Download FALL 2014 (Take Home) MINI-EXAM #4 Figure 11.2 Using Figure 11.2

Anatomy & Physiology 2A Name:
FALL 2014
(Take Home) MINI-EXAM #4
_
Figure 11.2
Using Figure 11.2: Completely define and describe letters A-E in the spaces provided below:
1. A.-
2. B.-
3. C.-
4. D.-
5. E.-
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For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the lettered line to thoroughly and
completely describe ALL aspects of your answer in the space provided.
Figure 48.1
6. A.-
7. B..
8. C.-
.
9. E.-
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Figure 9.1
Using Figure 9.1, match the following (Note: Letters A, B, E are C.T. covering; Letters C & D are structural components.)
10. A.-
11. B.-
12. C.-
13. D.-
14. E.-
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Figure 9.2
Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:
15. Band that gets shorter in length.
16. Zone that contains overlapping actin and Myosin filaments during contraction.
17. Band that only contains actin and no myosin filaments.
18. Band that does not get shorter in length.
19. Center point of the sarcomere is found within this zone.
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Figure 10.2
Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:
20. Antagonist to the Trapezius muscle.
21. Prime mover to protract and hold the scapula against the chest wall; rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves
laterally and upward.
22. A muscle that has its origin on the manubrium of the sternum and medial portion of the clavicle, and its insertion in
the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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Figure 10.3
Using Figure 9.2, match the following by writing the correct letter next to the left side of each number below:
23. Synergist to Letter E.
24. Antagonist to the Serratus anterior muscle.
Matching. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following:
25. Muscle that opposes and reverses the
action of another muscle.
A. Synergist
26. Muscle that is primarily responsible for
bringing about a particular movement.
B. Agonist
27. Muscle that aids another by promoting
the same movement.
C. Antagonist
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Match the following:
28. Depends on oxygen delivery and
aerobic mechanisms.
29. Have very fast-acting myosin ATPase’s
and depend upon anaerobic metabolism
during contraction.
30. Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber
types.
A. Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
B. Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable
fibers
31. Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.
32. Abundant in muscles used to maintain
posture.
33. A relatively high percentage is found
in successful marathon runners.
Write the single term to the right of each number
below that corresponds with the definitions provided.
34. The stimulus above which no stronger
contraction can be elicited, because all
motor units are firing in the muscle.
__________________________
35. The phenomenon in which the
contraction strength of a muscle
increases, due to increased Ca2+
availability and enzyme efficiency
during the warm-up.
____________________________
36. Continued sustained smooth
contraction due to rapid stimulation.
37. The situation in which contractions
become stronger due to stimulation
before complete relaxation occurs.
38. How a smooth increase in muscle force
is produced.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
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Match the following:
39. Serves as the actual "trigger" for
muscle contraction by removing the
inhibition of the troponin molecules.
A. Calcium ions
40. A neurotransmitter released at motor
end plates by the axon terminals.
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
41. A metabolic pathway that provides for
a small amount of ATP per glucose
because no oxygen is used. Products
are two pyruvates and ATP.
B. Creatine phosphate
D. Acetylcholinesterase
E. Acetylcholine
42. Normally stored in the terminal
Cisternae of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
43. Used to convert ADP to ATP by
transfer of a high-energy phosphate
group. A reserve high-energy
compound.
44. Destroys ACh.
Multiple Choice. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
45. Which muscle cells have no ability to regenerate?
A. skeletal
C. no muscle can regenerate
B. smooth
D. cardiac
46. Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of
.
A. slow exercise of short duration
B. intense exercise of long duration
C. intense exercise of short duration
D. slow exercise of long duration
47. In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to
.
A. increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma
B. cause ATP to bind to actin
C. release the inhibition on Z discs
D. remove the blocking action of tropomyosin
48. Myoglobin
_.
A. breaks down glycogen
B. produces the end plate potential
C. is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP
D. stores oxygen in muscle cells
49. An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the
A. sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. Myofibrillar network
C. intermediate filament network
D. mitochondria
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_.
50. Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by
.
A. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
B. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
C. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
D. forming a chemical compound with actin
51. The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by
_.
A. the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. the T tubules
C. a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
D. the arrangement of myofilaments
52. Rigor mortis occurs because
_.
A. no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules
B. proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions
C. the cells are dead
D. sodium ions leak out of the muscle
53. The term aponeurosis refers to
.
A. the bands of myofibrils
B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. a sheet-like indirect attachment to a skeletal element
D. the tropomyosin-troponin complex
54. During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for
energy as a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to
_.
A. hydrochloric acid
B. a strong base
C. lactic acid
D. stearic acid
55. When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
A. latent period
B. refractory period
C. fatigue period
D. relaxation period
56. The most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue is
.
A. the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy
B. the diversity of activity of muscle tissue
C. the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. the design of the fibers
57. What primarily determines the power of a muscle?
A. the length
B. the number of neurons innervating it
C. the total number of muscle cells available for contraction
D. the shape
58. The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. When the term levator is part of the descriptive term
for a muscle's action, this means that
.
A. the muscle functions as a synergist
B. the muscle elevates and/or adducts a region
C. the muscle flexes and rotates a region
D. the muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint
59. The muscles that are found at openings of the body are collectively called
_.
A. convergent muscles
B. divergent muscles
C. circular muscles
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D. parallel muscles
60. Which of the following is not a member of the hamstrings?
A. Biceps femoris
B. semitendinosus
C. semimembranosus
D. gracilis
61. Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?
A. iliopsoas and rectus femoris
B. biceps
C. soleus
D. vastus medialis
62. Metabolism is best described as
A. control of enzyme activity.
B. synthesis of macromolecules.
C. breakdown of macromolecules.
D. A and B.
E. A, B, and C.
63. Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
A. catabolism
B. catalysis
C. dehydration
D. metabolism
E. anabolism
64. Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?
A. the Krebs cycle
B. fermentation
C. glycolysis
D. electron transport
E. oxidative phosphorylation
65. The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecules that then transfer energy to the electron transport
system?
A. ATP and CO2
B. CO2 and FAD
C. NADH and ATP
D. NADH, FADH2, and ATP
E. FADH2 and NADH
66. Carbon skeletons to be broken down during cellular respiration can be obtained from
A. proteins.
B. polysaccharides.
C. lipids.
D. A and B.
E. A, B, and C.
The question below refers to the following information.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
Calcium is released and binds to troponin.
Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules and ATP.
An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.
67. For the events listed above, which of the following is the correct sequence for their occurrence during the excitation
and contraction of a muscle cell?
A. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
B. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
D. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
E. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
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68. Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
troponin
actin
myosin
tropomyosin
calcium-binding site
69. During muscle contraction, the ion that leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and induces
myofibrils to contract is
A. Ca2+.
B. Cl-.
C. K+.
D. Na+.
E. Mg2+.
68. Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
A. thick and thin filaments
B. A bands and I bands
C. motor units
D. transverse tubules
E. gap junctions
69. Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a
chemical synapse?
1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor
2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm
3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane
4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell
5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
A. 2, 3, 5, 4, 1
B. 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
D. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
E. 5, 1, 2, 4, 5
70. Briefly, what causes rigor mortis?
71. Briefly explain the sources of energy for a one-minute sustained skeletal muscle contraction.
72. What ultimately stops muscle stimulation when the motor neuron ceases firing?
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73. Define and completely describe (using the correct term(s), ion(s) and muscle structure(s))
each of the numbered events (1-6) listed below. Please begin with a descriptive statement of the
specific event and channel-type involved in the synaptic cleft to the left of #1. Make sure to
include every example of where ATP is necessary and an explanation that thoroughly describes
why ATP would be needed.
1. -----
2. -----
3. -----
4. ----12
5. -----
6. -----
74. Name, label and describe each portion of the image below.
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75. Label and describe each portion of the image below.
76. Label and describe each portion of the image below.
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