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Name Class Date Summary 3O-1 The (hordates E It E A chordate is an animal that has, for at Ieast some stage of its life, a hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail. The hollow nerve cord runs along the back of the body. Nerves branch from it and connect to organs and muscles. The notochord is a long supporting rod that runs iust below the nerve cord. Most chordates have a notochord only as embryos. Pharyngeal pouches are paired structures in the throat. In some chordates, they develop into gills. Most chordates are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone made of segments called vertebrae. The backbone replaces the notochord. The backbone gives support and protects the spinal cord. It also gives the muscles a place to attach. Two grbups of chordates do not have backbones.Tunicates are filter feeders that Iive in the ocean.Adult tunicates have neither a notochord nor a tail. Larval tunicates have the chordate characteristics. The other group of chordates without a ' backbone is the lancelet. Lancelets are small, fishlike animals. Adult lancelets have all four chordate characteristics.They also have a definite head region. 3O-2 Fishes E o Fishes are animals with backbones that live in water. They usually have paired fins, scales,and gills. Fishes were the first vertebrates to evolve. The evolution of jaws and paired fins was the most important development in fish evolution. Jaws improved defense and expanded food choices.Paired fins gave more control of body movement. Fisheshavevarious modesof feeding. Fishesareherbivotes,carnivotes,Parasites, filter feeders,and detritus feeders.One fish may evenhave severaldif{erentmodesof feeding,dependingon the food available. Most fishesbreathewith giils. Gills have many tiny blood vessels.This providesa Iargesurfaceareafor oxygenand carbonto be exchanged.Most fishesbreatheby pulling water through the mouth and pumping it over the gills and out through openingsin the sidesof the pharynx. Fisheshavea closedcirculatorysystem that pumps blood in a singleloop-from the heartto the gills, from the gills to the body,and backto the heart.The heart is madeup of four parts:the sinusvenosus, atrium, ventricle,and bulbus arteriosus. The ventricleis the actualpumping portion of the heart.The atrium is a one-waycompartmentfor blood that is going to enterthe ventricle. Most fishesget rid of wastesas ammonia. Somewastespassthrough the gills into the water.Other wastesare removedfrom the blood by the kidneys.Kidneys alsohelp fishescontrol the amount of water in their bodies. Fisheshavewell-developednervous systems.The brain has severalparts.The olfactory bulbs and cerebrum are involved with the senseof smell.The optic lobes processinformation from the eyes.The cerebellumcoordinatesbody movements. Most fisheshavea lateralline systemthat sensescurtentsand vibrationsin the water. Most fishesmove by contractingmuscleson either sideof the backbone.Fins propel the fish forward and heip it steer.Many fisheshave a gas-filledswim bladder that keepsthem from sinking. Readine and Studv Workbook 357 Name Class Fishesreproducein a number of ways. Their eggsare fertilized eitherextemally or internally,dependingon the species.Some lay eggs.They arecalledoviparous.In ovoviviparous fishes,the eggsdevelopinside the female.The embryosarefed by an attachedyolk sac.In viviparous fishes,the embryosget their food from the mother's body,not from an egg. All fishescanbe classifiedinto three groups:jawlessfishes,cartilaginousfishes, and bony fishes.Lampreysand hagfishes arejawlessfishes.Their bodiesare supported by a notochord.They do not have true teethor jaws. They areparasitesand scavengers. The cartilaginousfishesinclude sharks, rays,and skates.All membersof this group of fisheshave a skeletonmade of cartilage. Most alsohavetoothlikescalescovering their skin. Bony fisheshave skeletonsmade of bone.Almost all bony fishesbelongto the group known as the ray-finned fishes.Their fins havethin, bony spinesthat arejoined togetherby a thin layerof skin. 3O-3 Amphibians Amohibianshavesome-but not all-of the adaptationsnecessaryto live on 1and.As larvae,they live in water.As adults,they live on land. Adult amphibiansbreathe with lungs and havemoist skin thai has mucusglands.They do not have scalesand ciaws. Early amphibianshad severaladaptations that helpedthem live on land. Leg bonesbecamestrongerto hold weight and allow movement.Lungs and moist skin ailowed them to get oxygenfrom air. The breastbonesupportedand protectedinternal organs. 358 Chapter 30 Amphibian larvae are filter feeders or herbivores. They have long, coiled intestines. This helps them break down plant material. Adults have a much shorter intestinebecausethey are carnivores. In most larvae, gas exchange occurs through the skin as well as lungs. Lungs usually replace gills when an amphibian becomes an adult. However, some gas exchange occurs through the skin and the lining of the mouth. In adult amphibians, the circulatory system forms a double loop. The first loop carries oxygen-poorblood from the heart to the lungs. It returns oxygen-rich blood io the heart from the lungs. The second loop carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body and returns to the heart with oxygen-pooi blood. The amphibian heart has three separate chambers: left atrium, right atrium, and ventricle. Kidneys remove wastes from blood. Urine passesto the cloaca.From there, it either passesdirectly to the outside or is stored in a small bladder. Amphibian eggs do not have shells. The female usually lays eggs in water. The male fertilizes them externally. The eggs hatch into iarvae, which are often called tadpoles. Tadpoies gradually change into adults that live on iand. Amphibians have well-developed nervous systems and senseorgans. Frogs have keen vision to spot and respond to moving insects.Tympanic membranes, or eardrums, receive sorind vibrations. The amphibian groups are salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians.Salamanders have long bodies, legs, and tails. Frogs and toads do not have tails and can jump. Caecilians do not have legs. @ , rn 'a o_ B' '! .o .d Class Name Date Section 3O-1 The Chordates (pases 767-770) CD xuy Concepts o What characteristics do all chordatesshare? o What arethe two groupsof nonvertebratechordates? What ls a ChordatG? @ase767) 1. List the four key characteristicsof a chordate. a. b. d. Usethediagrambelowto matchthedescription ot'thechordate characteristic with its structure. Structure a. Notochord d. Hollownervecord I /i: A pouches c. Pharyngeal Description 2. Connects nerves to internal organs, muscles, and senseorgans c 'o o o 3. Long supporting rod located just below the nerve cord 4. Paired structures in the throat region 5. Contains bone and muscle Most Chordates Are Vertebrates (pagez6s) 5. What structure do most vertebrates have? 7. What chordate structure becomesthe spinal cord in vertebrates? Reading and Study Workbook 359 Class 8. Thebackboneis madeof individual segmentscalled Date that enclose and protectthe spinalcord. 9. Circlethe letter of eachsentencethat is true aboutvertebrates. a. A vertebrate'sbackboneis part of an endoskeleton. b. The endoskeletonsupportsand protectsthe animal'sbody. c. The endoskeletonmust be shedas the animal grows. d. The endoskeletonis madeentirely of nonliving material. Nonvertebrate Chordates lpasesz6s-7zo) 10, How are tunicates and lancelets similar to each other? What evidenceindicatesthat vertebratesand nonvertebratechordatesevolvedfrom a common ancestor? 12. Circleihe letter of eachcharacteristicfound only in tunicatelarvaeand not in tunicate adults. a. tunic c. hollow nerve cord b. tail d, notochord Is the following sentencetrue or false?Both larval and adult tunicates are filter feeders. @ 14. Circle the letter ol each characteristic found in lancelets. a. definite headregion b. jaws o c. notochord d. fins 15. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Lanceletsuse the pharynx for feeding and gas e exchange. 16. How is blood moved through the body of a lancelet? d F FJ o Reading SkillPractice A Venndiagramis a useful tool to compareand contrasttwo things.Constructa Venndiagramto compareand contrastthe characteristics of tunicatesand lancelets. SeeAppendix A for more information aboutVenndiagrams.Do your work on a separatesheetof paper. 360 Chapter30 a Date Name Section 3O-2 Fishes (pases77T7a1, G x"y Concepts o What arethe basiccharacteristics of fishes? . What were the important developmentsduring the evolution of fishes? . How arefishesadaptedfor life in water? o What are the three main groups of fishes? What ls a Fish? (paee771) 1. Write the function of eachcharacteristicof fishes. a. Paired fins b. Scales c, Gills 2. Is the following sentencetrue or false?The characteristicsof living fishes are very uniform and almostno diversity existsamongfishes. Evofution of Fishes (pases772-7731 3. Circle the letter of eachsentencethat is true about the evolution of fishes. a. Fisheswere the fust vertebratesto evolve. Frr E g b. Fishesarosedirectly from tunicatesand lancelets. c. Fisheschangedlittle during the courseof their evolution. d. Early fisheswerejawlessand coveredwith bony plates. 4. Which period is known asthe Age of Fishes? c. Silurian a. Cambrian d. Devonian b. Ordovician 5. Tawless fishes with little armor of the Devonian Period were the ancestors of modern and F 6. Why were jaws an extremely useftl adaptation? ,i 7. A sfrong tissue that supports the body and is more flexible than bone is € 8. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Paired fins gave fisheslesscontrol over their movement. Form and Function ln Fishes (pages774-77aJ 9. What are the different modes of feeding found in fishes? Reading and Study Workbook 361 10. Is the following sentencetrue or false?A single fish may exhibit only one mode of feeding. Matchtheinternalorganwith itsfunction. Internal Organ Function 11. Pyloric ceca a. Shorttube connectingthe fish's mouth to the stomach 72. Intestine b. Where food is first partially broken down 13. Pancreas c. Fingerlikepouchesin which food is processedand 14. Esophagus nutrients absorbed 15. Anus d. Adds digestiveenzymesand other substances to 16. Stomach food as it moves through the gut e. Completesthe processof digestionand nutrient absorption f. Openingthrough which undigestedmaterialis eliminated 17. What doesthe capillarynetwork in eachgill filament provide? 18. Describe how fishes with gills exchangegases. .! ! 19. The protectivebony coverover the gill slit from which water is pumped out of a fish's body is calleda(an) 20. How do lungfishessurvive in oxygen-poorwater? ? ? 'o o' 21. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Fisheshave an open circulatory system. oq .o Matcheachchamber of theheartin fisheswith itsfunction. Heart Chamber Function - 22. Ventricle - 23. Sinusvenosus - 24. Bulbus arteriosus - 25. Atrium 362 Chapter 30 a. Collectsoxygen-poorblood from the veins b. Large muscular cavity that servesas a one-way compartment for blood entering the ventricle c. Thick-walled, muscular chamberthat is the actual pumping portion of the heart . d. Large,muscular tube that connectsto the ventricle and movesblood through the aorta toward the gills '! .6 i1 Date Name i 26. What form of nitrogenous waste do most fishesexcrete? '|, How doesthe function of kidneys in saltwater fishes differ from their function in freshwater fishes? ot'theftsh'sbrainwiththeirfunctions. Matchthestructures Structure - 28. Olfactory bulb - 29. Cerebrum 30. Optic lobe 31. Cerebellum _ 92. Medulla oblongata Function a. Controls the functioning of many internal organs b. Prirnarily processesthe senseof smell in fishes c. Coordinatesbody movements d. Involved with the senseof smell, or olfaction e. Processesinformation ftom the eyes 33. Circle the letter of eachsmtence that is true about the senseorgans of fishes. a. Fisheshave poorly developed senseorgans. b. Many fishes have chemorecePtorsthat sensetastesand smells. c, Fisheshave a lateral line systemused for sensingsounds. d. Somefishescan senselow levels of electric current. What aretwo ways that fins help fish to move? a. b. I 35. The streamlined body shapesof most fisheshelp reduce the amount of as they move through the water. 36; What is the function of the swim bladder? 37. In which mode of fish reproduction do the embryos develop inside the mother's body using the egg yolk for nourishment? c. viviparous a. ovlparous .o t{ o o b. ovoviviparous d. herbivorous Groups of Fishes (pases778-7E0) 38. Fishesare divided into groups according to sfmcrure. Readingand StudyWorkbook 363 Date 39. Complete the table about the groups of fishes. GROUPSOF FISHES Type Description Examples No trueteeth:skeletonsmade of libersand cartilage;keep theirnotochordas adults Cartilaginous fishes Sharks,rays,skates Flay{innedfishes,suchas flounder, angelfish,andflyingJishand lobetinnedfishes,suchas lungfishes andthe coelacanth 40. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Hagfishesare filter feedersas lawae and parasites as adults. 41. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof a shark. a. torpedo-shapedbody b. secretesslime c. many teeth o a o ft d, winglike fins t9. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Lobe-finned fisheshave fleshy fiirs supported by bonesthat are sometimesjointed. 5 g Ecology of Fishes (paeez8t) 43. Fishesthat spend most of their lives in the oceanbut migrate to fresh water to breed are 44. Fishesthat live in fresh water but migrate to the oceanto breed are called oq a a 364 Chapter30 Name Section 3O-3 Amphibians (pases 7a2-78e, CD x"y Concepts . What is an amphibian? . How areamphibiansadaptedfor life on land? . What are the main groups of living amphibians? What ls an Amphiblan? (pase782) 1. Is the follirwing sentencetrue or false?Amphibian adults are fishlike aquatic animals that respireusing gills. 2. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof amphibians. d. mucusglands c. moist skin b. claws a. scales Evofution of Amphlbiihs (pases7a2-7a3, 3. List threechallengesthat had to be overcomeby vertebratescolonizingland habitats. a. b. c. 4. List threeadaptationsthat evolvedin amphibiansthat helpedthem live at leastpart of their lives out of water. a. -'6b . ac. !1 E E F E S. Amphibians becamethe dominant form of animal life during the Period,alsoknown asthe Age of Amphibiars O. Why did most amphibian groups becomeextinct by the end of the Permian Period? oOD E -o. E € z. What three orders of amphibians survive today? b.--- ic. ! , F: ,o I Form and Function in Amphibians 1pos.'7u-7a7t 8. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof a tadpole. a, carnivore b. herbivore c. long intestines d. short intestines Reading and Study Workbook 365 Name Date 9. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof an adult amphibian. a, carnlvore c. sticky tongue b. herbivore d. Iong intestines 10. Briefly describethe path of food in a frogis digestivesystem. 11..Circlethe letter of eachsentencethat is true about respiration. a. In tadpoles,gasexchangeoccursonly through the skin. b. Lungs replacegills when an amphibianbecomesan adult. c. Gasexchangein adults can alsooccurthrough the skin. d. Al1adult amphibianshavelungs. 12. Amphibians have that filter wastesfrom the blood. 13. Complete the captions in the diagram about the stagesin the life cycle of a frog. \\w @ MI : ;1{ $[M,-.' 365 Chapter 30 a lew daysto several Ye:lsr1er. \ I I o ln/ il ,, --21 qr/ C' oq ,:NWil-X[. a a Date 14. How is the first loop in the circulatorysystemof an adult amphibiandifferentfrom the secondloop? with its methodof mooement. Matchthetypeof amphibian - Amphibian 15. TadPoles Method of Movement a. Flattenedtail for.propulsion 16. Adult salamanders b. Well-developed hind limbs for jumping 17. Frogsand toads c. Legspush backwardagainstthe ground 18. Circle the letter of each sentencethat is true about responsein amphibians' a. An amphibian's brain is structured very differentiy from a fish's' b. An amphibian,s eye is protected from damage and kept moist by the nictitating memorane. c. Frogs probably do not seecolor as well as fishes. d. Amphibians hear through tympanic membranes, or eardrums' Groups of Amphibiirs t E 5 E E $ $ E (paee788) 19. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof salamandets. c. herbivore a. tail d. short bodY b. carnivore ZO,Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof frogsand toads. a, tail b. no tail c. ableto jumP d. adults havegills Zf. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof caecilians. c. ableto jumP u. legless r. long legs d' somescales r t Ecology of AmPhibians (pase7se) 4 ZZ. What are two ways in which amphibians protect themselves from predators? Ea. 'U d J o D. ,t. Is the following sentencetrue or false?For the past severaldecades,the number of of amphibianshasbeenincreasing. tiving species Readingand ShrdyWorkbook 367 Name Class Date Vocabulary Review Labeling Diagrams Usethefollowingwordsto labelthestructuresof theanimalbelow:newe cord,notochord,pharyngeaipouches,and tail. Then,complete thesentence. ((r K@ 5. The animal diagrammed above is an example o{ a(an) Matching In thespace proaided, write theletterof thedeftnitionthatbestmatches eachterm. _ 6. vertebrae _ 7. cartilage - 8. atrium - 9' ventricle 10. cerebrum 11. cerebellum 12. medulla oblongata 13. lateralline system 14..swim bladder 15. oviparous a. part of the brain responsiblefor voluntary activities b. part of the brain that controlsmany internal organs c' chamberof the heartinto which blood entersfrom the DOOV d. metirodof developmentin which eggshatchoutside the mother'sbody receptorsin fishes that sensemotion and vibrations in water f. tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone c. individual segmentsthat makeup the backbone h. part of the brain that coordinatesbody movements l. the actual pumping portion of the heart j. gas-filledorganin fishesthat adjustsbuoyancy o 6- frl tr 'd d oq Completion FiIIin theblankswith termsfromChnpter30. .! 16. In animals,the eggsdevelopinsidethe mother's body,and the embryo usesthe yolk for nourishment. 17. In animals,the embryosdevelopinside the mother's body and obtain their nourishment from their mother, not the egg. The muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine in amphibians is called the 19. Transparenteyelids,called membranes, protect an amphibian's eyesunderwater and keep them moist in air. 20. Amphibians hear through membranes,or eardrums. 368 Chapter 30 E