Download Comparison between the dietary supplementation of sodium

EggMeat Symposia 2013
Bergamo 15-19 September 2013
Comparison between the dietary supplementation of
sodium selenite and Selenium-yeast on meat Se
accumulation in broiler
E. SIMON1*, N. BALLET1, M. FRANCESCH2, J. BRUFAU2
1
Lesaffre Feed Additives – 137, rue Gabriel Péri - 59700 MARCQ EN BAROEUL – France
2
IRTA - Monogastric Nutrition - Mas de Bover - El Morell, Km 3.8 - E-43120 CONSTANTÍ –
Spain
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for animals as a component of the enzyme glutathione
peroxidase, which plays a key role in the protection of cells against oxidative agents. Depending
on the chemical form of the element, its absorption and metabolization is not the same, resulting
in different bioavailability and accumulation in tissues and muscle. The objective of this study
was to compare the bioavailability of sodium selenite and Selenium –yeast (Se-Yeast) sources
added in the feed of broilers. A total of 182 chicks of ROSS 380 strain were allocated in 91 cages,
for a total of 7 cages per dietary treatment. From 7 to 37 days of age, they were fed with a cornsoybean meal based diet supplemented with 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 or 1 ppm of Se. Three forms of Se
were tested: sodium selenite, Se-yeast (Selsaf –CNCM I-3399) and another Se-yeast. At 37 days
of age, blood and pectoral muscle samples were collected from each bird.
Se accumulation in blood and pectoral muscle increased linearly (P<0.0001) with the increase of
Se intake from both inorganic and organic Se sources. However, the slopes of the regression
lines were higher (P<0.001) for organic Se sources compared with sodium selenite. At higher
dosage, 0.45 and 1 ppm, Se accumulation in muscle with Selsaf was higher compared with the
other Se enriched-yeast (p<0.05).
This difference of efficiency among Se sources can be related to their different contents in
selenomethionine (63% vs 56.7% of Selenomethionine (Se-Meth) in Selsaf and in the other Seyeast respectively), which may be used as a substitute for methionine in the synthesis of all
proteins, particularly in pectoral muscles. By consuming 100 g of meat, the intake of Se with the
Se yeast source represents 47 % of the recommended human daily allowance compared to 19 %
with the sodium selenite source.
Keywords: Se-yeast; bioavailability; meat; broiler.
Introduction
Se is an essential nutrient for animals and humans as a component of the enzyme glutathione
peroxidase (Rotruck et al., 1973), which plays a key role in the protection of cells against oxidative
agents (Vamecq, 2004). Se can be naturally present in feedstuffs but its level can be very variable
depending on the food source and Se content of the substrate on which the food is grown (Whanger et
al., 2002). For this purpose, different source of Se can be provided in the feed to meet nutritional
requirements of animals in different chemical forms: Se in its inorganic form (Selenite or Selenate) or
in its organic form (Se-Yeast). To produce Se-Yeast, yeast, grown on a culture medium supplemented
with selenite, has the ability to metabolize this Se to produce mainly Se in the Se-meth form. In
general, adequate Se supplementation is considered to be a crucial factor in maintaining the high
productive and reproductive characteristics of commercial poultry. Recent reviews describing into
further details the mode of action of Se and its role in the antioxidant system has developed a new
interest about the use of Selenium in poultry nutrition (Surai et al., 2002). Depending on the source of
World’s Poultry Science Journal, Volume 69, Supplement
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Bergamo 15-19 September 2013
Se used and the manufacturing process, the bioavailability of Se can be different. In a previous
nutritional study, a higher bioavailability of Se-yeast has been shown compared to the selenite
(Yoshida et al., 2002). The bioavailability of Se can be assessed by the tissue accumulation approach,
supplementing Se at graded levels in the feed and analysing the slope ratio of the responses to graded
levels of supplemented Se (Yoshida et al., 1999). The accumulation of Se in the muscle can have two
main interests for the Se-enrichment of animal tissues, providing a source of Se for humans and the
improvement of meat quality with a reduction of water drip losses (Downs et al., 2000) and a
reduction of the lipid oxidation during meat storage (Kim et al, 2010). The objective of this study was
to assess the difference of bioavailability between sodium selenite and Se-Yeast sources added in the
feed of broilers.
Materials and methods
Male broiler chickens Ross 380 were used for the trial. During the first seven days, all chickens were
fed with the same diet, based on maize and soybean meal without Se supplementation. At day 7,
broilers were allocated into 7 groups according to their live weights, after discarding the small ones.
The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design, with seven blocks, thirteen dietary
experimental treatments (table 1) and 7 replicates of 2 chickens per treatment. The 7 weight groups
were assigned at random to one block location in the battery cage. In this experiment, 182 broilers
were used and they were allocated to 91 cages.
A single diet was used during the whole experimental period based on corn and soybean meal. The
nutritional properties were 3050 kcal/kg and 21 % of crude protein. Depending on the treatment group,
this diet was supplemented with no Se, sodium selenite, Selsaf (CNCM I-3399) or another Se-yeast.
Four levels of Se were tested for each source: 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 1 mg/kg of feed. The Se-meth
contents were different between the Se yeast sources: 63% and 56.7% of the total Se content for the
Selsaf and the other Se yeast respectively.
The arrangement of treatments was:
Dietary
treatment
T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5
T-6
T-7
T-8
T-9
T-10
T-11
T-12
T-13
Se Source
No Se
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Selsaf
Selsaf
Selsaf
Selsaf
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Level of Se added
(mg/kg of feed)
0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
Table 1: Se source and quantity of Se tested for each treatment group
At day 37, blood samples from all broilers were collected by cardiac puncture. Moreover, after blood
sampling, animals were slaughtered to collect pectoral muscle. The samples were pooled per cage to
obtain a total of 7 samples of blood and 7 samples of meat per treatment.
World’s Poultry Science Journal, Volume 69, Supplement
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These samples were sent to the laboratory to analyse the total Se content by ICP-MS (Inductively
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer) method.
Complete data were analysed as a randomised complete block design with a two-way analysis of
variance (block and treatment) using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2008). The
experimental unit was the cage and there were a total of 13 dietary treatments replicated 7 times. Data
from T-2 to T-13 treatments were analysed in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement (three Se sources and four
levels of Se supplementation).The model included block, the main effects of Se source and dose of Se
supplementation and their interaction. Significance was based on a 5% probability level. Moreover,
data from Se measurements in blood and pectoral muscle from sodium selenite, SelSaf and other SeYeast were regressed separately on the total Se intake from 7 to 38 days, estimated from the expected
level of Se supplementation and the recorded feed intake, including the 0 supplemental Se level
Results and discussion
Main effects of Se source and Se concentration (p<0.0001), as well as source x level interactions
(p<0.0001) were observed for Se accumulation in blood and pectoral muscle (Table 2).
For blood Se accumulation, there were no significant differences between Se sources at the lowest
concentration of Se supplementation (0.15 mg/kg). At 0.3, 0.45 and 1 mg/kg of Se addition, blood Se
accumulation was higher with organic Se sources compared with inorganic Se (P<0.05).
In pectoral muscle, Se accumulation was always higher using organic Se sources (P<0.05). Moreover,
at 0.45 and 1 mg/kg of Se addition, Se concentration in muscle was higher with SelSaf compared with
the other Se-Yeast (P<0.05).
Treatment
Group
Se Source
T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5
T-6
T-7
T-8
T-9
T-10
T-11
T-12
T-13
Standard
error
Anova
Factorial
Analysis
Se Source
Se level
Interaction
No Se
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Sodium selenite
Selsaf
Selsaf
Selsaf
Selsaf
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Other Se-Yeast
Level of Se
added
(mg/kg of
feed)
0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
0.15
0.30
0.45
1.0
Se content in
Blood (mg/kg
DM)
Se content in
Pectoral Muscle
(mg/kg DM)
0.73i
1.20h
1.33gh
1.50fg
2.10cd
1.29h
1.77e
2.21c
3.29a
1.19h
1.59f
2.00d
2.93b
0.063
0.33i
0.43h
0.46h
0.51gh
0.56g
0.93f
1.37e
1.89c
3.59a
0.84f
1.30e
1.73d
3.29b
0.033
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
p<0.0001
Table 2 : Effect of Se source and dietary supplement level of Se on blood and pectoral muscle accumulation at 37 days
a-h
Means within column with different superscript differ significantly (p<0.05)
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Se accumulation in blood and pectoral muscle increased linearly (P<0.0001) with the increase of Se
intake from both inorganic and organic Se sources (Figure 1 A and B). However, the slopes of the
regression lines were higher (P<0.001) for SelSaf and Se-Yeast compared with sodium selenite. There
were no significant differences in the slopes of regression lines when Se intake from SelSaf or SeYeast was regressed on Se accumulation in blood and pectoral muscle.
A/
B/
Figure 1: Effect of Se intake from different sources on blood (A) and pectoral muscle (B) accumulation at 37 days
For Se content in the blood, 0.2 ppm in the feed of Selsaf is equivalent to 0.4 ppm of sodium selenite.
It means that to obtain the same quantity of Se in the blood, two times less Se-yeast compared to
sodium selenite is needed. While to obtain the same level of Se in the pectoral muscle with sodium
selenite compared to 0.2 ppm of organic Se in the feed, it would be necessary to add 3.06 ppm of
sodium selenite in the feed. But, the addition of such a high level of sodium selenite in the feed is not
possible due to the toxicity of Se at high level and the maximum level of Se authorized in feed in the
European Union, which is 0.5 ppm of total Se.
The difference of Se accumulation in the blood and pectoral muscle between organic and inorganic Se
sources can be explained by their mode of absorption. Sodium selenite is absorbed via passive
diffusion whereas organic Se like Se-meth is absorbed by active transport (sodium-dependant
methionine system). Moreover, the Se-meth will substitute the methionine in the synthesis of all
proteins in the pectoral muscle, which explain the better efficiency of organic Se containing mainly
Se-meth. Ingested Se-meth is either metabolized directly into reactive forms of Se or stored in place of
methionine in body proteins. Se-meth metabolism is closely linked to protein turnover. Although
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selenite and selenate can be used for selenoprotein biosynthesis, only Se-meth is incorporated into
body proteins. As humans or poultry have no efficient mechanism for methionine synthesis, they are
also unable to synthetize Se-met. (according to the review of Gerahard N. Schrauzer, 2000) The
difference of efficiency among Se-yeast sources for pectoral muscle accumulation can be due to their
different composition and mainly their different content in Se-meth: the Selsaf containing 63% of Semeth is more efficient than the other Se-Yeast containing 56.7% of Se-meth.
This accumulation of Se in the muscle can be a good source of Se for human nutrition. In fact,
depending on the area, some population has some deficiency of Se, which can lead to poor health,
genetic defects, decreased fertility and defense against various viral and bacterial diseases (Fisinin et
al., 2008). The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in the European Union is 55 µg per day
(European directive 90/496/EEC). So, by eating 100 g of meat coming from a broiler supplemented
with Selsaf at 0.2 ppm, 47.4 % of RDA are covered. When the meat comes from a broiler
supplemented with 0.2 ppm of selenite, only 19 % of RDA is covered. So, Se-enrichment of animal
derived foods via supplementation of animal feed can be an effective way of increasing human Se
status in countries where Se consumption is below the RDA (Fisinin et al., 2008).
Conclusions
In conclusion, the use of organic Se in the form of Se-yeast in the feed of broilers allows a better
transfer of Se into the blood and in the muscle compared to Sodium selenite. A level of 0.2 ppm of
Selsaf is equivalent to 0.4 ppm or 3.06 ppm of sodium selenite for blood Se accumulation and meat Se
enrichment respectively. The Se in blood and muscle is well correlated to the quantity of Se in the feed
and is dependant on the chemical form of Se. The difference of bioavalaibility between Se sources is
due to different mode of absorption in the intestine and different metabolisms. All sources of Se-Yeast
are not equal depending on their content in Se-meth. The increase of Se in muscle is of interest for
human nutrition and for improving meat quality.
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