* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Grammar Final Study Guide
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
End of year assessment – Grammar Review/Study Guide 1. Noun Definition – a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Compound noun – a noun made up of more than one word. (Examples: grandmother, baseball, great-grandfather, grand piano) Possessive nouns – nouns the show ownership. Always uses an apostrophe. Example: I have John’s pencil. (The pencil belongs to John) Proper noun – the specific name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Common noun – refers to any one of a general group of persons, places, or things. Common nouns Proper nouns boy baker country team town magazine Jim Carrey William Bennett Mexico Phoenix Suns San Francisco Newsweek Concrete noun – names a person, place or thing that can be understood or experienced with the five senses. Abstract noun – names an idea, feeling, or quality. Concrete Nouns book music tea ice Mississippi Abstract Nouns love peace beauty imagination joy 2. Pronoun Definition – a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. Antecedent – the word that a pronoun replaces. Example: Joann placed her coat in the closet with the others. antecedent pronoun Personal pronoun – replaces saying names First Person Personal Pronouns Singular Plural I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours Second Person you, your, yours you, your, yours Third Person he, him, his she, her, hers it, its they, them, their, theirs Reflexive pronoun – refers back to the subject and directs the action back to the subject. A reflexive pronoun must be in the sentence in order for the meaning of the sentence to work. (Example: Jim enjoyed himself at the concert.) Demonstrative pronoun – points out a person, place, thing, or an idea (this, that, these, those). Interrogative pronoun – used at the beginning of a question (what, which, who, whom, whose) Indefinite pronoun – does not refer to a definite person, place, thing, or idea. (Examples of commonly used indefinite pronouns: everybody, everyone, anybody, nobody, each, either, both, few, and some). 3. Adjective Definition – a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. A, an, and the are the commonly used adjectives. They are called articles. When a noun is used to describe another noun or pronoun, it is considered an adjective. Example: Mother put different kinds of beans in her special bean soup. noun adjective Demonstrative adjectives – when the words this, that, these, and those are used to modify nouns, they are considered demonstrative adjectives instead of pronouns. Example: This is my book. This book is mine. demonstrative pronoun demonstrative adjective Proper adjectives – an adjective that is made from a proper noun. Example: One has to visit Mexico to enjoy real Mexican food. 4. Verb Definition – a word that expresses action or state of being. Action verb – a verb that expresses physical or mental action. Examples: I bowled a great game tonight. She believes your story. Linking verb – instead of showing what the subject is doing, this verb shows the subject in a state of being. It links the subject to some other word in the sentence that describes, identifies, or gives more information about it. Examples: John was sick for two days. John was president of the senior class. These will always be linking verbs: BE: be, being, been, become IWAWA: is, was, are, were, am Some verbs can be either action or linking depending on how they are used. (Examples include: look, taste, feel, appear, remain) ex. The girl looked at the dog. action verb ex. The boy looked sad. linking verb 5. Adverb Definition – a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer these questions: where, when, how, how often, how much, or to what extent. Examples: We often study together. New-comers work incredibly hard to learn the language. Spanish can be a fairly difficult language to learn. 6. Interjection Definition – a word that expresses emotion and does not grammatically link to the sentence. Examples: Wow! What a great view. Phew! That was a close call. 7. Conjunction Definition – a word used to link words, clauses, or phrases Commonly used conjunctions: and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet, either…or, neither…nor, both…and, whether…or, not only…but also Examples: I went to the house and the mall. I will either go the house or to the mall. 8. Prepositions Definition – Shows the relationship of a noun/pronoun to another word A good test to find a preposition: __________________ the house Example prepositions: in, on, of, above, beneath, through, before, after, during A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with the object of a prepositions (You can find the object of the preposition by asking “preposition what?” The answer will be a noun or pronoun. Complements Definition – A word that completes the verb. The complement will never be found in a prepositional phrase. Action verbs may have a direct object. If so, they may also have an indirect object. To find the direct object ask: verb what? Then verb whom? If there is a direct object, look for an indirect object by asking verb to/for whom? Or verb to/for what? Examples: I gave the dog a bone. IO DO I bought a cat. DO Linking verbs may have a predicate adjective or predicate nominative. Find the PA/PN the same way you find the direct object, ask “verb what?” or “verb whom?” If the answer is a noun, you have a predicate nominative. If it is an adjective, you have a predicate adjective. Examples: I am a scary man. PN She is very beautiful. PA Clauses Definition – A group of words with a subject and a verb All clauses will be either independent or subordinate (dependent.) Independent clauses can stand on their own as sentences. Subordinate clauses cannot stand on their own as sentences. They must latch on to an independent clause to complete their meaning. Subordinate clauses will be either noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses. (Ignore noun clauses for now.) Adjective clauses work just like adjectives, but the entire group of words acts like an adjective. Adverb clauses work just like adverbs, but the entire group of words acts like an adverb. Phrases Definition – A group of related words that does not have a subject or a verb. Examples are prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases. Kinds of Sentences Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period. Example: The house will be built on a hill. Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. Example: How did you find the card? Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. Example: The monster is attacking! Imperative - An imperative sentence gives a command. Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood. Example: Cheryl, try the other door. Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.) Sentence Structures Simple sentence: 1 independent clause and 0 subordinate Compound sentence: 1+ independent clauses and 0 subordinates Complex sentence: 1 independent clause and 1+ subordinate clause Compound-complex sentence: 2+ independent clauses and 1+ subordinate clauses Punctuation 1. Commas Items in a series Compound sentences Interrupters Introductory Words, Phrases, Clauses Conventional Situations 2. Semicolon (;) Acts like a weak period by separating two full sentences. Examples: I didn’t want to go; it was the last thing I wanted. 3. Colon (:) Appears at the end of a main clause and introduces a list, a restatement, or elaboration of the main clause Examples: The following ingredients are necessary for the dip: cream cheese, blue cheese, honey, and milk. 4. Quotation Marks Used to show someone’s exact words. Example: The children said, “Let’s ride the train.” 5. Apostrophes Used to show possession. Whatever comes before the apostrophe shows the number of persons involved. Examples: Michael’s sunglasses Nobody’s book The girls’ house 6. Agreement Pronouns with each, either, one, body, thing are singular Examples: Either of the answers is correct. Each of the girls is fun to be around. The following pronouns are always plural: both, few, many, and several Examples: Both of the apples are delicious. The following pronouns can be either singular or plural, depending on their meaning in the sentence: all, any, most, none, some Examples: Some of the equipment is missing. Some of the supplies are missing. Additionally, review the terms on your PSSA review sheets (metaphor, simile, etc.)