Download 17 Locomotion in humans 17.1 What makes up the skeleton?

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17 Locomotion in humans
17.1 What makes up the skeleton? (Book 3, p.4)
Structure of the skeleton (Book 3, p.4)
The skeleton (
೎ᙽ) is made up of:
(1)
bones
೎
( )
(2)
cartilage
(
ຌ೎)
Bones (Book 3, p.4)
•
Bones are hard tissues made up of (3)
•
(4)
minerals
(5)
Blood
living
cells
and
, e.g. calcium phosphate.
vessels
run through the bones so that oxygen and nutrients
are supplied for the growth and development of the bones, and carbon dioxide and other waste
are removed.
•
(6)
Nerves
are also present to provide sensations from the bones.
Cartilage (Book 3, p.4)
•
•
Cartilage is made up of (7)
living
cells
amount of minerals, it is (8)
softer
than bones.
It can be found between bones to reduce (9)
friction
. As it contains a smaller
as the surfaces of the bones
move against one another.
•
It also gives shape to structures such as
♦
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Ear
♦
Nose
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The general plan of our skeleton (Book 3, p.5)
The skeleton is divided into the (1)
(2)
appendicular
axial
skeleton
A
skeleton
(
(
ॵॆ೎ᙽ).
(5)
խၗ೎ᙽ) and the
collar
bone
(
᠙೎)
D
(3)
B
(
(4)
(
sternum
(6)
shoulder
bone
(
rib
(7)
humerus
౥೎)
ۛ೎)
C
(
(8)
ॊ઻೎)
े೎)
radius
(
ᖳ೎)
(9)
E
ulna
(
֡೎)
F
(10)
femur
(
(11)
ै೎)
knee
(
ᓃ።೎)
(12)
G
tibia
(
⋢೎)
(13)
fibula
(
♦
cap
ဂ೎)
The human skeleton
Note:
There are three types of skeletal systems: external (exoskeleton), internal (endoskeleton) and fluid-based (hydrostatic
skeleton). The human skeleton is an endoskeleton.
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Axial skeleton (Book 3, p.6)
•
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.
•
It is mainly for (1)
organs
•
support
and protection of (2)
internal
.
It includes:
Structure
A
B
(3)
Skull
(4)
(
Function
ᨥ೎)
Rib
(
ۛ೎ᤃ)
(5)
Vertebral
column
C
Protects the brain
•
Protects sense organs such as eyes and ears
•
Protects the lungs and the heart
•
Allows the breathing movement
•
Supports the body weight
•
Protects the spinal cord
•
Provides surfaces for muscle attachment to
maintain an upright posture
cage
•
(
౩ਪ)
Appendicular skeleton (Book 3, p.6)
•
The appendicular skeleton lies on either side of the body.
•
It allows (6)
•
movement
of the body.
It includes:
Structure
(7)
D
(8)
(9)
(
Hind
limb
Forms the shoulders
•
Joins the arms to the axial skeleton
•
Allows locomotion
•
Forms the hips
•
Joins the legs to the axial skeleton
•
Allows locomotion
ॊ൅)
•
ছॆ)
Pelvic
girdle
(10)
(
Fore
limb
F
G
Pectoral
girdle
E
Function
(
ᆨ൅)
৵ॆ)
(
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Functions of the skeleton (Book 3, p.7)
Function
Description
•
Support
Allows the body to stand
(1)
upright
and
gives shape to it
•
Movement
Bones act as (2)
levers
during movement
•
Bones provide hard surfaces for
attachment of (3)
muscles
which can contract and relax in a
coordinated way
•
Skull protects the
Protection of the
internal organs
(4)
brain
and
some sense organs
•
Rib cage protects the lungs
and the (5)
4¬
heart
•
Vertebral column protects the
(6)
spinal
cord
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Function
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Description
•
(1)
Production of
blood cells
Bone
marrow
in long bones produces red
blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets
bone marrow
Storage of minerals
•
Store minerals such as (2)
calcium
(
ၩ) and phosphorus
calcium phosphate
17.2 What is the muscular system? (Book 3, p.8)
•
The muscular system is made of many different sets of (3)
muscles
(
ۜۚ) all over
the body.
•
Muscles are the body’s (4)
principal
effectors
for locomotion. When
stimulated, they contract to bring about movement of the bones.
•
Each muscle is attached to its associated bones through (5)
tendons
(
ᆧ), which
transmit the pulling force produced by muscle contraction to the bones, to allow muscles to
control the way bones move.
tendons
shoulder bone
tendons
muscles
ulna
radius
humerus
tendons
♦
Tendons attach the muscles to the bones
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17.3 How do humans move? (Book 3, p.10)
A (1)
joint
is the place where two or more bones meet.
The structure of a joint (Book 3, p.10)
A
B
C
♦
Movable joint
Function
Structure
(2)
Ligament
(
ႇ൅)
ๅ‫)ۯ‬
Prevents (3)
•
Allows the limb bones at the joint to move in a
A
•
dislocation
(
controlled way
(4)
B
Synovial
membrane
(6)
(
ᄶᓂ)
• ! Secrets (5)
synovial
fluid
(
ᄶ෈)
to reduce friction between the ends of the bones
•
Absorbs (7)
•
Reduces friction between the ends of bones
•
Protects the bones from wearing away
Cartilage
C
shock
Note:
1 Some joints are immovable, i.e. do not allow any movement, e.g. the joints between the bones of the skull.
2 Ligament is a short band of tough connective tissues composed of collagen fibres.
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Action of muscles on bones (Book 3, p.11)
•
Muscles are attached to the limb bones across joints through tendons. They usually work as
pairs of (1)
muscles
opposing
(
਎‫)ۜݼ‬. The alternate contraction and
relaxation of the pair of muscles bring about movements of the limb bones.
•
A muscle which bends a limb when it contracts
is called a (2)
•
flexor
.
A muscle which straightens the same limb when
it contracts is called an (3)
•
extensor
.
In the movement of the forearm,
(4)
biceps
(5)
(
triceps
Բᙰۜ) is the flexor and the
(Կᙰۜ) is the extensor.
♦
Arm model
Bending the arm
Extending the arm
tendons
tendons
biceps
triceps
biceps
triceps
forearm
forearm
elbow joint
Biceps
(6) Contract / Relax
(9) Contract / Relax
Triceps
(7) Contract / Relax
(10) Contract / Relax
Forearm
(8) Raised / Lowered
(11) Raised / Lowered
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The lever principle of movement (Book 3, p.12)
• !
Bones at joints act as (1)
• !
The forearm acts as a lever during movement:
levers
during movement.
Lever
Forearm
effort
contraction
of the biceps
fulcrum
load
weight of
the forearm
Fulcrum (
(3)
֭រ)
Load
Effort (
joint
(2)
(
૤๛)
Joint
Weight of the forearm
ਜԺ)
(4)
Contraction
of the biceps
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Practical 17.1 Examination of an arm model
(Student’s Book 3 p.12; Activity Book 3 p.1)
Types of movable joints (Book 3, p.13)
Different types of movable joints allow different degrees of movement.
Hinge joint (Book 3, p.13)
• !
Hinge joints (
Ꭻᢸᣂᆏ) allow
movement of bones in
(5)
• !
Hinge joint
8¬
plane only.
Examples include the elbow joint
and the knee joint.
hinge
♦
one
!
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Ball and socket joint (Book 3, p.13)
• !
Ball and socket joints (
෺ጢᣂᆏ)
allow movement of bones in
(1)
• !
three
planes.
Examples include the shoulder
joint and the hip joint.
ball
♦
!
socket
Ball and socket joint
Go To …
STS connection 17.1 Health issues related to the skeleton and muscles
(Student’s Book 3 p.14; Activity Book 3 p.3)
Quick check (Student’s Book 3 p.14)
17.4 How do we keep our skeleton and muscles healthy?
(Book 3, p.15)
•
Keep correct posture.
•
Avoid poorly fitting shoes.
•
Avoid carrying heavy schoolbags.
•
Avoid poor working conditions like dim light
and low work surfaces.
Go To …
STS connection 17.2 Occupational safety (Student’s Book 3 p.15; Activity Book 3 p.7)
Review (Student’s Book 3 p.16)
Summary concept diagram (Student’s Book 3 p.17)
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Practice question
The diagram below shows the knee joint of a human.
a
Name the type of joint to which the knee joint belongs.
i
(1 mark)
Hinge joint (1m).
ii
What is the difference in the degree of movement provided by the knee joint and
the shoulder joint?
(2 marks)
The knee joint allows movement of bones in one plane only (1m) while the
shoulder joint allows movement of bones in three planes (1m).
b
Name structure A and give a function of it.
(2 marks)
Ligament (1m). To prevent dislocation of the joint during movement (1m).
c
i
If structure B wears away and exposes the bones underneath, how would the
movement at the joint be affected?
(2 marks)
The friction between the ends of bones increases (1m). The movement at the
joint becomes more difficult (1m).
ii
Who will have a higher chance of having structure B worn away? Give two
examples.
(2 marks)
Athletes and the elderly (1m x 2).
Total: 9 marks
Ё END Ё
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