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1. The three types of landform regions in Canada 1) Shield: large area of Precambrian rock that is the core of a continent. 2) Lowlands: areas of low elevation containing plains and hills. 3) Highland: areas of high elevation containing mountains and plateaus. 2. 8 landform regions in Canada Shield 1) Canadian Shield Lowlands 2) Interior Plains 3) Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands 4) Hudson Bay Lowlands 5) Arctic Lowlands Highlands 6) Appalachians 7) Western Cordillera 8) Innuitian Mountains 3. What causes the great differences in Canada’s weather and climate patterns? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Canada’s vast size Latitude Ocean Currents Wind and Air Masses Polar jet stream Diverse Landscapes - Elevation Diverse Landscapes - Relief Large Bodies of Water 4. How does weather and climate affect Canadians 1. What we wear 2. Where we go for holidays 3. 4. Activities during different seasons. (eg. Sports, Hunting, Fishing, etc….) The cost of food 5. The choice of place to live 5. What are the two types of climate? Be able to identity climate from a climate graph 1) Continental climate - A climate where winters are very cold and summers are very dry and hot. This type of climate is inland , away from the ocean and large lakes. On a climate graph, Continental climates have low annual precipitation and a large annual temperature range. 2) Maritime Climate – The winters are cool and summers are warm. This type of climate is located near large bodies of water, such as large lakes and oceans. On a climate graph, Maritime climates have high annual precipitation; low annual temperature range, 6. Construct/ interpret a climate graph. Calculate avg. temp./ total precip/ temp range. Helpful reminders when constructing a climate graph: 1) Temperature (°C) goes on the LEFT side of your graph 2) Precipitation (mm) goes on the RIGHT side of your graph. 3) Choose scales which make sense. My advice is to look at your largest and smallest numbers to get a sense of the range of numbers you will be using. 4) Temperature is represented by plotting POINTS 5) Precipitation is represented by a BAR GRAPH Calculating Average Annual Temperature: Add up all your temperatures and divide by 12 Calculating Total Annual Precipitation: Add up all your precipitation for every month Calculating Temperature Range:Take the HIGHEST temperature and subtract the LOWEST temperature. Example: What is the temperature range for a location where the highest temperature is 15°C and the lowest temperature is -15°C. 15- -15= 30 Temperature Range= 30°C ** Remember: when subtracting negative numbers, we change the sign and add! 7. Name each of Canada’s 7 climate regions. (Page 88 in Textbook) 8. What is a biome? How does climate and landforms affect the type of vegetation in a biome? Biome is a large region on the Earth, such as a rainforest or desert, which is named for the distinct characteristics of the plants that live within it. Biomes closer to the equator have larger trees and plants while biomes further north or south have less vegetation. 9. What are the types of rain? Relief Rainfall (Orographic) Rain which occurs due to a mountain range. Frontal Rainfall Rain cause when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass, which forces the warm air mass to rise. Convectional Rainfall Rain which occurs in hot, tropical climates. The sun heats up to land which causes convention currents. 10. What is the recipe for a temperate rainforest? a. Rain all year round b. 300 cm or more of rain per year. c. Mild temperatures (0˚ - 26˚ C). d. A canopy layer of coniferous trees. e. Moss and ferns growing on the forest floor, covering tree trunks. f. Rainwater collecting on forest floor. g. Countless shades of green year round. 11. How does water end up in our rivers and lakes? In the soil/ground? Much of the water that falls as rain and snow in Canada ends up in an interconnected network of waterways that include lakes, rivers, groundwater, and wetlands. Water that runs off the land in rivers and lakes is called runoff. Water that filters down into the Earth through layers of soil, sand and gravel is called groundwater. 12. What are drainage basins? How does Canada’s water system work in relation to basins? A drainage basin is the area of land from which all water received as precipitation flows to a particular ocean. Canada’s water system is unevenly distributed with about 75% of water draining north into either the Arctic Ocean or Hudson Bay. Since all water flows downhill, the land in the north is of lower elevation compared other parts of the Country. The land is also lower along the coastlines of the oceans towards which the water in all major drainage basins flows. 13. With the aid of a diagram, be able to label the components of a typical social profile. “A” Horizon • Rich in organic material especially near surface • Dark brown or black • Often called “Topsoil” “B” Horizon • Combined mineral and organic level • Light brown in color • Often called “Subsoil” “C” Horizon • Mineral materials from which soil is made. • Usually bedrock or glacial deposits • Often called “Parent Material” 14. Why are tundra soils infertile? The subsoil (Horizon B) is permanently frozen and is referred to as permafrost. During the summer the top metre of the ground called the active layer thaws, the layers underneath remain frozen and water cannot escape downwards. The surface remains waterlogged and this along with the cold climate prevent plant material from decaying quickly to form humus. The absence of air in the water-logged ground means that a true soil does not exist, and agriculture is impractical. 15. What are the characteristics that make up an ecozone? (Page 102) Landscape 1) Geology 2) Landforms 3) Climate 4) Soil 5) Water Natural Vegetation Wildlife People