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Name
Class
Date
Summary
3O-1 The (hordates
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A chordate is an animal that has, for at
Ieast some stage of its life, a hollow nerve
cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches,
and a tail.
The hollow nerve cord runs along the
back of the body. Nerves branch from it and
connect to organs and muscles.
The notochord is a long supporting rod
that runs iust below the nerve cord. Most
chordates have a notochord only as
embryos.
Pharyngeal pouches are paired structures in the throat. In some chordates, they
develop into gills.
Most chordates are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone made of segments
called vertebrae. The backbone replaces the
notochord. The backbone gives support and
protects the spinal cord. It also gives the
muscles a place to attach.
Two grbups of chordates do not have
backbones.Tunicates are filter feeders that
Iive in the ocean.Adult tunicates have neither a notochord nor a tail. Larval tunicates
have the chordate characteristics.
The other group of chordates without a
' backbone is the lancelet. Lancelets are
small, fishlike animals. Adult lancelets have
all four chordate characteristics.They also
have a definite head region.
3O-2 Fishes
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Fishes are animals with backbones that live
in water. They usually have paired fins,
scales,and gills.
Fishes were the first vertebrates to
evolve. The evolution of jaws and paired
fins was the most important development
in fish evolution. Jaws improved defense
and expanded food choices.Paired fins
gave more control of body movement.
Fisheshavevarious modesof feeding.
Fishesareherbivotes,carnivotes,Parasites,
filter feeders,and detritus feeders.One fish
may evenhave severaldif{erentmodesof
feeding,dependingon the food available.
Most fishesbreathewith giils. Gills have
many tiny blood vessels.This providesa
Iargesurfaceareafor oxygenand carbonto
be exchanged.Most fishesbreatheby
pulling water through the mouth and
pumping it over the gills and out through
openingsin the sidesof the pharynx.
Fisheshavea closedcirculatorysystem
that pumps blood in a singleloop-from
the heartto the gills, from the gills to the
body,and backto the heart.The heart is
madeup of four parts:the sinusvenosus,
atrium, ventricle,and bulbus arteriosus.
The ventricleis the actualpumping portion
of the heart.The atrium is a one-waycompartmentfor blood that is going to enterthe
ventricle.
Most fishesget rid of wastesas ammonia. Somewastespassthrough the gills into
the water.Other wastesare removedfrom
the blood by the kidneys.Kidneys alsohelp
fishescontrol the amount of water in their
bodies.
Fisheshavewell-developednervous
systems.The brain has severalparts.The
olfactory bulbs and cerebrum are involved
with the senseof smell.The optic lobes
processinformation from the eyes.The
cerebellumcoordinatesbody movements.
Most fisheshavea lateralline systemthat
sensescurtentsand vibrationsin the water.
Most fishesmove by contractingmuscleson either sideof the backbone.Fins propel the fish forward and heip it steer.Many
fisheshave a gas-filledswim bladder that
keepsthem from sinking.
Readine and Studv Workbook
357
Name
Class
Fishesreproducein a number of ways.
Their eggsare fertilized eitherextemally or
internally,dependingon the species.Some
lay eggs.They arecalledoviparous.In ovoviviparous fishes,the eggsdevelopinside
the female.The embryosarefed by an
attachedyolk sac.In viviparous fishes,the
embryosget their food from the mother's
body,not from an egg.
All fishescanbe classifiedinto three
groups:jawlessfishes,cartilaginousfishes,
and bony fishes.Lampreysand hagfishes
arejawlessfishes.Their bodiesare supported by a notochord.They do not have
true teethor jaws. They areparasitesand
scavengers.
The cartilaginousfishesinclude sharks,
rays,and skates.All membersof this group
of fisheshave a skeletonmade of cartilage.
Most alsohavetoothlikescalescovering
their skin.
Bony fisheshave skeletonsmade of
bone.Almost all bony fishesbelongto the
group known as the ray-finned fishes.Their
fins havethin, bony spinesthat arejoined
togetherby a thin layerof skin.
3O-3 Amphibians
Amohibianshavesome-but not all-of the
adaptationsnecessaryto live on 1and.As
larvae,they live in water.As adults,they
live on land. Adult amphibiansbreathe
with lungs and havemoist skin thai has
mucusglands.They do not have scalesand
ciaws.
Early amphibianshad severaladaptations that helpedthem live on land. Leg
bonesbecamestrongerto hold weight and
allow movement.Lungs and moist skin
ailowed them to get oxygenfrom air. The
breastbonesupportedand protectedinternal organs.
358 Chapter 30
Amphibian larvae are filter feeders or
herbivores. They have long, coiled
intestines. This helps them break down
plant material. Adults have a much shorter
intestinebecausethey are carnivores.
In most larvae, gas exchange occurs
through the skin as well as lungs. Lungs
usually replace gills when an amphibian
becomes an adult. However, some gas
exchange occurs through the skin and the
lining of the mouth.
In adult amphibians, the circulatory system forms a double loop. The first loop carries oxygen-poorblood from the heart to
the lungs. It returns oxygen-rich blood io
the heart from the lungs. The second loop
carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to
the body and returns to the heart with
oxygen-pooi blood. The amphibian heart
has three separate chambers: left atrium,
right atrium, and ventricle.
Kidneys remove wastes from blood.
Urine passesto the cloaca.From there, it
either passesdirectly to the outside or is
stored in a small bladder.
Amphibian eggs do not have shells. The
female usually lays eggs in water. The male
fertilizes them externally. The eggs hatch
into iarvae, which are often called tadpoles.
Tadpoies gradually change into adults that
live on iand.
Amphibians have well-developed nervous systems and senseorgans. Frogs have
keen vision to spot and respond to moving
insects.Tympanic membranes, or eardrums,
receive sorind vibrations.
The amphibian groups are salamanders,
frogs and toads, and caecilians.Salamanders have long bodies, legs, and tails. Frogs
and toads do not have tails and can jump.
Caecilians do not have legs.
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Class
Name
Date
Section 3O-1 The Chordates
(pases
767-770)
CD xuy Concepts
o What characteristics
do all chordatesshare?
o What arethe two groupsof nonvertebratechordates?
What ls a ChordatG? @ase767)
1. List the four key characteristicsof a chordate.
a.
b.
d.
Usethediagrambelowto matchthedescription
ot'thechordate
characteristic
with its structure.
Structure
a. Notochord
d. Hollownervecord
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pouches
c. Pharyngeal
Description
2. Connects nerves to internal organs, muscles, and senseorgans
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3. Long supporting rod located just below the nerve cord
4. Paired structures in the throat region
5. Contains bone and muscle
Most Chordates Are Vertebrates
(pagez6s)
5. What structure do most vertebrates have?
7. What chordate structure becomesthe spinal cord in vertebrates?
Reading and Study Workbook
359
Class
8. Thebackboneis madeof individual segmentscalled
Date
that enclose
and protectthe spinalcord.
9. Circlethe letter of eachsentencethat is true aboutvertebrates.
a. A vertebrate'sbackboneis part of an endoskeleton.
b. The endoskeletonsupportsand protectsthe animal'sbody.
c. The endoskeletonmust be shedas the animal grows.
d. The endoskeletonis madeentirely of nonliving material.
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
lpasesz6s-7zo)
10, How are tunicates and lancelets similar to each other?
What evidenceindicatesthat vertebratesand nonvertebratechordatesevolvedfrom
a common ancestor?
12. Circleihe letter of eachcharacteristicfound only in tunicatelarvaeand not in tunicate
adults.
a. tunic
c. hollow nerve cord
b. tail
d, notochord
Is the following sentencetrue or false?Both larval and adult tunicates are filter feeders.
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14. Circle the letter ol each characteristic found in lancelets.
a. definite headregion
b. jaws
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c. notochord
d. fins
15. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Lanceletsuse the pharynx for feeding and gas
e
exchange.
16. How is blood moved through the body of a lancelet?
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Reading
SkillPractice
A Venndiagramis a useful tool to compareand contrasttwo things.Constructa
Venndiagramto compareand contrastthe characteristics
of tunicatesand lancelets.
SeeAppendix A for more information aboutVenndiagrams.Do your work on a
separatesheetof paper.
360 Chapter30
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Date
Name
Section 3O-2 Fishes (pases77T7a1,
G
x"y Concepts
o What arethe basiccharacteristics
of fishes?
. What were the important developmentsduring the evolution of fishes?
. How arefishesadaptedfor life in water?
o What are the three main groups of fishes?
What ls a Fish? (paee771)
1. Write the function of eachcharacteristicof fishes.
a. Paired fins
b. Scales
c, Gills
2. Is the following sentencetrue or false?The characteristicsof living fishes are very
uniform and almostno diversity existsamongfishes.
Evofution of Fishes (pases772-7731
3. Circle the letter of eachsentencethat is true about the evolution of fishes.
a. Fisheswere the fust vertebratesto evolve.
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b. Fishesarosedirectly from tunicatesand lancelets.
c. Fisheschangedlittle during the courseof their evolution.
d. Early fisheswerejawlessand coveredwith bony plates.
4. Which period is known asthe Age of Fishes?
c. Silurian
a. Cambrian
d. Devonian
b. Ordovician
5. Tawless fishes with little armor of the Devonian Period were the ancestors of modern
and
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6. Why were jaws an extremely useftl adaptation?
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7. A sfrong tissue that supports the body and is more flexible than bone is
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8. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Paired fins gave fisheslesscontrol over their
movement.
Form and Function ln Fishes (pages774-77aJ
9. What are the different modes of feeding found in fishes?
Reading and Study Workbook
361
10. Is the following sentencetrue or false?A single fish may exhibit only one mode of
feeding.
Matchtheinternalorganwith itsfunction.
Internal Organ
Function
11. Pyloric ceca
a. Shorttube connectingthe fish's mouth to the
stomach
72. Intestine
b. Where food is first partially broken down
13. Pancreas
c. Fingerlikepouchesin which food is processedand
14. Esophagus
nutrients absorbed
15. Anus
d. Adds digestiveenzymesand other substances
to
16. Stomach
food as it moves through the gut
e. Completesthe processof digestionand nutrient
absorption
f. Openingthrough which undigestedmaterialis
eliminated
17. What doesthe capillarynetwork in eachgill filament provide?
18. Describe how fishes with gills exchangegases.
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19. The protectivebony coverover the gill slit from which water is pumped out of a fish's
body is calleda(an)
20. How do lungfishessurvive in oxygen-poorwater?
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21. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Fisheshave an open circulatory system.
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Matcheachchamber
of theheartin fisheswith itsfunction.
Heart Chamber
Function
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22. Ventricle
-
23. Sinusvenosus
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24. Bulbus arteriosus
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25. Atrium
362 Chapter 30
a. Collectsoxygen-poorblood from the veins
b. Large muscular cavity that servesas a one-way
compartment for blood entering the ventricle
c. Thick-walled, muscular chamberthat is the actual
pumping portion of the heart
. d. Large,muscular tube that connectsto the ventricle
and movesblood through the aorta toward the gills
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Date
Name
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26. What form of nitrogenous waste do most fishesexcrete?
'|,
How doesthe function of kidneys in saltwater fishes differ from their function in
freshwater fishes?
ot'theftsh'sbrainwiththeirfunctions.
Matchthestructures
Structure
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28. Olfactory bulb
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29. Cerebrum
30. Optic lobe
31. Cerebellum
_
92. Medulla oblongata
Function
a. Controls the functioning of many internal organs
b. Prirnarily processesthe senseof smell in fishes
c. Coordinatesbody movements
d. Involved with the senseof smell, or olfaction
e. Processesinformation ftom the eyes
33. Circle the letter of eachsmtence that is true about the senseorgans of fishes.
a. Fisheshave poorly developed senseorgans.
b. Many fishes have chemorecePtorsthat sensetastesand smells.
c, Fisheshave a lateral line systemused for sensingsounds.
d. Somefishescan senselow levels of electric current.
What aretwo ways that fins help fish to move?
a.
b.
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35. The streamlined body shapesof most fisheshelp reduce the amount of
as they move through the water.
36; What is the function of the swim bladder?
37. In which mode of fish reproduction do the embryos develop inside the mother's body
using the egg yolk for nourishment?
c. viviparous
a. ovlparous
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b. ovoviviparous
d. herbivorous
Groups of Fishes (pases778-7E0)
38. Fishesare divided into groups according to
sfmcrure.
Readingand StudyWorkbook 363
Date
39. Complete the table about the groups of fishes.
GROUPSOF FISHES
Type
Description
Examples
No trueteeth:skeletonsmade
of libersand cartilage;keep
theirnotochordas adults
Cartilaginous
fishes
Sharks,rays,skates
Flay{innedfishes,suchas flounder,
angelfish,andflyingJishand lobetinnedfishes,suchas lungfishes
andthe coelacanth
40. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Hagfishesare filter feedersas lawae and
parasites as adults.
41. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof a shark.
a. torpedo-shapedbody
b. secretesslime
c. many teeth
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d, winglike fins
t9. Is the following sentencetrue or false?Lobe-finned fisheshave fleshy fiirs supported
by bonesthat are sometimesjointed.
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Ecology of Fishes (paeez8t)
43. Fishesthat spend most of their lives in the oceanbut migrate to fresh water to breed are
44. Fishesthat live in fresh water but migrate to the oceanto breed are called
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364 Chapter30
Name
Section 3O-3 Amphibians
(pases
7a2-78e,
CD x"y Concepts
. What is an amphibian?
. How areamphibiansadaptedfor life on land?
. What are the main groups of living amphibians?
What ls an Amphiblan?
(pase782)
1. Is the follirwing sentencetrue or false?Amphibian adults are fishlike aquatic animals
that respireusing gills.
2. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof amphibians.
d. mucusglands
c. moist skin
b. claws
a. scales
Evofution of Amphlbiihs
(pases7a2-7a3,
3. List threechallengesthat had to be overcomeby vertebratescolonizingland habitats.
a.
b.
c.
4. List threeadaptationsthat evolvedin amphibiansthat helpedthem live at leastpart of
their lives out of water.
a.
-'6b .
ac.
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S. Amphibians becamethe dominant form of animal life during the
Period,alsoknown asthe Age of Amphibiars
O. Why did most amphibian groups becomeextinct by the end of the Permian Period?
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z. What three orders of amphibians survive today?
b.---
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Form and Function in Amphibians 1pos.'7u-7a7t
8. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof a tadpole.
a, carnivore
b. herbivore
c. long intestines
d. short intestines
Reading and Study Workbook
365
Name
Date
9. Circle the letter of eachcharacteristicof an adult amphibian.
a, carnlvore
c. sticky tongue
b. herbivore
d. Iong intestines
10. Briefly describethe path of food in a frogis digestivesystem.
11..Circlethe letter of eachsentencethat is true about respiration.
a. In tadpoles,gasexchangeoccursonly through the skin.
b. Lungs replacegills when an amphibianbecomesan adult.
c. Gasexchangein adults can alsooccurthrough the skin.
d. Al1adult amphibianshavelungs.
12. Amphibians have
that filter wastesfrom the blood.
13. Complete the captions in the diagram about the stagesin the life cycle of a frog.
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365 Chapter 30
a lew daysto several
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14. How is the first loop in the circulatorysystemof an adult amphibiandifferentfrom
the secondloop?
with its methodof mooement.
Matchthetypeof amphibian
-
Amphibian
15. TadPoles
Method of Movement
a. Flattenedtail for.propulsion
16. Adult salamanders
b. Well-developed hind limbs for jumping
17. Frogsand toads
c. Legspush backwardagainstthe ground
18. Circle the letter of each sentencethat is true about responsein amphibians'
a. An amphibian's brain is structured very differentiy from a fish's'
b. An amphibian,s eye is protected from damage and kept moist by the nictitating
memorane.
c. Frogs probably do not seecolor as well as fishes.
d. Amphibians hear through tympanic membranes, or eardrums'
Groups of Amphibiirs
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19. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof salamandets.
c. herbivore
a. tail
d. short bodY
b. carnivore
ZO,Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof frogsand toads.
a, tail
b. no tail
c. ableto jumP
d. adults havegills
Zf. Circlethe letter of eachcharacteristicof caecilians.
c. ableto jumP
u. legless
r. long legs
d' somescales
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Ecology of AmPhibians (pase7se)
4
ZZ. What are two ways in which amphibians protect themselves from predators?
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,t. Is the following sentencetrue or false?For the past severaldecades,the number of
of amphibianshasbeenincreasing.
tiving species
Readingand ShrdyWorkbook 367
Name
Class
Date
Vocabulary Review
Labeling Diagrams Usethefollowingwordsto labelthestructuresof theanimalbelow:newe
cord,notochord,pharyngeaipouches,and tail. Then,complete
thesentence.
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5. The animal diagrammed above is an example o{ a(an)
Matching In thespace
proaided,
write theletterof thedeftnitionthatbestmatches
eachterm.
_
6. vertebrae
_
7. cartilage
-
8. atrium
-
9' ventricle
10. cerebrum
11. cerebellum
12. medulla oblongata
13. lateralline system
14..swim bladder
15. oviparous
a. part of the brain responsiblefor voluntary activities
b. part of the brain that controlsmany internal organs
c' chamberof the heartinto which blood entersfrom the
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d. metirodof developmentin which eggshatchoutside
the mother'sbody
receptorsin fishes that sensemotion and vibrations in
water
f. tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone
c. individual segmentsthat makeup the backbone
h. part of the brain that coordinatesbody movements
l.
the actual pumping portion of the heart
j. gas-filledorganin fishesthat adjustsbuoyancy
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Completion FiIIin theblankswith termsfromChnpter30.
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16. In
animals,the eggsdevelopinsidethe mother's body,and
the embryo usesthe yolk for nourishment.
17. In
animals,the embryosdevelopinside the mother's body
and obtain their nourishment from their mother, not the egg.
The muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine in amphibians is called the
19. Transparenteyelids,called
membranes, protect an
amphibian's eyesunderwater and keep them moist in air.
20. Amphibians hear through
membranes,or eardrums.
368 Chapter 30
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