Download The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5

Aggressors Invade Nations
Chapter 12, Section 5
Chapter 13, Sections 3-5
Chapter 14, Section 1
Objectives
 By the end of this PowerPoint you will be
able to:
– Describe Japan’s attempts to build an empire.
– Trace the moves of European Fascists in
seeking world power.
– Summarize why British and French
appeasement and American isolationism failed
to stop Fascist aggression.
12.5 Conflicting Forces in Japan
Essential Question: How did Japan change in
the 1920s and 1930s?
Kobe, Japan in the 1880s
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Kobe, Japan in the 1920s
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Japan on the Rise in the 1920s
Through policies of democratization and limited foreign expansion, along
with the enjoyed peace and economic well-being, Japan’s economy grew
until an earthquake hit Tokyo in 1923 and government corruption led to
protests.
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Emperor Hirohito:
The Head of State
Japan
Empire (dictatorship)
1926-1989
Rise to Power
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Write in a detailed description of the dictator’s rise to power. What
family, social, and/or economic crises might have influenced his actions?
In 1921 he visited Europe, becoming the first Japanese crown prince to
travel abroad. Upon his return he was named prince regent when his father,
the emperor Taishō, retired because of mental illness. In 1924 he married
the princess Nagako Kuni.
Hirohito became emperor of Japan on Dec. 25, 1926, following the death
of his father.
He broke the precedent of imperial silence on Aug. 15, 1945, when he
made a national radio broadcast to announce Japan’s acceptance of the
Allies’ terms of surrender. In a second historic broadcast, made on Jan. 1,
1946, Hirohito repudiated the traditional quasi-divine status of Japan’s
emperors
He was the longest-reigning monarch in Japan’s history.
His reign was designated Shōwa, or “Enlightened Peace.”
Wearing a sokutai in 1926 at his
enthronement ceremony.
Hirohito, 1939
Political Influence
• He came to power as next in line to the
throne of the oldest remaining dynasty in
the world
• His people thought he was descended from
a god.
• He wanted to establish a New Order in
Asia led by the Japanese Empire.
Political Influence
•The Japanese constitution invested him with
supreme authority, but in practice he merely ratified
the policies that were formulated by his ministers
and advisers.
•Many historians have asserted that Hirohito had
grave misgivings about war with the United States
and was opposed to Japan’s alliance with
Germany and Italy but that he was powerless to
resist the militarists who dominated the armed
forces and the government. Other historians assert
that Hirohito might have been involved in the
planning of Japan’s expansionist policies from
1931 to World War II.
People’s Rights
• A League of Nations committee recommended in October
1932 that Japanese troops be withdrawn, Chinese
sovereignty restored, and a large measure of autonomy
granted to Manchuria. The League called upon member
states to withhold recognition from the new puppet state.
Japan’s response was to formally withdraw from the
world body in 1933.
• On July 7, 1937, Japanese troops engaged Chinese units at
the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing, leading to warfare
between China and Japan. Japanese armies took Nanking,
Han-k’ou (Hankow), and Canton despite vigorous Chinese
resistance; Nanking was brutally pillaged by Japanese
troops
People’s Rights
A national-mobilization law (1938) gave the Konoe
government sweeping economic and political powers,
and in 1940, under the second Konoe cabinet, the
Imperial Rule Assistance Association was established
to merge the political parties into one central
organization; yet, the institutional structure of the Meiji
constitution was never altered, and the wartime
governments never achieved full control over
interservice competition. The Imperial Rule Assistance
Association failed to mobilize all segments of national
life around a leader. The emperor remained a symbol,
albeit an increasingly military one, and no führer could
compete without endangering the national polity.
Timeline
• 1931: Invasion of China
• Sept. 27, 1940: Tripartite, or Axis Pact negotiated by
Japanese foreign minister Matsuoka Yosuke, the pact
pledged its signatories to come to one another’s help
in the event of an attack “by a power not already
engaged in war.”
• April 13, 1941: Japan concluded a neutrality pact
with the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)
• December 7 (December 8 by Japanese time) 1941: a
surprise attack on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet in its
base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands
USS Missouri
August 14
(August 15 in
Japan): The
Pacific war came
to an end. The
formal surrender
was signed on
September 2 in
Tokyo Bay
aboard the
battleship USS
Missouri.
Actions that led to WWII
 Began World War II in Asia when he
invaded China in 1931.
 The Pearl Harbor attack, unannounced
beforehand by the Japanese as it was,
unified the American public and swept
away any remaining support for American
neutrality in the war. On December 8 the
U.S. Congress declared war on Japan with
only one dissenting vote.
The Nationalist Reaction
• When the Great Depression hit in 1929, Japanese exports
fell and its people suffered.
• Ultranationalists seized the moment to demand renewed
expansion for land and natural resources.
• In 1931, Japanese army officers provoked an incident that
led to the invasion of Manchuria (The Mukden Incident).
• September 18, 1931 an explosion destroyed a section of
railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese owned
the railway.
•
The U.S. issued the Stimson Doctrine stating that the United States would not
recognize any agreements between the Japanese and Chinese that limited free
commercial intercourse in the region
• Japan withdrew from the League of Nations when this act
was condemned.
The actual damage was small enough that a train
drove over the rails with no difficulties the same
day.
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Japan’s Expanding Empire
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Japan Seeks an Empire
Militarists in Power
• To alleviate a struggle with ultranationalists, the
Japanese government suppressed most democratic
freedoms and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito.
• Militarists wanted to solve the country’s economic
problems through foreign expansion.
• The goal of the conquest of China was renewed.
The Japanese killed tens of thousands of soldiers
and civilians during the Rape of Nanjing (1937)
when the Chinese capital of Nanjing fell to
Japanese invaders.
• During World War II, Japan allied with Germany
and Italy and spread the war into the Pacific region.
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Rape of Nanjing
 "The bodies in the
villages, piled up in tens
or hundreds, laid in
ditches, ponds, fields or
among haystacks. The
horror of the scenes is
hard to describe.
Especially women..., their
faces were dark, teeth
fell, cheeks broken, blood
in their mouth, their
breasts had been cut off,
chest and abdomen had
been pierced through,
intestines dragged on the
ground, lower abdomens
had been kicked at, their
bodies had been
bayoneted randomly."
Rape of Nanjing
"December 14th,
noon, Japanese
soldiers broke into
a house in JianYin
street, they
kidnapped four
girls, raped them
for two hours.”
Rape of Nanjing
Rape of Nanjing
Rape of Nanjing
Nationalism and Revolution Around the World: Section 5
 Color Transparency 167: Japanese Military Build-Up, 19291941
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 Note Taking Transparency 165
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Chapter 13, Section 3
Essential Question:
– How and why did fascism
rise in Italy?
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
 Italian nationalists, led by Benito
Mussolini, felt betrayed by the government
and the Allies from World War I. They
revolted and became powerful through
terror. These Fascists, as they were known,
were finally handed the reins of
government by the king in order to avoid a
civil war.
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Mussolini’s Rule and the Nature of Fascism
The Nature of Fascism
Mussolini’s Rule
 Fascism glorified action,
 Although Italy was
violence, discipline, and
officially a parliamentary
blind loyalty to the state.
monarchy, under Mussolini,
They pursued foreign
it became a dictatorship. He
expansion through warfare.
used propaganda and terror
They distrusted reason and
to control the people. The
used emotion to their
Fascists wanted everyone to
advantage. The state was
live and work only for the
all.
state.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 3
 Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini
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Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia
 October 1935- Mussolini
takes Ethiopia.
 Mussolini’s army was
stronger than Ethiopia's.
 Ethiopian emperor asked
the League of Nations for
help.
– Condemned the attacks,
did nothing.
 Britain allowed Italian
Troops through the Suez
Canal.
– Hoped to keep peace in
Europe.
Benito Mussolini
 Created the Fascist Party in
1919
 Came to power when he
forced his appointment as
Prime Minister
 Ruled Italy from 1922 until
1944
 Became involved in WWII
when he invaded Ethiopia
Wanted to restore Italy
and then allied with Germany
to the glory days of
the Roman Empire
Looking Ahead
 Democracy, Communism, and Fascism
competed for influence in postwar Europe.
Fascism was on the fast track during the
Great Depression.
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Chapter 13, Section 4
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
 Essential Question: How did Stalin
transform the Soviet Union into a
totalitarian state?
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
A Totalitarian State
 In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin set up a
totalitarian state. He took away all free
market rights and made every enterprise
and farm state owned. This gave workers
little incentive to produce quality products
or extra food and the country struggled to
feed its people.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism
Communist Attempts to
Stalin’s Terror Tactics
Control Thought
 Stalin used propaganda to
 Stalin was ruthless
boost his popularity.
against anyone perceived
Posters, loudspeaker
as being disloyal. He set
announcements, and
up Gulags where people
newspaper articles extolled
would be sent to work
Communism. Books, music,
and he even took food
and other art forms that
away from farm families
were critical of Stalin were
in what was called the
censored. He also tried to
Terror Famine. The
replace religion with
country lost many of its
communist ideology.
best and brightest.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4
 Color Transparency 170: Gulag Prisoners, by Nikolai German
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The Rise of Totalitarianism
Soviet Society Under Stalin
 There was still a class order
under Communism, but this
one put party members at
the top. All others endured
shortages of food and
consumer goods, although
they did get free education
and health care, and women
were treated as equals to
men in the workplace.
Soviet Foreign Policy
 The Soviets encouraged
communist revolutions in
other countries through an
organization called
Comintern. This
organization supported
revolutionary groups
around the world and
created a “Red Scare” in
the United States.
Looking Ahead
 Stalin succeeded in making his country a
military superpower, but it was also home
to people with a much lower standard of
living than the rest of the developed world.
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 Note Taking Transparency 169
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4
 Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4
 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)
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Josef Stalin
•1920- 1953 – Led the Soviet Union
•Totalitarianism
Chapter 13, Section 5
Essential Question:
– How did Hitler and the Nazi
party establish and maintain a
totalitarian government in
Germany?
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
The Weimar Republic’s Rise and Fall
 The democratic government known as the
Weimar Republic suffered from the
competition of too many small parties and
economic disasters. Still, it was a prolific
time for artists, who stimulated new
movements, such as Dadaism.
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5
 Color Transparency 173: Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe,
1936
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Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
The Nazi Party’s Rise to
Power
The Third Reich Controls
Germany
 The Great Depression
and the feeling that the
Weimar government was
weak, led to the rise of
Adolf Hitler. He appealed
to veterans, workers, the
lower middle classes, and
business people with his
promises to rearm
Germany, create jobs,
and end reparations.
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 Hitler and the Nazis moved
quickly to change
Germany’s course. They
put people to work through
public works programs;
they terrorized dissenters;
they placed restrictions on
Jews, who were blamed for
Germany’s loss in World
War I; and they denounced
modern art and
Christianity.
The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5
 Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium
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Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe
 Just as in Germany, many nations in Eastern
Europe came under dictatorships. Ethnic and
religious conflicts rose in the new states of
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and elsewhere.
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 Note Taking Transparency 170
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5
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The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5
 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)
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Adolf Hitler
 Wrote the book Mein Kampf
– His blueprint for a new Europe,
and talked about the
extermination of all Jews.
 Came to power through free
elections
 Ruled Germany from 1933
until 1945
 Began WWII when he
invaded Poland September 1,
Believed in supreme
nature of the Aryan or
1939
Germanic races
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
Rhineland
 March 7, 1936- German
troops moved into the
Rhineland.
 The Treaty had
forbidden German
troops to go here.
 Britain urged
appeasement- giving in to
an aggressor to keep
peace.
 Hitler’s growing strength
convinced Mussolini that
he should seek an alliance
with Germany.
 Rome-Berlin Axis
The Axis Powers
Germany, Italy and Japan came to be called
the Axis Powers.
Keeping the Peace
Chapter 14, Section 1
 Essential Question: How did the Spanish
Civil War involve combatants from other
countries?
From Appeasement to War: Aggression Goes
Unchecked
 When the aggressive actions of dictators in Japan,
Germany, and Italy went virtually unchallenged, these
regimes grew bolder. The Western policy of appeasement
and widespread pacifism fed the ambitions of the three
countries, which formed a pact not to interfere in each
other’s expansion.
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Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact
 Stalin bargained with Britain and France as well
as Hitler.
 August 23, 1939- Germany and the Soviet Union make a
pact NEVER to attack each other  non-aggression pact.
World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1
 Color Transparency 174: Wonder How Long the Honeymoon
Will Last?
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Spain Collapses into Civil War
 When conservatives led by Francisco Franco revolted
against the new reformist government in Spain, a civil
war broke out that drew help from Germany, Italy, and
the Soviet Union. Franco’s rebels won, and he set up a
fascist dictatorship.
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Francisco
Franco
Spain’s Fascist Dictator
1939-1975
Francisco Franco
 In full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo
Teódulo Franco Bahamonde, by name El
Caudillo (“The Leader”) (b. December 4,
1892, El Ferrol, Spain—d. November 20,
1975, Madrid), general and leader of the
Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish
democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War
(1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the
government of Spain until 1973 and head of
state until his death in 1975.
Background
 Background: Spain becomes a republic in 14 April
1931 when King Alfonso XIII abdicates and goes into
exile. However, the country is unable to maintain any
political stability. A provisional administration is
replaced first by a republican left government in
October 1931 then a conservative government in
November 1933 and finally by the Popular Front, a
coalition of socialists and left republicans, in February
1936. Spanish conservatives become concerned that the
Popular Front will turn the country into a communist
state. The right-wing National Bloc openly appeals to
the military to save Spain. The military acts in July
1936, sparking the Spanish Civil War.
Background 1931
 Franco's career is halted when the leftist leaders of the
new Spanish republic (known as the Second Republic)
adopt a policy to reform the army.
 The leaders of the Second Republic introduce numerous
other reforms. Women are given the vote, the Catholic
Church is excluded from the education system and
divorce is legalized. Catalonia and the Basque provinces
are given some political autonomy. Land reform
measures seek to divide large estates in the south of the
country among local peasants.
 However, social conservatives view the reforms with
alarm; while the Spanish economy stagnates and
Spain collapses into Civil War
 When conservatives led by Francisco
Franco revolted against the new reformist
government in Spain, a civil war broke out
that drew help from Germany, Italy, and
the Soviet Union. Franco’s rebels won, and
he set up a fascist dictatorship.
Civil War Erupts in Spain
 Republicans overthrow
monarchy.
 1936- Fascist Francisco
Franco raises army to take
control of govt.
 Hitler & Mussolini send
troops, tanks, airplanes to
Franco’s troops 
NATIONALISTS.
 1939- Franco becomes
dictator.
Kill Tally
 Kill tally: Tens to hundreds of thousands.
One source says 500,000 killed in the Spanish
Civil War, another claims two million
executed alone. More sober estimates for
executions put the figure at 35,000 killed
either summarily or after a hasty court
martial. According to military historian
Antony Beevor, the figure for non-combatants
and surrendered troops killed by Franco's
Nationalists during the war "must exceed
100,000 and may be closer to 200,000."
1939
 1939 - Britain and France officially recognize Franco's regime
on 27 February.
 On 28 March the Nationalists take Madrid. The Civil War ends
on 1 April. Franco has won a complete and unconditional
victory. Up to 500,000 people are estimated to have died
during the conflict and much of Spain's infrastructure has been
ruined. The population is further depleted as between 250,000
and 500,000 Republican refugees stream out of the country to
find safety abroad.
 The new regime faces massive debt, owing 400 million
Reichsmarks to Germany and five billion lira to Italy alone.
 Now commander-in-chief of the armed forces, head of state,
and leader of the government, Franco quickly acts to impose
order, suppressing all those who present a potential threat to
the new regime. "The war is over," he declares, "But the
enemy is not dead.“
 A state of martial law remains in effect until 1948. Hundreds
of thousands of Republicans are imprisoned. Between 1939
and 1943 nearly 200,000 are summarily executed or killed.
Francisco Franco
 After he gained
power:
– Oppressed his
enemies
– Faced a starving
nation
Dictator of Spain:
1939-1975
German Aggression Continues
 Hitler annexed Austria and
Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland in his quest
to bring all German-speaking people in to
the Third Reich. Britain and France were
not willing to go to war over either move.
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Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace
 Britain and France wanted to avoid a war
b/c:
– They were both dealing w/economic troubles
– They were not over the horrors caused by
WWI
 United States remains isolationist- avoids
political ties/involvement w/other
countries.
– Banned loans and sale of arms to countries in
war.
The German Reich Expands
 November 5, 1937- Hitler announced that he
planned to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia
into the Third Reich- or German Empire.
 Prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles.
 March 1938- Hitler sent his army into Austria
and annexed it.
 Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia:
– Sudetenland residents did not give in easily.
So…What’s Next?
Europe Plunges Toward War
 When Germany seized the rest of Czechoslovakia, Britain
and France decided they would move to stop Hitler if he
attacked Poland. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made a pact
with Hitler that they would not interfere with each other
in annexing parts of Eastern Europe. Two days after
German forces invaded Poland, on September 3, 1939,
World War II began.
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•Severe economic Depression in U.S.
France and Britain
•G.B, U.S, and F remember WWI and
wish to keep peace
•Germany and Italy seek power –
move to conquer other nations
Appeasement – Giving in to a potential
enemy in order to keep peace
•G.B. and F. do not Stop G. and I.
•Munich Conference – F and B allow G
to take Sudetenland
•
•1935 Italy invades Ethiopia
•Germany invades Rhineland
•Germany annexes Austria and
claims Sudetenland
Isolationism – Policy of avoiding
political or economic ties to other
countries
•U.S. Congress wishes to stay out of
European Affairs, passes 3 Neutrality
acts in 1935
March 1939 – Germany occupies
Czechoslovakia, April Italy invades
Albania, Sept 1, Germany invades
Poland. Sept 3, G.B and F declare
war on Germany
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 Note Taking Transparency 171A
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 Note Taking Transparency 171B
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World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1
 Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Review
 Who is the leader of Germany?
 What is the party in power in Germany?
 Who is the leader of Italy?
 How did they gain power?
 What is fascism?
 What was Kristallnacht?