Download Packet 3

Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 27.1a (read text pages 547-552)
CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS
1d Students know the evidence indicating that the planets are much closer to Earth than the stars are. (Parallax, absolute & apparent magnitude)
1a. What is a star?
1b. What is our sun similar to?
2a. What are their various colors?
2b. Not only do stars vary in color, they also vary in their
_____________________ & ____________________.
3b. What is our sun’s diameter?
3c. What is our sun’s mass?
3a. What is our sun’s size?
1c. Are all stars white?
4. Stars also differ in ______________, ________________, ________________ & __________________.
COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE
5a. What is a spectrometer?
5b. What is a spectrum?
6b. Stars produce which
type?
6a. What are the 3 types of spectra?
1.
2.
3.
6c. What will the brightline spectra of a star tell
scientists?
7a. What have scientists learned through the spectral 7b. What’s the most common element? _________
analysis of stars?
2nd most? __________ Other elements__________,
_________________, __________________.
8. What does the color of a star tell you about the star?
Color
Average Surface Temp.
(Coolest/Hottest/Medium)
Blue
Yellow
Red
9. Our sun is a (hot / cold / medium) temperature star.
MOTION
10. What are the 2 types of motion of stars? A) _______________________ B) _____________________
11a. How’s the actual motion of star’s measured?
11b. What causes the apparent motion of stars?
12. How come when you go outside on an October night you see different stars than on an April night?
13. The Earth moves in 2 different ways thus the, 2 apparent motions of stars are caused by the earth’s
R________________________ & R_________________________.
15. Describe blue shift:
14. The 3 actual motions of stars are:
A)
B)
red shift:
C)
DISTANCE TO THE STARS
16a. Why is the distance to stars measured in light16b. What is a light-year?
years?
17. How far are we from the sun? ______________ From Sirius? _____________________
From Proxima Centauri? _____________________ From Polaris (North Star)? __________________
18c. How close does a star need
18b. Over what time period do
to be to use this method?
you need to measure parallax?
_________________________
19. When a star is more distant, what 2 measurements do scientists have to make to calculate the distance of
a star from Earth?
18a. What is parallax?
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 27.1b (read text pages 552-554)
CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS
1d Students know the evidence indicating that the planets are much closer to Earth than the stars are. (Parallax, absolute & apparent magnitude)
STELLAR MAGNITUDES
1. What does the visibility of a star depend on?
2. What are the 2 scales, that astronomers use to describe the brightness of a star, based on?
A)
B)
3a. Describe apparent magnitude.
3b. Brightness of the star is given a number.
Brightest stars = __________________ numbers
Dimmest stars = __________________ numbers
4. Draw the apparent magnitude scale. Include Sun, Moon, Venus, Sirius, Polaris, Pluto, Proxima Centauri, faintest star observed with the
unaided eye and by a telescope.
5b. What does the apparent brightness of a star
depend on?
A)
B)
6a. Describe absolute magnitude.
6b. If the sun were 32.6 light-years away, what
would it’s absolute magnitude be? _____________
7. Stars that are closer than 32.6 light-years away appear __________________________. Therefore those
stars that are further than 32.6 light-years away appear ________________________.
8. How far away a star would be if it’s apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude were equal? _________
Match the following words to the most appropriate definition
5a. Why is the apparent brightness of the sun a
lower number than all the other objects in the sky?
9. Apparent Magnitude ______
10. Absolute Magnitude ______
11. Moon ______
12. Sun ______
13. 32.6 light-years away ______
14. Bright Stars ______
15. Dim Stars ______
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Distance from Earth if absolute magnitude = apparent magnitude
Apparent Magnitude = -12.5
Brightness of a star as it looks from Earth
Highest numbers
Absolute Magnitude = +5
True brightness from 32.6 light-years away
Lowest numbers
CLASSIFICATION OF STARS
16. H-R diagram stands for _____________________________ - ______________________.
17. This is a graph that plots the star’s _____________ temperature against their ______________
magnitude (true brightness).
18. Where are the following stars located on the HR 19. Majority of stars fall in which category?
___________________________________
diagram?
A) Main-sequence:
20. What type of star is Vega? _________________
Betelgeuse? ___________________
B) Giants:
Proxima Centauri? _____________________
Companion to Sirius? ______________________
C) Supergiants:
21. How big is a typical white dwarf?
D) White dwarfs:
Fill in the following table using the HR diagram
Star Name
Color
Temperature
Absolute Mag
Star Type
Anteres
Spica
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 27.2 (read text pages 555-557)
STELLAR EVOLUTION
2c Students know the evidence indicating that all elements with an atomic number greater than that of lithium have been formed by nuclear fusion in stars.
2d Students know that stars differ in their life cycles and that visual; radio, and X-ray telescopes may be used to collect data that reveal those differences.
2f* Students know the evidence indicating that the color, brightness, and evolution of a star are determined by a balance between gravitational collapse and nuclear
fusion.
1a. How long does a typical star live?
1b. How have scientists developed theories about
the evolution of stars?
2a. Define nebula:
2c. What causes a nebula
to start to contract?
2b. What is it composed
of?
3a. Define Protostar:
2d. What force causes the
nebula to continue to
contract?
3b. What 2 things cause the temperature in the center of the
nebula to increase? 1.
2.
3c. How long does the protostar stage last?
3d. At what temperature does nuclear fusion begin?
3e. What is nuclear fusion?
3f. At what point does a protostar become a star?
4. How do astronomers think our solar system formed?
5a. What is the longest stage in a
star’s life?
5b. How is energy generated in
this stage?
5c. Where is the energy being
generated?
5d. How much energy is created
by fusing 1g of H into He?
5e. Even though energy is
radiating out, why doesn’t the star
expand?
5f. How long will a star remain as
a main-sequence star?
6a. What is the 3rd stage?
_________________________
7a. Why does the core of the star contract?
8a. How big are giants?
9. What marks the end of the giant stage?
10. Define planetary nebula:
6b. When does a star enter the 3rd stage?
7b. What causes the outer shell to expand greatly?
8b. How big are supergiants?
11. Define white dwarf:
12. Define black dwarf:
13a. Define nova:
13b. When do they occur?
Draw a picture (using colors) of a planetary nebula (Fig27-8)
14a. What types of stars have 14b. Define supernova:
supernovas?
15a. What heavy elements
form during the supergiant
stage?
16a. Define neutron star: 17a. Define pulsars:
18a. Define black hole:
15b. When does nuclear
fusion stop?
16b. When do they
form?
18b. What turns into a
black hole?
17b. How are they
detected?
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 27.3 (read text pages 561-565)
STAR GROUPS
2a Students know the solar system is located in an outer edge of the disc shaped Milky Way galaxy, which spans 100,000 light years.
1a. What are constellations?
2a. What are galaxies?
1b. How many constellations are
recognized by astronomers? _________
4a. What other things can you
3a. How big is a typical galaxy?
find in a galaxy?
2b. How are they bound together? 3b. How many stars?
4b. How many galaxies are
thought to be in the universe?
5b. How far away are they?
5a. What are our 2 closest galaxies?
A) __________________________________
A) __________________________________
B) __________________________________
B) __________________________________
6. LIST, DEFINE AND DRAW A DIAGRAM OF EACH TYPE OF GALAXY
Draw
Define
List
1.
2.
3.
4.
7a. Why is our galaxy called the
Milky Way?
7b. What is the Milky Way
Galaxy?
8. Within our galaxy, where is the sun located?
9b. How old are they?
9a. What are quasars?
7c. Milky Way dimensions?
Diameter: ________________
Thickness at
Nucleus: ________________
9c. How do we detect
them?
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9d. How fast can they
travel?
Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Stars: Temperature Vs. Color
Introduction: The surface temperature of stars can be determined by looking at the color of a star.
The colors of stars range from blue (very hot) to red (cool).
Use the brown book (page 674; table 20.4) to fill in the color of the following stars.
Star
Surface
Absolute
Spectral color
Temp.; K
Magnitude
Hadar
21,000
-5
Sirius A
10,400
+1.4
Sirius B
10,700
+11.6
Arcturus
4,500
-0.3
Antares
2,900
-4.5
Altair
8,000
+2.2
Ross
2,800
+13.3
Beta Pegasi
2,000
-1.4
Capella
5,900
-0.7
Van Maanen’s
5,800
+10.4
Bernard’s
2,600
+13.2
Pollux
4,100
+1.0
Procyon
6,500
+2.8
Betelgeuse
2,700
-5.6
Mintaka
21,000
-5.1
Part B. Using table (20.4; pg 674), fill in the appropriate temperatures for the following colors.
Red = ______________ Orange = ______________ Yellow = ______________Yellow/White = ______________
White = __________________ Blue/White = ______________________ Blue = _______________________
Directions: A. Color the chart according to the colors above.
B. Plot and label the stars.
-10
-5
0
+5
+10
+15
34,000
30,000
26,000
22,000
18,000
14,000
Temperature (Kelvin)
5
10,000
6,000
2,000
0
Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
SPECTRA LAB
Problem: What types of visible spectra are emitted from glowing objects?
Background information:
Astronomers have learned about our universe through the study of light given off by stars. Therefore it
is important to understand light.
In 1665 Newton observed that when white light passes through a prism it produces a rainbow of colors
called spectrum.
Light travels in waves and each color has a different wavelength: (blue short-red long)
How is spectra produced?
Every “hot” substance emits photons of light producing an individual spectrum.
Draw the 3 Types of Spectra below (pg. 646 in brown book)
1. Continuous spectrum- emitted by a glowing solid, liquid or high pressure gas. Ex: light bulb or the
underlying layers in a star.
2. Dark-line spectrum- produced when light through a “cool” gas. Stars produce a dark line spectra
because their light passes through their own atmosphere (cooler gases).
3. Bright-line spectrum- emitted by a hot gas is under low pressure. (ex gas tube or a nebula cloud –
Orion nebula)
What produces a bright-line spectrum? ___________________________
What produces a dark-line spectrum? ___________________________
What produces a continuous spectrum? ___________________________
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Directions:
1. View each of the light sources with the spectra-scope and draw the spectrum below.
2. Determine the spectra type. (C= Continuous, B= Bright Line, D= Dark line)
3. Determine the wavelength (Å) of the brightest color. 1Å=1 Angstrom=10-10m
O
4. Calculate the Temperature in K
3 X107
TEMP (O K) =
Wave length of Brightest color
PART 1
Light Source
Violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
4000Å 4500 Å 5000 Å 5500 Å 6000 Å 6500 Å 7000 Å
4
:
5
:
6
:
7
Spectra
type
(C,B,D)
Color of
brightest
wave
length
Temp.
O
K
fluorescentclass
Overhead
projector
Reflected-sun
1. What types of spectra did you observe?
2. What light source was the most difficult to observe?
PART 2
Light Source
Violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
4000 Å 4500 Å 5000 Å 5500 Å 6000 Å 6500 Å 7000 Å
4
:
5
:
6
:
7
Spectrum
Type (bright line/ dark
line/continuous)
Hydrogen
Helium
Mercury
Neon
3. Which is the main gas in stars?
PART 3
Chemical
Color of Flame
Lithium Chloride
Strontium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Copper Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate
4. What is spectra? How did Newton discover light spectra? (pg. 14- blue book)
5. What type of spectrum did you see for the gas tubes? Why? Pg 15
6. What instrument is used to view and analyze spectra?
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
H-R Diagram Lab
Objective: Investigate the relationship between stars temperature, brightness and diameter.
Background: The H-R diagram is a graph of star brightness vs. star temperature. When stars
are plotted on an HR diagram they fall into groups. These groupings indicate star sizes and are
clues to how the stars change during their lifetime.
Quad 3
Quad 1
Procedure:
Part A:
Quad 2
Quad 4
1. Color the graph (See diagram in textbook: p 554)
2. Label each quadrant of the graph with one of the following:
. Hot, Dim
c. Cool, Bright
d. Cool, Dim
a. Hot, Bright
Part B:
1. Using the graph below, plot the stars from Group 1.
2. Once you have plotted the stars from Group 1, answer the Groups questions
Part C:
1. Using the same graph, plot the stars from Group 2.
2. Once you have plotted the stars from Group 2, answer the Groups 2 questions.
Part D:
1. Using the same graph, plot the stars from Group 3.
2. Once you have plotted the stars from Group 3, answer the Group 3 questions.
-15
-10
10,000
6,000
8
3,000
Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
Questions
Group 1 Questions:
1. What would you tell someone who thinks that all stars are the same (discuss temperature &
brightness)?
2. How does our sun compare to other stars in brightness and temperature?
3. Are the stars scattered randomly on the graph, or is there a pattern? Explain.
4. Would you expect hotter stars to be dim or bright? Does the graph agree with this answer?
Group 2 Questions:
1. Do the Group 2 stars follow the same pattern as the Group 1 stars that you plotted? Explain.
2. Overall, are the stars in Group 2 very bright or very dim?
3. Are these stars hot or cool compared to other stars?
4. Is the relationship of brightness to temperature for these stars puzzling, or does it make sense?
Explain
Group 3 Questions:
1. Compare the areas of the graph where the Group 2 and Group 3 stars are plotted. How are they
different?
2. Overall, are the stars in Group 3 very bright or very dim?
3. Are these stars hot or cool compared to other stars?
4. Is the relationship of brightness to temperature for these stars puzzling, or does it make sense?
Explain
Conclusions:
1. As you can see from the Group 1 stars, the hotter a star is, the brighter it will be. The Group 2 and
Group 3 stars do not follow this pattern. Hence, there must be something besides temperature that can
affect how bright a star is. Why would their brightness not be strictly related to their temperature?
2. What is the "Main Sequence?"
3. Label the Main Sequence on your H-R Diagram.
4. What percent of all stars are on the Main Sequence?
5. Label "dwarfs" and "giants" on your H-R Diagram.
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
THE LIFE OF A STAR
http://davinci.hollandchristian.org/fs/unit3/STARCYCLE/*STARCYCLE.HTM
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Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Per ______ Teacher _____________________
The Life Cycle of Different Mass Stars
BLACKHOLES
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