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Prompt Analyze the ways in which the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment impacted the intellectual, political, and cultural development of Britain’s North American colonies. Planning GR politics Enlightenment culture (printing, philosophy, intellectual life of elites) intellectual (respectability of professions, science) Both seeds of Revolutionary political culture (individual rights, republican people, social contract, well-prepared leadership) Thesis Following William and Mary’s Glorious Revolution, British efforts to reassert royal control and standardize political arrangements between the crown and its colonies increased tension over control of government in British North America. During the same time, the Enlightenment spread through colonial society, although primarily only its elites, making science respectable and stimulating the development of a print culture. Both the Enlightenment and Glorious Revolution eventually shaped a new American political culture founded on individual rights and republican government. Scoring You got two points if you directly answered the implied question “What effects did the GR and E have on colonial society?” Not answers: merely describing either/both events OR describing developments in the colonies without analyzing their nature as effects of the GR/E. You lost a point for not doing this. You got two points if you took a clear position on the impact of these two European events on development in the colonies. That means suggesting, for example, that political development was impacted more than intellectual or cultural development, OR arguing that the Enlightenment’s impact was more important than the GR’s, OR offering an interpretation of why these developments were important. You lost a point if you merely connected GR and E with colonial development. Finally, you got two points if you successfully organized your argument and set up your topic sentences/paragraphs. You needed to identify specific effects of the GR/E in developments in colonial society, and then suggest how those developments should be grouped into the THREE specific categories set up by the prompt. You lost a point if you simply lumped the three categories together. Prompt To what extent did mercantilism affect the political and economic development of Britain’s North American colonies in the period 1651-1748? Planning Category Political Economic Mercantilism Colonies are subservient to interests of empire/central gov Colonies specialize in producing commodities/raw materials/inputs and provide markets for manufactured goods Development British efforts to take more control of colonies How much? A LOT! Colonies economies develop into mostly agricultural export oriented but not because of British planning. A lot underneath, because neglect was salutary. Thesis The mercantilist conception of colonies as subordinate to the mother country led to many British efforts to assert greater control over the governments of its thirteen North American colonies. On the other hand, the colonies’ economies developed largely along lines dictated by Americans’ self-interest, made possible by but not directly because of the British government’s famous neglect of strict enforcement of mercantilist economic policy. Overall, mercantilism had a mixed but significant impact on the political and economic development of Britain’s North American colonies. Scoring Two points for answering the question (“How much did an idea/policy held by the British government affect colonial politics and economic development?”) directly. Lose a point for only answering half the question or merely describing mercantilism or colonial political/economic developments. Two points for taking a position on the importance of the effects of mercantilism (it was/was NOT an important cause of developments in the colonies) or by interpreting the relative importance of mercantilism’s effects (“A lot in both, a little in one but a lot in another, etc”). Lose a point for merely describing effects. Two points for grouping your argument into three parts to set up your topic sentences. Lose a point if you could not organize your answer into a more sophisticated arrangement than two categories, political and economic. Prompt Analyze BOTH the British government’s efforts to exert greater control over the English colonies in North America AND the colonists’ reactions in the period 1660-1740. Category Restoration James II Post GR Effort Establish order in founding colonies after first wave of haphazard ones Streamline and tighten control of fractious New England, impose mercantilsm Standardize arrangements and ensure crown interests protected Reaction Largely ignored/accepted when in the interests of Americans Colonists in NE part of BNA revolt! Long simmering power struggle between colonial executives (governors and other royal appointees) and legislatures (colony’s assemblies/lower houses) Thesis The more the efforts of any British government to exert greater control over its colonies in North America clashed with the colonists’ self-interests or beliefs, the more forcefully they reacted in opposition. Mild efforts at greater control following the Restoration of Charles II saw the colonists ignore or subvert British policies to their own ends. In contrast, the overwhelming assertion of James II’s royal authority in the northern colonies, the Dominion of New England, provoked a violent colonial response and years of turbulence that did not settle into a simmering feud over power in the colonies until after the Glorious Revolution brought stability to British government. Scoring Two points for fully and directly answering the question (“what efforts produced what reactions?”). Lose a point for merely describing British policies or colonial political events. Two points for taking a position on the significance of the overall dynamic between the British government and its colonies. Lose a point for merely laundry-listing efforts and reactions without an interpretation of what they meant to American history. Two points for grouping your argument into three parts to set up your topic sentences. Lose a point if you could not organize your answer into a more sophisticated arrangement than two categories, British efforts and American reactions. Prompt From 1651 to 1750, how did Britain’s “wise and salutary neglect” of its 13 colonies in North America influence their political, economic, and social development? Planning Not enforcing mercantilism consistently rapid colonial economic development Not insisting on English church consistently diverse American society attractive to Euro immigrants that grows rapidly Not imposing uniform exclusively crown/Parliamentary control expectation of colonial selfrule that gets stronger over time Thesis Although mercantilism and imperial thinking dictated the subordination of colonies to the mother country, the government of the British empire, for various reasons, did not consistently demand or achieve this degree of control over its North American colonies. Economic development proceeded with minimal practical interference from British officials, creating an attractive destination for immigrants. Socially, the British government did not insist on the colonial religious uniformity under the English church, enhancing American religious freedom and social diversity. Finally, the precedent of autonomous, local self-rule in most matters established in the early 17th century created the expectation that the colonies would largely govern their own affairs. Scoring Two points for fully and directly answering the question (“in what ways did a British failure to enforce policies in its colonies influence them?”). Lose a point for merely describing colonial developments outside the context of the influence of salutary neglect. Two points for taking a position on whether salutary neglect played an important role in colonial developments, e.g. heavy influence versus minimal influence. Lose a point for laundrylisting policies and developments without interpretation of their significance. Two points for grouping your argument into three parts to set up your topic sentences. Lose a point for not grouping the influences of salutary neglect into the three obvious paragraphs set up by the prompt or into a three-part organizational structure of your own devising.