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Behavior Investment Energy usage – the major consideration in all living things for prime function. How much brain is available for which functions Insect brain approx 1 million neurons Human brain more than 100 million neurons Function and maintenance demands are high on neurons so small brain = mostly innate behavior Innate Behavior • Kineses – movements that are not directed towards a stimulus. • Taxes – directed movements towards (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus – Phototaxis towards or away from light – Geotaxis towards or away from gravity – Chemotaxis towards or away from chemical Learned Behavior – behavior where unpredictable relationships between reaction and stimulus due to past experiences • Limited and usually short term, some insects can direct others to food sources etc by memory. • Habituation – decreased activity (usually associated with muscle fatigue) where the insect learns that the action is not continually necessary • Associative learning – changing response for a stimulus or reward. • Latent learning – no immediate reward obvious such as reconnaissance • Insight – reasoning to solve problems (not observed in insects at this time) Rhythms • exogenous – simple responses to perodic changes in environment • Endogenous or circadian – dictated by a biological clock (common in insect behavior) – Diurnal – day time – Nocturnal – night time – Crepuscular – weak light (sunrise, sunset) Feeding • • • • • • Phytophagous – plant tissues Carnivorous – animal tissues Saprophagous – deat organic material Omnivorous – all types of food Specialization – a specific food source Generalization – non specific but may be restricted to one of the top three categories.