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Human Geography People and Places GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 4 1. THE ELEMENT OF CULTURE Culture Society Ethnic Group Innovation Diffusion Cultural Hearth Acculturation Dialect religion DEFINING CULTURE 1 Culture: total of Knowledge, attitude and behaviors shared and passed on by the members of a specific group Acts as a blueprint for how people should behave to fit in to a group CULTURE INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING FACTORS: Food and Shelter Religion Relationships to family and other Language Education Security/protection Political and social organization Creative expression SOCIETY A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and culture ETHNIC GROUP A specific group that shares a region or language, they have an identy as a separate group of people with in a society CULTURE CHANGE AND EXCHANGE Culture and society is always in the process of changing Innovation –taking existing technology and resources and creating something ne to meet a need Diffusion – the spread of ideas or patterns of behavior throughout a society Cultural Hearth – the site from which an innovations basic idea comes from Acculturation – society changes because the accept an innovation LANGUAGE: ALLOWS PEOPLE TO COMMUNICATE Identity: Builds a group or cultures sense of unity Families: Geographers estimate there are between 300-nad 6500 language families in the world. They are similar languages of regions Dialect: change in speech patterns of a language in specific regions Diffusion: occurs when languages meet and there is a need to communicate between different cultures RELIGION Religion: the belief of supernatural power that are regarded as creators and maintainers of the universe Monotheistic: belief in one god Polytheistic: belief in many gods Animistic: belief in divine forces of nature MAJOR RELIGIONS Five major religions in the world Three began in South West Asia Two began in South East Asia Began in Southwest Asia Followers are called Jews Oldest of the Southwest Asia religions Monotheistic religion Long tradition of faith Basic laws come from the holy book Torah JUDAISM Evolved from Jewish traditions about 2000 years ago Also monotheistic Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who Christians believe is the Son of God Called Christians Three major groups: • Roman Catholic • Protestant • Eastern Orthodox Book of Christianity is called the Bible CHRISTIANITY Third religion organized in Southwest Asia Based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad Began about 1500 years ago Followers know as Muslims Monotheistic worship God who is called Allah Book of Islam is called the Qur’an Two major divisions • Shite • Sunni ISLAM One of the worlds oldest religions dating back 5000 years Concentrated in India Usually considered polytheistic Require a caste system HINDUISM Offshoot of Hinduism Southern Asia based Developed about 560 B.C. in India near Nepal. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama also called the enlisted on or Buddha Promote the correct way to live to reach a spiritual nirvana BUDDHISM CREATIVE CULTURE OF EXPRESSION Ways cultures express themselves Preforming Visual Arts Arts Oral and written tradition 2. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Birthrate Fertility rate Mortality rate Infant mortality rate Rate of natural increase Emigration Population pyramid Push – pull factors Population density Carrying capacity Immigration Earths population hit 1 billion mark in the early 1800’s As the world industrialized people grew better food raising the standard of living Hit 2 billion by 1930 As more young women reach child bearing age more children are born increasing the population WORLD WIDE POPULATION GROWTH BIRTH AND DEATH RATE Geographers study population by looking at birthrate and death rate Birthrate – the number of live births per thousand population Fertility Rate – shows the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have Mortality rate – also called death number of deaths per thousand Infant mortality rate number of deaths of children under one per thousand Rate of natural increase – population growth rate Population Pyramid A graphic device that shows gender, and age distribution of a country POPULATION DISTRIBUTION The billions of people in the world are not distributed equally across the Earth. Almost 90% of the world’s population lives in the northern hemisphere One in four people live in East or South Asia Several factors including climate altitude and access to water limt where people live HABITABLE LANDS 2/3 of the worlds population live between 20ºN and 60ºN Land in this region have suitable climate for dense human habitation Warm enough to make agriculture go Most population in concentrated on the coast and in river valleys URBAN – RURAL MIX Urban – in side of the city Rural – out side of the city Half of the worlds population lives in Rural areas More people are moving to the cities This causes problems with overcrowding and sanitation and an immense demand for water MEGA CITY – CITY WITH A POPULATION OF MORE THAN 10 MILLION Rank Megacity Country Continent Population Annual Growth[citation needed] 1 Tokyo Japan Asia 34,300,000 0.60% 2 Guangzhou China Asia 25,200,000 4.00% 3 Seoul South Korea Asia 25,100,000 1.40% 4 Shanghai China Asia 24,800,000 2.20% 5 Delhi India Asia 23,300,000 4.60% 6 Mumbai India Asia 23,000,000 2.90% 7 Mexico City Mexico North America 22,900,000 2.00% 8 New York City USA North America 22,000,000 0.30% 9 São Paulo Brazil South America 20,900,000 1.40% 10 Manila [21] Philippines Asia 20,300,000 2.50% 11 Jakarta Indonesia Asia 18,900,000 2.00% 12 Los Angeles USA North America 18,100,000 1.10% 13 Karachi Pakistan Asia 17,000,000 4.90% 14 Osaka Japan Asia 16,700,000 0.15% 15 Kolkata India Asia 16,600,000 2.00% MIGRATION Large scale of people are migrating from one region to another Emigrant – people leaving a region Immigrant – people coming into a region Push-pull factors – reason for migration Environmental reasons Political Persecution Economy How heavily populated an area is as measured per square mile Because population is not distributed evenly the number may be misleading POPULATION DENSITY CARRYING CAPACITY Carrying Capacity – the number of organisms a piece of land can support Level of technology may effect the carrying capacity 3. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY State Nation Nation State Democracy Monarchy Dictatorship Communism Landlocked Governmental units around the world can be described in either political or geographic terms. We use the term State to describe an independent unit that occupies a specific territory that has full control of its internal and external affairs. NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD NATION A Nation refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory that have a strong sense of unity When a Nation and State occupy the same territory it is a Nation-State City-State is a city that grows to a size where it becomes its own country TYPES OF GOVERNMENT All nations must chooses a type of government Generally it fall into one of these categories. Democracy Monarchy Dictatorship Communism Citizens hold the political power to elect either directly or indirectly DEMOCRACY Ruling family headed by a king or Queen May or may not share ruling power with Citizens United Kingdom Saudi Arabia MONARCHY An individual or group hold complete power over the people North Korea Venezuela DICTATORSHIP Nearly all political and economic power is held by the government in the name of the people China Cuba COMMUNISM GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONS Geographic characteristic are very important in describing a county 1. 2. 3. Size Shape Relative location SIZE Physical size does not necessary have anything to do with the power of a nation Larger nations have the potential to be more powerful because they have more resources SHAPE Can have an impact on how easily it can be governed, and how goods could be moved Also can effect how a nation interacts with its neighbors SHAPE SHAPE LOCATION The relative location of a country can be important If a country is landlocked it can limit trade or commerce Must find other ways to connect to countries LOCATION NATIONAL BOUNDARIES Boundaries or boarders set limits of territory Within boarders countries can regulate themselves Mountains, rivers lakes or other land features make up natural boundaries NATURAL BOUNDRIES Walls, Lines of latitude Fixed boundaries usually set by treaties ARTIFICIAL BOUNDARIES REGIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM Countries are often divided into smaller political systems to make the government more efficient Often combine to form larger political units or parties Countries sometimes combine into larger political units 4. URBAN GEOGRAPHY Urban Geography City Suburb Metropolitan Area Central Business District Urban Geography - The study of how people use space and cities Cities Much of the worlds population live in cities Not just areas of large population but also centers of business Often birthplace of innovation Lifestyle differs from town to town GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS SUBURBS Develop around cities Political units that touch the boarders of central cities Within commuting distance of the city Mostly residential URBAN AREAS METROPOLITAN AREA • Several metropolitan areas grow together • Megalopolis Boston New York Philadelphia Baltimore Washington D.C. URBAN AREAS URBANIZATION Dramatic rise in the number of cities in the world More people are moving to the city to find work URBAN AREAS CITY LOCATIONS Found in places that allow good transportation like a river lake or coast Areas with access to natural resources Easily transport goods May specialize in certain economic activites due to the location LAND USE PATTERNS Urban Geographers also study land use, the activities that take place in cities Basic land use patterns Residential - Single family housing and apartments Industrial – Areas reserved for manufacturing Commercial – Used for private business and the buying and selling of goods Core of the city is almost always based on business Usually business offices and stores Very high value of land CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT FUNCTIONS OF CITIES Shopping Entertainment Government Housing Business Manufacturing Education Underground Atlanta Turner Field The State Capital Mid Town At&t Coca-Cola Georgia Tech 5. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Economy Economic system Command Economy Natural Resource Infrastructure Per capita income GNP GDP ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Economy – production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people Geographers study economic geography by looking at how people in a region support them selves and how economic activates are linked in a region Economic Systems – the way people produce goods and services Four Basic Economic Systems 1. Traditional 2. Command 3. Market 4. Mixed ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Traditional Economy Goods and services are exchanged with out exchanging money Bartering ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Command Economy Production of good and services determined by central government Also called planed economy ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Market economy Production of goods and services determined by market demand Capitalism ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Mixed Economy Combination of command and market economy ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES No matter how small or large a business is it operates on one of four levels of economic actiity The four levels describe how materials are gathered and processed into goods or how services are delivered to consumers LEVELS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY Primary Activity – gathering raw materials to use to make a final product Secondary activity – involves adding value to a material by changing its form Tertiary Activity – providing business or professional services Quaternary Activity – provides information management and research services by highly trained professionals THE ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural Resource – materials we use that are on or in the earth naturally Three types of Natural Resources Renewable Non- Renewable Inexhaustible energy sources RenewableCan be replaced through natural processes 1. 2. Trees Seafood NATURAL RESOURCES Non Renewable Can not be replace once it has been removed from the ground 1. 2. 3. Metals Stone Fossil Fuels NATURAL RESOURCES Inexhaustible Resource Used to Produce power Unlimited quantity 1. 2. 3. Solar Geothermal Wind NATURAL RESOURCE Natural Resources are a major part of world trade. This is especially true of fossil fuels The value of a natural resource depends on the quantity that makes it useful NATURAL RESOURCES ECONOMIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS Producing and distributing goods and services requires a support system Infrastructure – basic support system needed to make an economy go, including power, communications, transportation, ect. Highways Seaports Rivers Access to Power Plants Level of available technology MEASURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Per Capita Income – the average amount of money each person makes Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of goods produced by a country over a year. Could be influenced by other counties Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – total value of goods produces within a country over a year PER CAPITA INCOME GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (G.D.P.) DEVELOPMENT LEVELS Different Countries have different levels of development Developing nations have lower GDP’s and struggle to provide for their citizens Developed nations have high per capita income and have a varied economy
