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13
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The Respiratory System
Study Guide
I. Concepts: Fill in the following sections with information from the text and lecture.
1. Respiratory System Anatomy:
2. Respiratory Physiology:
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3. Transport of Gasses in Blood:
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4. Control of Breathing:
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THE RESPIRATORY SYTESM:
Body cells require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen to carry out their activities. As cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide, a waste product that must be eliminated from the body. The circulatory and
respiratory systems are intimately involved in obtaining and delivering oxygen to body cells and in eliminating
carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the pulmonary
blood and the external environment (that is, external respiration). The respiratory system also plays an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Questions and activities in this chapter consider both
the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system structures.
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1.
Figure 13-1 is a sagittal view of the upper respiratory structures. First, correctly identify all structures provided
with leader lines on the figure. Then label the structures listed below.
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Paranasal sinuses
Cricoid cartilage
Figure 13-1
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Thyroid cartilage
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2. Figure 13-2 is a diagram of the larynx and associated structures. On the figure, identify each
of the structures listed below. Then answer the
questions following the diagram.
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage
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Figure 13-2
a. What are three functions of the larynx?
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b. What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
c. What type of cartilage forms the other eight laryngeal cartilages?
d. Explain this difference.
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e. What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage?
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3. Figure 13-3 shows a cross section through the trachea. Label the layers indicated by the leader lines.
Bio 5/6
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Figure 13-3
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a. What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea?
b. Of what importance is the fact that the cartilage rings are incomplete posteriorly?
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c. What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts, and in what activities might this action be very helpful?
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4. Figure 13-4 illustrates the gross anatomy of the lower respiratory system. Intact structures are shown on the
left; respiratory passages are shown on the right. Complete the figure by labeling the areas/structures that are
provided with leader lines on the figure. Be sure to include the following:
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pleural space, mediastinum, apex of right lung, diaphragm, clavicle, and the base of the right lung.
Trachea, Main bronchi, Secondary bronchi, Visceral pleura, Parietal pleura
Larynx, Intact lung
Figure 13-4
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5. Figure 13-5 illustrates the microscopic structure of the respiratory unit of lung tissue. The external anatomy is
shown in Figure 13-5A. Color the intact alveoli yellow, the pulmonary capillaries red, and the respiratory bronchioles green.
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A cross section through an alveolus is shown on Figure 13-5B, and a blowup of the respiratory membrane is
shown in Figure 13-5C. On these illustrations, color the alveolar epithelium yellow, the capillary endothelium pink,
and the red blood cells in the capillary red. Also, label the alveolar chamber and color it pale blue. Finally, in
Figure 13-5C label the region of the fused basement membranes. Then add the symbols for oxygen gas (O2)
and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the sites where they would be in higher concentration and arrows correctly
showing their direction of movement through the respiratory membrane.
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Figure 13-5
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6. Figure 13-6 is a diagram showing respiratory volumes. Complete the figure by making the following additions.
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a. Bracket the volume representing the vital capacity and color the area yellow; label it VC.
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b.
Add green stripes to the area representing the inspiratory reserve volume and label it IRV.
c.
Add red stripes to the area representing the expiratory reserve volume and label it ERV.
d. Identify and label the respiratory volume, which is now just yellow. Color the residual volume (RV) blue
and label it appropriately on the figure.
e.
Bracket and label the inspiratory capacity (IC).
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Figure 13-6
7. Fill in the missing terms.
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8. Fill in the missing terms.
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a. How does hemoglobin “know” when to release the oxygen it’s carrying?
b. What molecule, CO2 or O2, is most responsible for regulating the rate of breathing?
7. Match the terms in Column B with the pathologic conditions described in Column A.
Column A
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a. ________________________ Lack or cessation of breathing
b. ________________________ Normal breathing in terms of rate and depth
c. ________________________ Labored breathing, or "air hunger"
d. ________________________ Chronic oxygen deficiency
Column B
Apnea
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Dyspnea
Emphysema
Eupnea
Hypoxia
Lung cancer
Tuberculosis
e. ________________________ Condition characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and
an increase in size of the alveolar chambers
f. ________________________ Condition characterized by increased mucus production, which clogs respiratory passageways and promotes coughing
g. ________________________ Respiratory passageways narrowed by bronchiolar spasms
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h. ________________________ Together called COPD
i. ________________________ Incidence strongly associated with cigarette smoking; outlook is poor
j. ________________________ Infection spread by airborne bacteria; a recent alarming increase in drug users
and AIDS victims
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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8. Mrs. Jones gave birth prematurely to her first child. At birth, the baby weighed 2 lb. 8 oz. Within a few hours,
the baby had developed severe dyspnea and was becoming cyanotic. Therapy with a positive pressure ventilator
was prescribed. Answer the following questions related to the situation just described. Place your responses in
the space provided.
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a. The infant's condition is referred to as?
b. It occurs because of a relative lack of?
c. The function of the deficient substance is to?
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d. Explain what the positive pressure apparatus accomplishes.
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The Respiratory System
Crossword Puzzle
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1
3
4
2
5
6
7
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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Across
3. Breathing cessation.
8. Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid and between tissue fluid and cells.
9. A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity.
10. Opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.
13. The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible expiration after the deepest inspiration; total
exchangeable air.
14. Act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation.
15. One of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs.
16. Two-layered serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the external surface of the lung.
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1. Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin.
2. Breathing that is deeper and more vigorous, but with unchanged respiratory rate, as during exercise.
4. inflammation of the pleurae, making breathing painful.
5. Condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissues.
6. Elastic cartilage at the back of the throat; covers the opening of the larynx (glottis) during swallowing.
7. Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with a normal breath.
11. Secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration.
12. Difficult or labored breathing; air hunger.
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Functions
1.
major organs
of
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
13
5.
The Respiratory
System
9.
10.
6.
Events of
Respiration
11.
12.
mitochondria
26.
13.
14.
takes place at
two phases
exchange of
2 gasses
25.
15.
19.
16.
20.
21.
called
most carried in plasma
as
most is
transported by
hemoglobin
increase body temperature,
exercise, talking, coughing,
volition, emotional factors
22.
respiratory
control
for example
23.
neural
control
17.
18.
24.
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for
example
O2 and CO2
Levels