Download Final Exam Study Guide File

Canadian Geography 1202
2015 Final Exam Study Guide
► Use this as a guide for your final exam preparations. As always, this review is a guide
only. You are still responsible for material covered in class notes, assignments, and tests.
OVERVIEW OF COURSE:
https://www.k12pl.nl.ca/curriculum/10-12/social-studies/can-geog-1202/program-overview.html
UNIT 1 – Natural and Human Systems
UNIT 2 – Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 3 – Economic Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 4 – Global Issues in Canadian Geography
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING
WHAT LACK OF SYSTEMS THINKING IS?
It is not infrequent when you will find people giving more importance and attention to the 'parts'
that they alone are concerned with, while not realizing that their 'part' is indeed a part of a larger
system. See cartoon below. The perils of failing to adopt a 'systems view' in this case are
obvious. The boat will sink, inevitably.
What is Systems Thinking? (Read text page 69)
Page
1
Systems Thinking is the belief that the different parts that make up a system can best be
understood by looking at them in relation to each other and to other systems, rather than in
isolation. SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND
HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER
UNIT 1 – NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS
TERMS
TEXT
ENCOUNTER
CANADA
Landscape
Place
Absolute location
Relative location
Latitude
Longitude
Grid
Equator
Prime Meridian
TEXT PAGES 46-57
QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING
Identify and describe each natural system?
Using a specific example, explain how
natural systems interact with one another?
Given a natural event, describe its impact on
all natural systems?
NATURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH
ONE ANOTHER AND ARE
INTERDEPENDENT.
Natural Systems
BLAH
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
TEXT PAGES 58-63
HUMANS HAVE DEVELOPED SYSTEMS
TO MEET OUR NEEDS AND WANTS.
TEXT PAGES 370-381
TEXT PAGES 64-75
TEXT PAGES 76-99
SYSTEMS
THINKING HELPS
US UNDERSTAND
HOW NATURAL
AND HUMAN
SYSTEMS
INTERRELATE AND
INFLUENCE EACH
OTHER.
How does human activity influence natural
systems?
How can humans meet their needs and wants in
a sustainable way?
Identify and describe the interactions between
human and natural systems?
Identify and describe the causes and
consequences of interactions between human
and natural systems?
Explain how systems thinking may be used to
understand interactions between natural systems
and human systems?
2
System Thinking
Sustainable
Climate
Vegetation
Water
Soil
Ecological Footprint
Identify and describe each human system?
Page
Human Systems
CITEE
Communication
Infrastructure
Transportation
Energy
Economic
TERMS
Ecozones
Natural Features (land
forms, water forms,
climate, soil,
vegetation, wildlife)
Human Features
(infrastructure)
Ecosystems
Transition Zone
Terrestrial
Marine
Montane Cordillera
Prairie
Boreal Shield
Mixedwood Plains
Southern Arctic
Atlantic
Needs
Wants
Human activity
includes :
resource use,
settlement,
communication,
transportation and
recreation.
Stakeholders
Sustainability
TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA
UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
TEXT PAGES 100-109 CANADA CONTAINS MANY DIVERSE
ECOZONES.
Ecozones are multi-factor regions and can be
described in terms of natural features and
sometimes include human features.
Ecozones are a function of varied interactions
among factors such as climate, soil, vegetation
and water
Ecozones vary in terms of biodiversity; and
contain a variety of ecosystems and have
boundaries and transitional areas.
TEXT PAGES 110-153 Canada contains 20 ecozones:
(15 terrestrial and 5 marine)
Which ecozone do you live?
What are the benefits and challenges of living
in each ecozone?
TEXT PAGES 110-153 How do humans use resources to meet their
needs and wants?
NEGATIVE
How do ecozones influence human activity?
CONSEQUENCES
SOMETIMES
How does human activity affect ecozones?
RESULT FROM
How do we know the influence that human
HUMANactivity has on an ecozone?
ENVIRONMENTAL
Are there examples of better of better ways for
INTERACTION.
humans to continue to meet their needs and
THEREFORE,
wants while having a smaller ecological
INDIVIDUUALS
footprint? Explain.
MUST ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY
Why do some individuals make more
AND WORK TO
environmentally conscientious decisions than
MINIMIZE ADVERS others? What policies should governments
EFFECTS ON THE
enact to help create a more sustainable future?
ENVIRONMENT.
Should individuals be held accountable for
making choices that have highly negative
environmental consequences? Explain
3
Climate Systems
Climate Graphs
Maritime Cimate
Continental Climate
Know how to construct climate graphs.
Know how to interpret climate graphs.
Know the difference between climate types
What factors influence Canada’s Climate?
(p.78-79)
Page
TEXT PAGES 76-88
UNIT 2 – HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY
Natural Change
Natural Increase
Natural Decrease
Net Migration
Actual Change (AC)
Population Pyramids
See Right 
UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
TEXT PAGES 168-181 Demography is the numerical study of the
characteristics, trends and issues of population.
Natural Change = Births - Deaths
Natural Increase = More Births than Deaths
Natural Decrease = More Deaths than Births
Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
AC = (Births + Immigrants) – (Deaths+
Emigrants)
Expanding Population Pyramids
Very High Birth Rate = broad base
Very High Death Rate = sharp taper
Short Life Expectancy = narrow top
High Birth Rate = broad base
High Death Rate = thicker middle
Slightly longer Life Expectancy = widening
top
Stationary Population Pyramid
Low Birth Rate = narrow base
Low Death Rate = broadening top
Longer Life Expectancy = wider top
Contracting Population Pyramid
4
Demography
Population Density
Population Change
Population
Distribution
TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA
Page
TERMS
Low Birth Rate = even narrower base
Low Death Rate = broad top
Longer Life Expectancy = wider top
Population
Population Density
Population
Distribution
TEXT PAGES 156-167
TEXT PAGES 182-195
Demographic information is important
because it is used to identify trends and
issues that will affect Canadians.
Identify ways in which various human and
natural systems, such as economic,
infrastructure, transportation, biosphere,
hydrosphere and lithosphere might be affected
by changes in population?
Migration
Immigration
Emigration
Push Factors
Pull Factors
TEXT PAGES 182-195
Canada’s population has increased and has
become more diverse over time. This has
had consequences for both natural and
human systems.
Why do people migrate?
Who lived in Canada at various points in its
history? What are some of the push-pull
factors related to the peopling of Canada?
What impact does increased migration have on
natural and human systems?
Canada has a complex population dynamic
that will pose challenges and opportunities in
the future.
TEXT PAGES 348-369
TEXT PAGES 208-235
What areas of Canada have the highest/lowest
populations?
What factors are most significant in
determining where people decide to live?
Is it better to live in a region with high or low
population? Why?
What are some of the positive/negative effects
of urbanization?
Urban life has both challenges and
opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting urban areas:
 Service availability (infrastructure,
communication and transportation
linkages, human resources)
 Population concerns (poverty, crowding
and employment)
5
Land Use
Designations
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Recreation
Transportation
Institutional
TEXT PAGES 196-207
Most Canadians live in urban centers
located mainly in Southern regions. This is
largely due to climate, employment,
resources and services.
Page
Urban area
Rural area
Census Metropolitan
Area (CMAs)
Urbanization
Urban Sprawl
Resource-based
Communities

Environmental impact (pollution, loss
of arable land)
 Quality of life (“green spaces”, crime,
standard of living)
If you were a city planner, how could the issues
listed above be improved?
Life in rural areas has a variety of
challenges and opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting rural areas:
 Service availability (maintaining
infrastructure, and providing medical
services)
 Population concerns (declining Tax
base)
 Environmental impact (impact of
resource activities)
 Quality of life (pace of life)
Is it better to live in an urban center or a rural
center? Why?
UNIT 3 –ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY
Renewable Resource
Nonrenewable
Resource
Flow Resource
GDP
UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
TEXT PAGES 351-363 Economic geography is important because it
helps make better decisions around the
TEXT PAGES 236-249 production, distribution, and consumption of
goods, and services that fulfill peoples’ needs
and wants.
Economics is the study of how individuals and
societies use their limited resources to meet
their unlimited needs and wants.
Our unlimited wants out weigh the resources
available which make all levels of society make
decisions.
What are examples of economic activities in
your community?
Because of our dependence on natural
resources it is important that we use these
TEXT PAGES 250-311 resources in a way that meets our current
TEXT PAGES 312-327 needs without jeopardizing the future.
Which resources (agriculture, fishery,
forestry, mining and water) are most
important for each territory and province?
Why?
How would Canadian society be different if
Stakeholders
6
Economy
Trade
Imports
Exports
Balance of Trade
(Imports – Exports)
Economic
Diversification
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Quaternary Sector
TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA
Page
TERMS
we no longer had either/or agriculture,
fishery, forestry, mining and water?
Sustainable
Management System
Should the wealth generated by a resource in
one region be shared with other regions?
What values should be used to guide the
development/use of resources?
How can systems thinking be used to
understand and improve our way of living on
planet Earth?
UNIT 4 – GLOBAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY
TERMS
Globalization
TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA
UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
TEXT PAGES 382-395
What are the causes of globalization? (Cheap
transportation and communication costs).
Global Village
How does globalization affect Canada?
Human Development
Index (HDI) - life
expectancy
(longevity), literacy
rates (knowledge),
Standard of Living
(GDP).
Developed World
There are both positive and negative
consequences to globalization.
One benefit is that Canadian consumers
enjoy lower priced goods and Canadian
businesses are able to increase profits.
One negative consequence is Canadian jobs
have been lost as manufacturers have moved
operations to countries with lower labour
costs.
Developing World
UNESCO
How does quality of life in Canada compare to
other countries?
World Heritage Sites
How do Canada’s labour costs differ globally?
Global Issues
How has globalization affected people living in
developing/ developed countries?
Human Rights
Multiplier Effect
How significant is Canada’s contribution to the
global village?
Is globalization exploiting less developed
countries?
Is Canada making a meaningful contribution to
the global village? How?
What does UNESCO Stand for? What does it
represent globally?
Why should we be concerned about global
issues?
How does tourism benefit the economy?
7
Child Labour
Climate change
Poverty
World Hunger
Free Trade
Page
Newly Industrialized
Countries
Do the benefits of globalization outweigh the
negative consequences? Why?
Tourism
TEXT PAGES 396-417
Canada makes significant contributions to
the global village.
NAFTA
Tariff
Trading Partners
Why has tourism become such an important
aspect of the Canadian economy?
Where do Canada’s imports come from and
where do our exports go?
Imports
The U.S. – Canada’s biggest trading partner.
Exports
“FRIENDS” Page 403
Free Trade
Fair Trade
Why is NAFTA significant?
What are some challenges associated with
NAFTA?
Peace Keeping
Humanitarian Relief
Do developed countries, such as Canada, have
an obligation to assist developing countries?
What is Canada’s future in the global village?
United Nations (UN)
Canada Makes a difference (p412)
Identify some Canadian values that are
represented in this section of text.
8
Who are some examples of Canadians serving
and protecting the Global Community? (p. 414)
Page
CIDA – Canadian
International
Development Agency
Canada’s Reasons for trading goods and
services (p.406-407).