version. C. not necessarily superior or inferior to the positivist version. D. is
less likely than the positivist version to present the subjective view of deviance.
.* C 03.46-47.58 F01 KM58. According to Richard Quinney there are different ways
for the dominant class to define the social reality of crime. Which of the following is
NOT one of them? A. It defines as criminal those behaviors that threaten its interest. B.
It applies the laws to ensure the protection of its interest. C. It engages in behavior that
is defined as criminal. D. It constructs and diffuses an ideology of crime.
59. All of the following are the results of capitalism’s creation of economic marginality
and coercive control of the workers, EXCEPT for: A. loss of self-esteem. B. resentment.
C. a greater reliance of the family, D. a sense of powerlessness and alienation.
60. Feminist theorists argue that most theories of deviance: A. stereotype women. B. are
only about men. C. call for the exploitation of women by men. D. are not related to
gender.
Part 04:New Lecture Items
Lecture 02: Functional Theory
61. The development of ___coincided with the cessation of parading deviants in the
public square as part of penal reform. A. functional theory, B. capital punishment, C.
democratic societies, D. mass media.
62. According to Kingsley Davis, where the traditional monogamous family is strong,
_____ will be vigorous. A. heterosexuality, B. prostitution, C. religious deviance, D.
crime prevention programs.
63. The punishment of crime, according to Emile Durkheim, is: A. often ineffectual and
sometimes counterproductive, B. irrelevant to society, C. serves a society well only if it
is swift, certain, and severe, D. is effective only in societies based on organic solidarity.
64. Erickson makes the case that communities that employ procedures that
institutionalize persons in deviant roles: A. are sociologically naïve, B. exhibit
structural strain, C. would rather make a moral statement than be effective, E. are
governed by an economic super-structure.
65. Individuals, according to lecture, may be disposed to the role of deviant by both ___.
A. vigorous policing and a juvenile record, B. a lack of schooling and motivation, C.
inadequate socialization and lack of social control, D. inapproprate associations and
inadequate parenting.
Lecture 02: Social Disorganization Theory
66. Social Disorganization Theory and the interdependence of populations have used the
metaphor of: A. web of life, B. cultural clash, C. cross-cultural communication, D.
intergroup dynamics.
67. ___ , according to Park, is the most demoralizing single insturmentality of presentday civilization. A. the automobile, B. the newspaper, C. the mass media, D.
migration.
68. According to Faris and Dunham, the highest rate of suidice in Chicago, was found in
the rooming house area along main transportation arteries amond: A. older unskilled
factory workers, B. younger unskilled workers, C. transient people, D. professional
people.
69. The term C. Wirght Mills used to describe the early Chicago sociologists was: A.
social pathologists, B. robber barons, C. deans of sociology, D. human ecologists.
70. The lecture notes characterized Social Disorganization Theory and the
interdependence of populations by using the metaphor of: A. cultural group conflict, B.
intergroup conflict, C. intergroup dynamics, D. the web of life.
Lecture 03: Anomie Theory
71. Anomie, according to Durkheim, is most clearly a function of (and therefore a
measure of): A. affluence, B. social forces, C. individual disorganization, D. poverty.
72. Cloward and Ohlin, in their revision of Merton’s anomie theory, were most
influenced by: A. Shaw & McKay’s study of Chicago gangs, B. Cressey’s study of trust
violators, C. Faris and Dunham’s study of mental illness.
73. A just criticism of Merton’s model of anomie was/is that it employs A. economic
determinism B. ethnocentrism C. a psychological level of analysis, D. A and B, E. all
of the above.
74. According to Durkheim in his French study of suicide, the highest rate was in the ___
occupational sector. A. religious B. business, C. military, D. agricultural.
75. Durkheim associated anomie with: A. sudden changes in affluence or poverty, B.
sustained economic depression, C. sustained economic growth, D. none of the above.
Lecture 04: Differential Association Theory
76. While identifying himself explicitly as a ___, Sutherland did his work in the setting
that gave rise to ___ . A. psychologist, functinal theory, B. social worker, Marxist
sociology, C. criminologist, Chicago School of Sociology, D. minister, anomie theory.
77. Sutherland and Cressey explicitly object to the limitations of situational theory, and
favor ___ theory. A. social disorganization, B. developmental, C. macro-, D. symbolic
interactionism.
78. Sutherland and Cressey’s nine propositions in their crime theory, directly emphasize
the role of A. structural strain, B. primary groups, C. social change, D. economic
choice.
79. The importance of ___ was particularly featured in Glaser’s critique/revision of
Sutherland and Cressey’s model: A. negative learning, B. secondary learning, C.
cognitive consistency, D. role models.
80. Culpable bank tellers, according to Cressey, would be most likely to employ ___
which are provided by ___. A. rationalizations, culture, B. accomplices, fellow bank
tellers, C. misdirection, everyday errors in surveillance, D. scapegoats, new and
inexperienced managers.