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CALCIUM
Muthana A. Al-Shemeri
DENTISTRY CALCIUM
In dentistry calcium is the chemical element that
is needed for healthy teeth bones and nerves.
 Calcium chemical symbol Ca plays a very
important role in building healthy teeth and bones
as well as in our nervous system because it is
required for normal communication between nerve
cells.
 It controls muscles contract and hearts beat.
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Calcium is the major mineral found in our bones
and teeth and along with phosphorus and other
nutrients calcium builds the hard structure that
makes bones and teeth strong.
 We also need calcium for proper muscle and nerve
function, blood clotting and other body processes.
A high intake of dietary calcium in childhood is
associated with healthy adult bones.
 Dentists and dieticians recommend that children
get calcium through a balanced diet. A lack of
calcium can lead to brittle fingernails, headaches,
irritability, tooth decay and most importantly
Osteoporosis
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OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to
become brittle and can lead to increased risk of
hip and vertebra fractures and spinal deformities
leading to the loss of height.
 Osteoporosis occurs because the lack of calcium
causes the body to take calcium from bone
leading to the bones becoming weak.
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CALCIUM
Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis
is the mechanism by which the body maintains
adequate calcium levels.
Derangements of this mechanism lead to
hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, which both
can have important consequences for health.
CALCIUM LOCATION AND QUANTITY
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human
body. The average adult body contains in total
approximately 1 kg, 99% in the skeleton in the form
of calcium phosphate salts.
 The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains approximately
22.5 mmol, of which about 9 mmol is in the serum.
 Approximately 500 mmol of calcium is exchanged
between bone and the ECF over a period of twentyfour hours
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NORMAL RANGES
The serum level of calcium is closely regulated with a normal
total calcium of (2.2-2.6 mmol/L) (9-10.5 mg/dL) and a normal
ionized calcium of (1.1-1.4) mmol/L (4.5-5.6 mg/dL).
The amount of total calcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a
protein to which calcium is bound.
The biologic effect of calcium is determined by the amount of ionized
calcium, rather than the total calcium.
Ionized calcium does not vary with the albumin level, and therefore it
is useful to measure the ionized calcium level when the serum
albumin is not within normal ranges.
Calcium Source
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There are many natural sources of calcium. Dairy foods
such as milk, cheese and yogurt are the most abundant
source of natural dietary calcium. Other good sources of
calcium can be found in the various food groups
summarized below:
· Dairy: milk low-fat and fat-free yogurts low-.fat and fatfree cheeses
· Meats/Beans: sardines/salmon with bones.
· Fruits/Vegetables: orange juice
· Grains: pancakes, breads and cereals
· Combination Foods: cheese pizza (made with reducedfat cheese) soups prepared with skim milk
The recommended daily intake of calcium
It varies from children to adults;
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For children aged 1-3 the recommended amount of calcium
is 500mg/day. This level increases to 800mg/day from ages
4-8 all the way up to 1300mg/day for teenagers.
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For adults is less than teenagers as the teeth and bones are
almost fully formed at this stage of life and is around the
1000mg/day.
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Pregnant woman are advised to ingest 1100mg/day.
CALCIUM REGULATION
Primarily calcium is regulated by the actions of 1,25-OHvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin and direct
exchange with the bone matrix. Plasma calcium levels are
regulated by hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms.
After ingestion of substantial amounts of calcium, for
example in a glass of milk, after about an hour, PTH will be
released after about 8 hours. The PTH is, over time, a very
potent regulator of plasma calcium, and controls the
conversion of vitamin D into its active form in the kidney.
The parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid, and
produce parathyroid hormone in response to low calcium
levels. The parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce
calcitonin in response to high calcium levels, but its
significance is much smaller than that of PTH.
PATHOLOGY
Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are both
serious medical disorders.
 Renal osteodystrophy is a consequence of
chronic renal failure related to the calcium
metabolism.
 Osteoporosis and osteomalacia have been
linked to calcium metabolism disorders.
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