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American Life in the Roaring Twen3es Chapter 32 The Red Scare 1917 Bolshevik Revolu3on in Russia created fear in America Tiny Communist Party in US Laborers (unions) were lumped together with communists. 4 million workers involved in strikes in this period The Red Scare AKorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted the Palmer Raids which rounded up nearly 6,000 “communists”. Some 249 communists were sent back to Russia on the “Soviet Ark”-‐ S.O.S. The Red Scare The trial of Sacco and VanzeW was conducted in the height of the Red Scare and resulted in their being executed on ques3onable evidence. Prejudice judge/jury? Italians, atheists, anarchists, and dra^ dodgers. Case dragged on for 6 years The Rebirth of the KKK Rebirth was due to American culture transforming-‐ more diverse and modern Spread quickly through Midwest and “Bible Belt” South 5 million members during the mid 1920s Collapsed suddenly in late 1920s The Rebirth of the KKK An3 Foreign Catholic Black Jewish Pacifist Communist Interna3onalist An3-‐Evolu3onist Bootlegger Gambling Adultery Birth Control The Rebirth of the KKK Pro Anglo-‐Saxon ”Na3ve” Protestant (W.A.S.P.) Stemming the Foreign Flood 1920-‐1921: 800,000 European immigrants “100% Americans” Did not like this Emergency Quota Act of 1921-‐ limited the number of immigrants who could be admiKed from any country to 3% of the number of na3onality who had been living in the United States in 1910 Stemming the Foreign Flood Immigra6on Act of 1924, changed the 1921 act to 1890 census and changed the limit from 3% to 2%. Purpose-‐ to freeze America’s exis3ng racial composi3on-‐ which was largely N. European Closed to Japanese immigrants Exempt-‐ Canadians and La3n Americans Effects of Immigra3on Laws By 1931-‐ more foreigners le^ than arrived Quotas-‐ sacrificed tradi3on of freedom and opportunity Immigra3on Act of 1924-‐ marked an end of an era of unrestricted immigra3on Con3nued problems with immigrants and labor unions Prohibi3on Also known as the Noble Experiment (The 18th Amendment , later the Volstead Act) Prohibi3on outlawed the dis3lling and sale of liquor. Popular in the South/ West, not so popular in the East Hard to make a crime overnight out of something millions of people never regarded as a crime Prohibi3on-‐ Successes/Failures Successes-‐ Bank savings increased Absenteeism in industry decreased Less alcohol was consumed than before prohibi3on Failures-‐ Difficult to enforce Corner saloons replaced with “speakeasies” Some “Bathtub” gin would blind or kill 21st Amendment Crime in the 1920s Prohibi3on led to criminal ac3vi3es Gangsters moved into new areas-‐ pros3tu3on, gambling, narco3cs, local labor unions Chicago was the best example of lawlessness Al Capone-‐ eventually found guilty of income tax evasion Crime in the 1920s Al Capone St. Valentine’s Day Massacre Scopes Monkey Trial Chris3an Fundamentalists v. Evolu3onists Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes on trial for teaching evolu3on (represented by Clarence Darrow) Prosecu3on was led by W. J. Bryan. Scopes was found guilty and fined ($100) This trial illustrated the ques3on of a changing people and society. Darrow and Bryan The Mass Consumer Economy Tax policies of Andrew Mellon (Sec of Treasury) led to massive economic growth, lowered na3onal debt Assembly Line-‐ Henry Ford Manufacturers mastered problems of produc3on-‐ new focus-‐ How do we find mass markets for our goods? ANSWER-‐ adver3sing. “When you’re through changing, you’re through.” Bruce Barton“founder of advertising” The Mass Consumer Economy People consumed goods by buying on credit. Eventually bills come due! Lack of credit availability stalls the economy. The Golden Age of Sports Jack Dempsey Red Grange Babe Ruth Automobile Power Detroit became the motorcar capital of America Henry Ford-‐ “Fordism” and the “ Tin Lizzie” Frederick Taylor-‐ prominent inventor-‐ eliminated wasted mo3on in industry-‐ “Father of Scien3fic Management” Secondary Industries Secondary to car produc3on were: Rubber Glass Fabrics Highway construc3on Service Sta3ons & Garages Petroleum Effects of the Automobile Cars became agents of social change Sense of freedom and equality, self-‐respect More leisure hours-‐ joyriding Women were further freed from dependence on men More injury and death-‐ 1 millionth car accident death by 1951 “House of pros3tu3on on wheels” for young adults Humans Develop Wings First flight was by Orville and Wilbur Wright at KiKy Hawk, 1903 Planes were used during World War I Charles Lindbergh-‐ Spirit of Louis (NY to Paris, 1927) Popularized flying, strong boost to the avia3on industry Conquest of air-‐ blessing or a curse? The Radio Nov. 1920-‐ KDKA radio broadcast Radio kniKed the na3on together Brought families together at home Adver3sing on the radio Sports Poli3cians Music Hollywood “The Star System” • First movies – The Great Train Robbery – Birth of a Na2on • WWI aided the movie industry-‐ propaganda • The first “talkie” was The Jazz Singer (1927) • Movie houses were called “Nickelodeons” • Effects-‐ became the new standard of American life, especially for immigrants The Dynamic Decade 1920 census-‐ for the first 3me, more Americans lived in urban areas than rural areas Margaret Sanger-‐ led birth control movement Alice Paul-‐ Na3onal Woman’s Party (1923)-‐ Equal Rights Amendment Flapper-‐ symbolized independence, wild abandon Flappers Bobbed dresses, rolled stockings, cigareKes Margaret Sanger Jazz Jazz began in New Orleans, moved into the North as African Americans migrated a^er WWI Charleston dance The Harlem Renaissance Harlem, NY One of the largest black communi3es in the world Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey-‐ founder of the United Negro Improvement Associa3on The Bull Market • Buyers bought stocks “on the margin” meant making only a small down payment • Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon’s policies-‐ – Businesslike move on the economy – Reduce taxes on wealthy (discouraged businesses) – Shi^ tax burden to middle income groups – Reduced na3onal debt by $10 billion
