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Name Class Date 22 Main Idea Activities 22.4 Modern Chapter 13 Living and Working Conditions CHAPTER VOCABULARY Some terms to understand: • abode (559): place to live • exerting himself (559): making an effort; trying hard • advantageous (559): favorable, beneficial • unrestricted (560): not limited • obstacle (560): something that stands in the way of or stops progress • inevitable (560): certain to happen; unavoidable • determine (560): be the deciding factor in or cause of something • dismal (560): dark, gloomy • meddle (560): interfere in other people’s affairs • dues (563): money paid by a member to a group ORGANIZING INFORMATION Use the following items to complete the chart below. • Adam Smith • Thomas Malthus • David Ricardo • John Stuart Mill Theory or Belief Proponent The iron law of wages A government should work for the good of all its citizens. The law of supply and demand and the law of competition The connection between poverty and population growth EVALUATING INFORMATION Mark each statement T if it is true or F if it is false. 1. Adam Smith is considered the founder of modern economics. 2. According to the law of supply and demand, people would pay more for an item if it was scarce. 3. In the free-enterprise system, strict laws and regulations control what businesses may do and the profits they may make. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 183 Main Idea Activities Name Class Date Chapter 22, Main Idea Activities 22.4, continued 4. Economics became known as the “dismal science” because early economists believed that workers would always be poor. 5. According to the law of wages, wages go down when there are not enough workers for all the jobs. 6. According to the laissez-faire system, government should not try to control what business does. 7. Humanitarians believed that writers should not speak out against selfish business practices. 8. Early reform laws attempted to control the practice of child labor. 9. Early reform laws established a system of improved wages for all workers. 10. Workers have always had the legally protected right to strike. REVIEWING FACTS Choose the correct items from the following list to complete the statements below. unions inevitable laws John Stuart Mill leave things alone mercantilism enforce supply and demand 1. The economic theory called only a fixed amount of wealth. stated that the world had 2. According to the law of a high price for a scarce item in great demand. people would be willing to pay 3. According to many early economists, low wages and poverty among workers was . 4. The term laissez-faire means “ .” 5. Reformers believed that and working conditions. were needed to improve wages 6. An important reformer named government should work for the good of all its citizens. believed that 7. Early reform laws were not effective because they lacked a way to them. 8. Workers’ associations called to pay workers who went on strike. used money from dues Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 184 Main Idea Activities ANSWER KEY SECTION 5 ACTIVITIES 7. 8. 9. 10. Organizing Information Reactionaries—Holy Alliance, believed in absolutism, said that former ruling families should be restored to their power; Liberals—ideas that came out during the American and French revolutions, individual rights were very important, supported freedom of speech and press. dots and dashes battery Great Britain tariffs SECTION 2 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information Factory System—employed women and children, did only part of a job, workers fined for being late, paid for hours worked; Domestic System—workers paid for items completed, employed skilled workers, worked on complete products, workers decided when to work. Evaluating Information 1. T 5. T 2. T 6. F 3. F 7. T 4. F 8. F Evaluating Information 1. F 6. F 2. T 7. F 3. T 8. F 4. T 9. T 5. F 10. F Matching 1. f 2. f 3. a 4. b 5. h 6. e 7. d 8. g Understanding Main Ideas 1. c 3. b 2. a 4. d SECTION 3 ACTIVITIES Chapter 22 (Modern Chapter 13) Organizing Information Eli Whitney—interchangeable parts for guns; Henry Ford—assembly line; J. P. Morgan—United States Steel Company SECTION 1 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information Agriculture—seed drill, iron plow, replaceable plow blades; Manufacturing—water-powered loom, cotton gin, steam engine; Transportation—the Clermont, steam locomotive, canals with locks Classifying Information 1. F 6. F 2. T 7. T 3. F 8. T 4. T 9. F 5. T 10. T Understanding Main Ideas 1. c 3. c 2. d 4. a Evaluating Information 1. T 6. F 2. F 7. F 3. T 8. F 4. F 9. T 5. T 10. F SECTION 4 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information The iron law of wages—David Ricardo; A government should work for the good of all its citizens—John Stuart Mill; The law of supply and demand and the law of competition—Adam Smith; The connection between poverty and population growth—Thomas Malthus Reviewing Facts 1. “Turnip” Townshend 2. farm workers 3. factory system 4. cotton gin 5. water power 6. steam engine Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 357 Main Idea Activities ANSWER KEY Evaluating Information 1. T 6. T 2. T 7. F 3. F 8. T 4. T 9. F 5. F 10. F Evaluating Information 1. F 7. F 2. T 8. T 3. T 9. T 4. F 10. F 5. F 11. T 6. T 12. F Reviewing Facts 1. mercantilism 2. supply and demand 3. inevitable 4. leave things alone 5. laws 6. John Stuart Mill 7. enforce 8. unions Reviewing Facts 1. Michael Faraday 2. magnetism 3. water power 4. electric current 5. hydroelectric 6. wires 7. ship-to-shore 8. outside 9. fuel 10. Kitty Hawk SECTION 5 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information Socialism—Government owns the means of production; private property allowed Both—redistribution of wealth Communism—The people own the means of production; dictatorship of the proletariat; classless society; “From each according to his abilities; to each according to his needs.” SECTION 2 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information Biology—Schleiden and Swann, Rudolf Virchow, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel; Medicine—Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, Alexander Fleming; Physics and Chemistry—Dmitry Mendeleyev, Wilhelm C. Röntgen, Pierre and Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein Evaluating Information 1. F 5. T 2. F 6. T 3. T 7. F 4. T 8. T Evaluating Information 1. F 5. F 2. T 6. T 3. F 7. T 4. T 8. F Understanding Main Ideas 1. c 3. d 2. a Chapter 23 (Modern Chapter 14) Understanding Main Ideas 1. d 3. a 2. c 4. d SECTION 1 ACTIVITIES Organizing Information Electricity—dams, dynamo, lightbulb; Communications—radio, wireless telegraph, telephone; Transportation— internal combustion engine, balloons. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt World History: The Human Journey 358 Main Idea Activities