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NAME: UBA KOSISOCHUKWU DEPARTMENT: LAW COURSE: GST 113 LEVEL: 100 Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as knowledge , existence, values ,reasons , mind and language . Philosophy enables one to understand how discipline has evolved over time .The Milesian philosophers which consists of Thales , Anaximander, Anaximenes. They gave generated ideas that were meant to help people understand their environment by giving natural explanations to the phenomena prior to the unnatural ones given by the first set of philosophers. These three philosophers answers they gave in their attempt to account for change were based on the following. For Thales it is water ,for Anaximander it is Apeiron (infinite), for Anaximenes it is air. Philosophy begins in ‘wonder’ it started off to explain the things that were puzzling in nature. The attempt to give rational explanations to the various wonders have led to the generation of various philosophies across various climates and times. Philosophers believe that theory has influence on practice, philosophy matters because it can provide some guides to life which are capable of making human existence less tolerable. The only authority respected in discipline is that of reason. Reason is relied on for coping in the world because even though we know much about the world there is still more yet to be unknown. Culture, religion, ideology and other things interfere with how we perceive reality. Therefore philosophy is a discipline that involve the construction and assessment of arguments. Philosophers create arguments ,then it is accessed by other philosophers whom may reject it, accept it or reframe it .Philosophy is enriched by controversies because they encourage high quality debate, leaving only the best ideas to survive. Philosophy is essentially a reflective discipline in which problems are engaged through critical reflection. Milesian philosophers approached their subject in a reflective way not being dependent on science unlike today’s world. Branches of philosophy are divided into two broad categories Cardinal branches of philosophy Metaphysics Epistemology Ethics Logic Second order discipline Philosophy of science Philosophy of education Philosophy of law Philosophy of social science Philosophy of history among others CARDINAL BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY METAPHYSICS This deals with the study of reality and most basic issues regarding reality. o o Cosmology is a sub branch in metaphysics it deals with the study of origin and structure of the universe Ontology another sub branch in metaphysics deals with the nature of existence. Metaphysics studies the basic concept of the world with the aim of discovering the ultimate nature of reality. EPISTEMOLOGY This branch subjects to rigorous analysis issues and problems relating to the origin ,nature ,justification and limit of the human knowledge. Five problems tackled in epistemology as a cardinal branch of philosophy. 1. ANALYTIC PROBLEM; this tries to clarify what knowledge is and the distinction between knowledge and belief. 2. DEMARCATION PROBLEM; This divided into two The first division is the external problem which attempts to determine the scope and limits of the human knowledge. The second division addresses internal problems and considers whether there are important boundaries within the province of knowledge itself. 3. PROBLEM OF METHOD; This deals with how knowledge is obtained and is sub divided into three problems. Problem of unity ; Deals with whether there is just one way of acquiring knowledge or whether there are several depending on nature Ameliorative problem; Considers the possibility of knowing if our means of acquiring knowledge can be improved Problem of reason or rationality ;This is aimed at whether the concept of inquiry are distinctively rational ,and if so, what are they. 4. Problem of scepticism ; This addresses itself on whether it is possible acquire knowledge at all. 5. Problem of value; This considers whether knowledge is worth having . ETHICS This deal with the moral rules that guide social interactions among humans as well as their interactions among other living and non living things .Human beings are considered rational .The field of ethics is studied under three main branches. METAETHICS deals with issue involving the origin of moral principle. NORMATIVE ETHICS is involved with developing theories that can be appealed as a guide to people when making moral decisions .Theories under normative ethics ; Consequentialist ethical theories depend on moral action to determine whether they are right or wrong .Ethical theories subsumed under this category are; ethical egoism , ethical hedonism ,ethical altruism and utilitarianism on the other hand Deontological ethical theories this simply says one should consider the nature of the action before considering appropriate set of rules to be applied. APPLIED ETHICS attempts to apply to ethical theories to actual situations in life like suicide , abortion etc. Under applied ethics are fields like environmental ethics , business ethics , bioethics , and professional ethics. LOGIC This deals with the inculcation of skills that are crucial for the construction of good arguments and for the evaluation of arguments by others. The aim of logic is to furnish the philosopher with rules that aid in reasoning process. PHILOSOPHY AS A SECOND ORDER OF DISCIPLINE This examines salient issues in other fields like Law, Social Science , Education and so on. The methodology of a particular discipline may be subjected to critical evaluation in other to determine its adequacy for treatment of subject matter of the discipline.