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Acronyms and abbreviations DECCDepartment of Environment and Climate Change NSW AAQ NEPMNational Environment Protection Measure for Ambient Air Quality DEWHADepartment of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Cwlth) ABAREAustralian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics DIIDepartment of Industry and Investment ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AHIP Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit DLWCDepartment of Land and Water Conservation (NSW) AIG Australian Industry Group ALMFAboriginal Land Management Framework ANZECCAustralian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand AusRivAS Australian River Assessment System BASIX Building Sustainability Index BioBankingBiodiversity Banking and Offsets Scheme BITREBureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics DoH NSW Health DoP Department of Planning (NSW) DPIDepartment of Primary Industries (NSW) (now DII) DPSIRDriving Forces-Pressure-StateImpact-Response DWEDepartment of Water and Energy (NSW) EC electrical conductivity EEA European Environment Agency EHC Act E nvironmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act 1985 ENSO El Niño – Southern Oscillation (Index) EPAEnvironment Protection Authority (NSW) BoM Bureau of Meteorology BRO Better Regulation Office EPHCEnvironment Protection and Heritage Council C&D construction and demolition (waste) EPI Environmental Performance Index C&I commercial and industrial (waste) ERA Extended Regulated Area (waste) CAP catchment action plan ESI Environmental Sustainability Index ETS emissions trading scheme FM Act Fisheries Management Act 1994 FMZ Forest Management Zone FSANZ Food Standards Australia New Zealand GGAS Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme GMO genetically modified organism CARcomprehensive, adequate and representative (reserve system planning) CCAP Climate Change Action Plan CCF Climate Change Fund CEI Clean Energy Initiative CLM Act ontaminated Land Management C Act 1997 CMA catchment management authority COAG Council of Australian Governments CPI Consumer Price Index CSIROCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DCCDepartment of Climate Change (Cwlth) DECDepartment of Environment and Conservation NSW 300 DECCWDepartment of Environment, Climate Change and Water (formerly DECC) NSW State of the Environment 2009 GMRGreater Metropolitan Region (see also Glossary entries) GSP gross state product HES Household Expenditure Survey HHT Historic Houses Trust of NSW HWC Hunter Water Corporation IBRAInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia IMCRAInterim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia OECDOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development IPA PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAS priorities action statement PCB polychlorinated biphenyl Indigenous Protected Area IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO International Standards Organisation IUCNInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature PMSEICPrime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council PVP property vegetation plan REP regional environmental plan RFS Rural Fire Service (NSW) RIS regulatory impact statement RTA Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW SCA Sydney Catchment Authority SD statistical division SEPP state environmental planning policy SLA statistical local area SLATS Statewide Land and Tree Survey SMA Sydney Metropolitan Area (waste) SMU soil monitoring unit SRA Sustainable Rivers Audit SSD statistical subdivision STA State Transit Authority (NSW) NEPCNational Environment Protection Council SWC Sydney Water Corporation TAP threat abatement plan NEPMNational Environment Protection Measure TSC Act T hreatened Species Conservation Act 1995 NHMRCNational Health and Medical Research Council TSR travelling stock route KTP key threatening process Landsat Land and Earth Observation Satellite LBL load-based licensing LEP local environmental plan LGA local government area LWU local water utility MDBC Murray–Darling Basin Commission MDBMCMurray–Darling Basin Ministerial Council MER Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting MIL monitoring investigation levels MPA Marine Parks Authority (NSW) MRL maximum residue limit NABERSNational Australian Built Environment Rating System NLWRANational Land and Water Resources Audit NPWSNational Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW) UNESCOUnited Nations Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organization UV-Bultraviolet radiation in the 280–320 nm wavelength band NRA Non-Regulated Areas (waste) VASTvegetation assets, states and transitions NRC Natural Resources Commission VKT vehicle kilometres travelled NRM natural resource management VOC volatile organic compound NRMMCNatural Resource Management Ministerial Council VR1Stage 1 vapour recovery (motor vehicle emissions) NRSNational Reserve System (Biodiversity chapter) VR2Stage 2 vapour recovery (motor vehicle emissions) NRSNational Residue Survey (Land chapter) WCEDWorld Commission on Environment and Development NSWTI NSW Transport and Infrastructure WHO NV Act Native Vegetation Act 2003 NWI National Water Initiative WRAPPWaste Reduction and Purchasing Policy World Health Organization Acronyms and abbreviations 301 Units 302 (10–6) MWh megawatt-hour N nitrogen NO2 nitrogen dioxide µ micro µg microgram (10–6 grams) NOx oxides of nitrogen µg/L micrograms per litre O3 ozone µg/m3 micrograms per cubic metre P phosphorus µm micrometre pH measure of acidity or alkalinity cm centimetre PJ petajoule (1015 joules) cm/y centimetres per year PM particulate matter CO2 carbon dioxide CO2-e carbon dioxide equivalent units PM10particulate matter less than 10 micrometres EC electrical conductivity GL gigalitres (109 litres) GL/y gigalitres per year GWh gigawatt-hour ha hectare ha/y hectares per year kg kilogram kg/y kilograms per year km kilometre km/h kilometres per hour km2 square kilometres kWh kilowatt-hour L litre L/s litres per second m metre m3 cubic metre mg milligram (10–3 grams) mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg/L milligrams per litre ML megalitre (106 litres) mL millilitre (10–3 litres) ML/d megalitres per day ML/y megalitres per year mm millimetre Mt megatonne (106 tonnes) MW megawatt (106 watts) NSW State of the Environment 2009 PM2.5particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometres ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million SO2 sulfur dioxide t tonne t/ha tonnes per hectare t/ha/y tonnes per hectare per year t/y tonnes per year y year Glossary biota: collectively, the plants, microorganisms and animals of a region acid sulfate soils: a mix of low-lying coastal clays and sands that contain sulfur-bearing compounds at concentrations above 0.05% in clays and 0.01% in sands bloom: dense and visible growth of organisms (algae or other phytoplankton) in water, resulting from proliferation caused by increased nutrients (such as phosphorus), possibly toxic and generally resulting in reduced oxygen in the water acidification: a reduction in pH (increase in acidity) in soil or water adaptation: (biology) a physical, physiological or behavioural pattern that enables an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions and improves its chances of surviving and reproducing adaptive environmental water: water that is committed to the environment through the conditions on water access licences adaptive management: a systematic process for continually improving management policies and practices by learning from the outcomes of operational or monitoring programs air toxics: gaseous, aerosol or particulate contaminants present in ambient air in trace amounts with characteristics (toxicity, persistence) which make them a hazard to human health, plant and animal life alluvium: clay, silt, sand, gravel or similar material deposited by running water, especially during recent geological time anthropogenic: produced or caused by human activity aquaculture: cultivation of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs and plants in fresh or salt water aquifer: rocks and porous sediments which hold and yield groundwater ballast water: water carried in tanks to maintain stability when a ship is lightly loaded and normally discharged to the sea when the ship is loaded with cargo baseflow: see recharge benthic: bottom-dwelling; usually refers to organisms living on the substrate at the bottom of a water body biodiversity: the variety of all life forms: the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems they form biological control: use of organisms (predators, herbivores, parasites and disease-producing organisms) to control pests and weeds biomass: the total mass of living material occupying a specific part, or the whole of, an ecosystem at a given time blue-green algae: members of the cyanobacteria (or Cyanophyta), characterised by blue-green pigmentation and a lack of cellular organisation buffer: an area of land separating two conflicting activities or land uses bycatch: species taken incidentally in a fishery along with the target species; often discarded chain volume measures: estimates of real growth obtained by factoring in changing price relativities from year to year climate variation: long-term change in the patterns of average weather of a region or the Earth as a whole climate-corrected potable water consumption: a model of water demand that adjusts actual demand where weather conditions (temperature, rainfall and an evaporation index) are significantly above or below average for that period of the year; such models do not normally remove the seasonal variations in demand CO2-equivalent (CO2-e): a metric measure used to compare the global warming potential (GWP) of various greenhouse gases relative to the concentration of CO2 (which is defined as having a GWP of 1). For example, methane is 21 times more effective than CO2 at heating the atmosphere and therefore has a GWP of 21; thus five tonnes of methane is equivalent to 5 × 21 = 105 tonnes of CO2. cogeneration: the production of two useful forms of energy, such as high-temperature heat and electricity, from the same process. For example, while boiling water to generate electricity, the low-pressure unused steam can be sold for industrial processes or space heating. cold water pollution: the discharge of cold water from water storages into rivers or water bodies at temperatures and in quantities that may be detrimental to the local or downstream environment Consumer Price Index: an Australian Bureau of Statistics index that measures quarterly changes in the price of a ‘basket’ of standard goods and services Country: (Aboriginal) the term used to describe both the land and waters, including the sea, to which Aboriginal people have a cultural connection covenant: pledge in formal agreement; to lay down as a condition before signing Glossary 303 cyanobacteria: see blue-green algae diffuse source pollution: also known as non-point source pollution, usually refers to multiple small sources of pollution spread over a wide area; see also point source pollution dinoflagellate: member of the algal division Dinophyta, a group of single-celled algae whose cells are surrounded by a rigid, sculptured wall and transported by two flagella; a major part of marine and freshwater plankton discharge: (hydrology) volume of water transported per unit time; (pollution) something that is released or unloaded disturbance: (ecology) any discrete event in time which disrupts ecosystem structure and resource availability diversion: volume of water taken from a stream or aquifer on a sustained basis to supply water for rural, urban and industrial use; includes diversions undertaken by a water authority, private company or a group of individuals authorised to act as a water supply authority ecological community: an aggregation of organisms characterised by a distinctive combination of two or more ecologically related species ecological footprint: a measure of the impact of direct and indirect consumption of resources and production of wastes ecosystem processes: the numerous interactions between different components (both living and non-living) of an ecosystem that support the biological elements of the system, including the storage and cycling of energy, nutrients and minerals; predation and competition; disturbance; weathering; and succession ecosystem services: any functions provided by an ecosystem that benefit humankind, such as the provision of clean air and water, the maintenance of soil fertility and the removal of wastes ecosystem: a functional system which includes communities of living organisms and their associated physical, non-living environment, which interact to form an ecological unit, such as a tidal rock pool, wetland or forest 304 electrical conductivity (EC): a measure of charged particles in water used to estimate salinity emerging invasive species: a newly established species whose distribution and abundance is expanding emission intensity: a measure of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of input or output emissions trading: a scheme to provide for marketbased allocation of discharge opportunities; the environmental regulator first determines total acceptable emissions and then divides this total into tradeable units (often called credits or permits); these units are then allocated to scheme participants emissions: gaseous or liquid discharge, or noise given out by a source endangered species: species or ecological communities likely to become extinct unless action is taken to remove the factors that threaten their survival environmental flows: flows of water (by volume and season) necessary to maintain aquatic biota and ecosystem processes erosion: the loosening and transportation of soil, chiefly by wind and running water estuary: the transition zone between freshwater and marine environments where rivers and creeks meet the sea eutrophication: the over-enrichment of a body of water with nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, resulting in excessive growth of some plants and algae and the subsequent depletion of dissolved oxygen e-waste: used (‘end-of-life’) electrical and electronic equipment, commonly composed of many component materials that are difficult and expensive to separate before they can be reused. Many of these materials, such as copper and gold, are valuable non-renewable resources; others, such as heavy metals, carbon black and brominated-flame retardants, are hazardous. exceedence: occasion on which results are greater than a limit, goal or standard exotic: a plant or animal that has been introduced to a region in which it does not naturally occur effluent: any discharge, but especially water discharged after treatment in a sewage treatment plant extraction: taking water from a water body or aquifer for use (also called abstraction) El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO): a natural oscillation in the state of the ocean–atmosphere system that leads to substantial changes in atmospheric circulation throughout the Asia–Pacific region and generally drier conditions in eastern Australia faecal coliform bacteria: a group of bacteria found in animal (including human) intestines and used as an indicator of the sanitary quality of water NSW State of the Environment 2009 fishing effort: the amount of fishing gear used in a fishery over a unit of time, essentially fishing capacity times fishing activity floodplain: relatively flat valley floor subject to inundation by the overflow of an adjacent river green tape: the ‘red tape’ associated with environmental regulation food web: a network describing the feeding interactions of the species in an area greenhouse effect: the natural trapping of heat, reflected from the Earth’s surface, by certain gases in the atmosphere fossil fuel: any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas fragmentation: the division of continuous habitat by vegetation clearance for human land-use activities, which isolates the remnant patches of vegetation and the species within them, and limits genetic flow between populations full fuel cycle: emissions resulting from end use plus those resulting from feed stock extraction and refining, power generation and energy distribution global financial crisis: the crisis affecting economies around the world, caused by the collapse of the subprime market in the USA in 2008 global warming: the expected rise in global temperatures caused by an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases mostly emitted as a result of human activity Great Artesian Basin: an enormous store of underground water underlying much of the drier regions of eastern Australia greater metropolitan area (GMA): the area of greater Sydney defined under the Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2002 and comprising the: (a) Central Coast Metropolitan Area (b) Newcastle Metropolitan Area (c) Sydney Metropolitan Area (d) Wollongong Metropolitan Area (e)local government areas of Blue Mountains, Cessnock, Kiama, Lithgow, Maitland, Mid-Western Regional, Muswellbrook, Port Stephens, Shoalhaven, Singleton, Wingecarribee and Wollondilly greater metropolitan region (GMR1): the area of greater Sydney defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics comprising all statistical local areas and local government areas in the Sydney Statistical Division, Newcastle Statistical Subdivision, and Wollongong Statistical Subdivision greater metropolitan region (GMR2): comprising the Sydney, Illawarra and lower Hunter regions greater metropolitan region (GMR3): (Air Emissions Inventory) the area of NSW having Australian Map Grid (AMG) coordinates at the south-west corner at Easting: 210000, Northing: 6159000, Zone 56 and north-east corner at Easting: 420000, Northing: 6432000, Zone 56 greenhouse gases: atmospheric gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapour, which trap heat reflected from the Earth’s surface gross domestic product (GDP): the total market value of all final goods and services produced for money in a nation within a given period of time, after deducting the cost of goods and services used in the process of production, but before depreciation gross state product (GSP): the GDP of a state groundwater dependent ecosystems: ecosystems that are wholly or partially dependent on groundwater for their survival groundwater management areas (GMAs): zones within groundwater provinces; may be linked hydrologically (mutually dependent aquifer systems) or independent; they are locations where management measures may be needed to control groundwater extraction and reduce the risk of depletion groundwater: all subsurface water, especially the part that is in the zone of saturation habitat: defined in the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 as an area or areas occupied, or periodically or occasionally occupied, by a species, population or ecological community, including any biotic or abiotic component hazard reduction burning: the deliberate burning of the understorey by controlled fire kept at cooler temperatures, usually in winter, to reduce ground fuel; part of forest management to reduce the incidence of summer wildfires thereby preventing damage to property and wildlife (also called ‘prescribed burning’) herbivore: an animal that consumes plants only household: a social unit comprised of those living together in the same dwelling place hydrology: the science of water; its occurrence, circulation, distribution, properties and reaction with the environment Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): a coupled oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon in the Indian Ocean that affects Australia’s climate indicator: a measurable item or unit used to monitor and report changes Glossary 305 infrastructure: the system of essential services, utilities and public and community facilities necessary to enable human communities to function mosaic: (vegetation) a combination of distinct vegetation types within a spatial unit that cannot be discriminated by the mapping techniques employed intertidal: between the levels of low and high tide; see also littoral zone natural resource management (NRM): the sustainable management of natural resources, including matters related to water, native vegetation, salinity, soil, biodiversity, coastal protection, marine environments and forestry invasive species: a plant or animal that has been introduced into a region in which it does not naturally occur and that becomes established and spreads at the expense of naturally occurring species invertebrates: animals without backbones, such as insects, worms, snails, mussels, prawns and cuttlefish land capability: a classification system for rural land, which delineates the ability of the land to remain productive under particular land uses likely: indicates that there is a greater than 66% probability of occurrence, based on the definitions in IPCC 2007a and DECCW in prep. littoral rainforest: rainforest found next to, and influenced by, the sea, especially adapted to salt and wind littoral zone: the specific zone of the sea floor lying between low tide and high tide (also known as the ‘intertidal zone’) load-based licensing (LBL): a pollution control system where licence fees are linked to emission levels local environmental plan (LEP): a plan to guide local government land-use planning decisions through zoning and development controls long-term average extraction limit: the level of groundwater that can be extracted from an aquifer sustainably on an annual basis low-carbon economy: an economy that has minimal output of greenhouse gases macroinvertebrate: an invertebrate visible to the naked eye, having a body length exceeding 1 millimetre mangrove: a plant (belonging to any of a wide range of species, mainly trees and shrubs) that grows in sediment regularly inundated by seawater, or a community (forest, woodland, shrubland) of such plants methane: a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas, lighter than air, which reacts violently with chlorine and bromine in sunlight microorganism: a microscopic organism, including bacteria, protozoans, yeast, viruses and algae minimum fire interval: (ecology) the minimum interval between fires for specified vegetation formations to maintain biodiversity more likely than not: indicates that there is a greater than 50% probability of occurrence, based on the definitions in IPCC 2007a and DECCW in prep. 306 NSW State of the Environment 2009 naturalised: introduced species which have become established new invasive species: any introduced species that has not been recorded previously and whose impacts are likely to be significant or a species that has previously been recorded and has since exhibited invasiveness non-woody vegetation: vegetation formations that are less than two metres high or with less than 20% canopy cover (mainly grasslands, arid shrublands and woodlands) nursery: (ecology) a relatively sheltered area of habitat suitable for the early growth and development of juvenile fish out-gassing (also ‘off-gassing’): the slow release of a gas from a solid material, such as by evaporation, desorption or chemical alteration ozone: a gas made of three oxygen atoms, occurring naturally in the stratosphere where it protects life on Earth from harmful levels of solar ultraviolet radiation; ozone in the troposphere is due to anthropogenic emissions and is a major component of photochemical smog pathogen: a disease-causing organism perennial: a plant that lives for more than one year, dying back seasonally and producing new growth each year phytoplankton: microscopic drifting aquatic plants (mainly algae) plankton: microscopic drifting aquatic plants or animals planned environmental water: water that is committed to the environment through environmental flow rules in water sharing plans point source pollution: a source of pollution that can be pinpointed, such as a pipe outlet or chimney stack; see also diffuse source pollution) potential acid sulfate soils: soils generally found less than five metres above sea level that produce sulfuric acid when drained; the acid can affect groundwater and surface waters, with impacts on urban areas, farming productivity, plants and animals prescribed burning: see hazard reduction burning productivity: (biology) the rate of accumulation of organic material in an ecosystem sequestration: the long-term storage of carbon dioxide projection: (climate change) model-derived estimates of climate change sewage: waste matter discharged to a sewerage system radiation: the emission and propagation of waves or particles transmitting energy through space or through some medium; when unqualified, usually refers to electromagnetic radiation sewerage: works for collecting, treating and disposing of sewage Ramsar convention: common name for the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971 Ramsar wetland: a wetland classified as internationally important under the Ramsar convention recharge: the process whereby surface water from rain, irrigation or streams infiltrates into groundwater; the amount of water added to or absorbed into a groundwater system; or groundwater that feeds surface waters (also known as ‘baseflow’) regulated rivers: (NSW) those rivers proclaimed under the Water Act 1912 as having their flows controlled by the major dams; ‘regulated’ means that flows along the length of these rivers are controlled by releases from major dams to meet the needs of licensed users; (hydrology) rivers affected by major dams, weirs, canalisation and water transfers remnant: (ecology) a small, fragmented portion of a vegetation type that once covered an area before being cleared remote sensing: a means of acquiring information using airborne equipment and techniques to determine the characteristics of an area, commonly using aerial photographs from aircraft and images from satellites riparian zone: situated on or belonging to a river or a stream bank riparian: occurring on or adjacent to a river, stream or other waterway runoff: water that flows across the land surface and does not soak into the ground; it can be a major agent of soil erosion and carry pollutants salinity: the level of dissolved salts in soil or water sclerophyll: vegetation type consisting of plants with hard, short and often spiky leaves, adapted to the low-phosphorus soil conditions often found in Australia sedimentation: deposition of material of varying size, both mineral and organic, away from its origin by the action of water, wind, gravity or ice species diversity: a measure of the number of individuals and their relative abundance in an area species: a group of organisms which are biologically capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring state environmental planning policy (SEPP): policy prepared under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979; examples include policies for managing urban bushland, coastal wetlands, littoral rainforest, hazardous developments and cattle feedlots stormwater: the runoff from rainfall in urban areas stratification: (hydrology) the formation of more-orless distinct layers in a body of water having differing characteristics, such as temperature or salinity subtidal: below low-water level suspended sediments: see suspended solids suspended solids: any solid substances present in water in an undissolved state, usually contributing directly to turbidity sustainability: environmentally sound resource use; use that does not degrade ecosystems or affect the quality of the resource Sydney Statistical Division (SSD): defined by the ABS as the area bounded by Gosford and Wyong, Hawkesbury and Blue Mountains, Campbelltown, Wollondilly and Sutherland local government areas temperature anomaly: the difference between an annual average temperature and the climatological average, which by World Meteorological Organization convention is the average over 1961–90 threatened species: a species facing one or more threatening processes, such as extensive destruction of habitat, that may jeopardise its survival, abundance or evolutionary development in the wild threatening process: a process that threatens, or may have the capability to threaten, the survival or evolutionary development of species, populations or ecological communities tipping points: (climate change) thresholds where a relatively slight rise in the Earth’s temperature can result in more dramatic changes to climate systems Glossary 307 toxins: any of various poisoning substances that are specific products of the metabolic activities of living organisms translocated native species: a plant or animal that occurs naturally in some part of Australia but has been introduced to another region in which it does not naturally occur transpiration: the loss of water by evaporation from the leaves of plants turbidity: a measure of the amount of suspended solids (usually fine clay or silt particles) in water and thus the degree of scattering or absorption of light in the water unregulated rivers: rivers in NSW that do not have major storages and those with storages that do not release water downstream; (hydrology) rivers without major dams or regulating structures; see also regulated rivers upwelling: divergence of water currents or the movement of warm surface water away from land leading to a ‘welling up’ of deeper water that is commonly richer in nutrients, with the combination of nutrients and warmth leading to abundant plant algal growth vehicle kilometres travelled: a function of the number of motor vehicles on the road and the average distance travelled by each vehicle very likely: indicates that there is a greater than 90% probability of occurrence, based on the definitions in IPCC 2007a and DECCW in prep. virtually certain: indicates that there is a greater than 99% probability of occurrence, based on the definitions in IPCC 2007a and DECCW in prep. vulnerable species: species that may become endangered if causal factors (habitat destruction, overexploitation and other environmental disturbances) continue wetlands: land areas inundated either temporarily or permanently with shallow, slow-moving or stationary water, either fresh, brackish or saline widespread invasive species: an introduced species that is widely distributed wilderness: an area which, together with its plant and animal communities, is in a state that has not been substantially modified by humans, or that is capable of being restored to such a state, and is of sufficient size to make its maintenance in such a state feasible; it can provide opportunities for solitude and selfreliant recreation 308 NSW State of the Environment 2009 woodheaters: controlled, or ‘slow’, combustion heaters comprising an enclosed firebox, controlled under standards AS/NZS 4013 (1999) and AS/NZS 4012(1999); excludes outdoor fireplaces and heaters such as chimineas woody vegetation: vegetation formations (mainly woodlands and forests) that are over two metres high and with more than 20% canopy cover; also known as detectable native forest