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CIVIL WAR:
THE FIRST TWO YEARS
Comparison
of North & South
at beginning of
Civil War
Number of States
Population
Union
Confederacy
24
11
22 million
6 million
(+ 3.5 million slaves)
UNION
CONFEDERACY
TERRITORIES
BORDER
STATES (states
with slavery that
did not secede)
INDUSTRY
90
80
70
60
50
Union
40
30
20
10
0
Factories
Confederacy
TRANSPORTATION:
Union—LARGE
RR system (85%)
Confederacy—few
RR (15%)
Union:
controlled
entire US
Navy
Confederacy:
merchant
ships only
Navy:
Finances
80
70
60
50
40
Union
Confederacy
30
20
10
0
Nation's
$$
Military Leaders
Union:
Few with
experience
Confederacy:
Superior
Presidents
Union:
Abraham Lincoln
Confederacy:
Jefferson
Davis
Capital cities
Union:
Confederacy:
Washington DC
Richmond,
Virginia
Uniforms & Flags
Union:
Uniform—Blue
Uniform
Confederacy:
Uniform—Gray
Uniform
Flag—Stars & Stripes
Flag
Flag—Stars & Bars
Flag
Nicknames
Union:
Yankees, blueblue-bellies,
Federals
Confederacy:
Rebels
Military Leaders
Union:
Ulysses S. Grant
Confederacy:
Robert E. Lee
Secession
• People in the South didn’t believe Lincoln would
protect Southern rights.
• On December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s
constant threat to secede became a reality.
• By February 1861, Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had
followed South Carolina in seceding.
• Northerners had mixed feelings about this.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
• Inaugural Address was
given on March 4, 1861.
• “In your hands, my
dissatisfied fellow
countrymen, and not in
mine, is the momentous
issue of civil war.”
• What did he mean by this
statement?
•
•
Lincoln’s address was filled with mixed
toughness and words of peace.
Stated that secession would not be permitted,
vowing to…
1. hold federal property in the South and
2. to enforce the laws of the United States.
•
Lincoln pleaded with southerners for
reconciliation
HE SAID,
“WE ARE NOT ENEMIES, BUT
FRIENDS. WE MUST NOT BE
ENEMIES. THOUGH PASSION
MAY BE STRAINED, IT MUST
NOT BREAK OUR BONDS OF
AFFECTION.”
Jefferson Davis
• Was a senator of
Mississippi who was
elected the President of
the Confederate
States of America.
• Inaugural address – “As
a necessity, not a
choice, we have
resorted to the remedy
of separation…”
Fort Sumter
• The South wanted to test Lincoln’s vow to
hold federal property.
Why Fort Sumter??
•There were originally 15 forts in the South
but 11 were abandoned by Union troops
when the South seceded.
•It was one of four remaining Union-held
forts in the Confederacy.
• Lincoln was determined to hold Fort
Sumter, sending ships on their way to
resupply the fort.
• General
HowPierre
would
Beauregard of the
Confederate Army
was ordered to
evacuate Union
troops from the fort.
• If the Union soldiers
still there refused, he
was told to force
them to evacuate.
this work out?
Who Would Control The Fort?
• The Union commander at
the fort, Major Anderson,
sent a letter to President
Lincoln informing him that
the supplies they had
would only last for six
weeks.
• If they didn’t get supplies,
they would have to
surrender the fort.
• What do you think Lincoln
did?
Meeting Time
• Lincoln consulted his cabinet members on
what to do about the fort.
• The debate lasted for weeks on whether
to send a ship to resupply the fort.
• Lincoln said, “The Union must be
preserved. If we evacuate the fort, then
the Union is dead.”
• What was Lincoln’s concern regarding
other states who had not yet seceded?
April 12, 1861
• Jefferson Davis ordered Beauregard to
attack the fort.
• Around 3 A.M., a warning message was
sent. “We have the honor to notify you
that we will open the fire of our batteries
on Fort Sumter in one hour from this
time.”
• Anderson woke the men in the fort and
ordered them into the bombproof shelter.
• At around 4:30 in the morning, 43
Confederate guns in a ring around the fort
began the bombardment.
• Anderson inside the fort told his men to
return fire slowly in order to save
ammunition.
What About Relief?
• The relief ship arrived but it could not get
through the bombardment of all the
cannons.
Into the Next Day
• After 33 hours of constant bombardment,
Anderson ordered his men to display the
white flag of surrender.
• The Confederates were ordered to stop
firing.
• When the Confederate leaders rowed to
the fort, they allowed Anderson to lower
the American flag with full military
honors.
What Happened Next?
SOUTH
• “send a thrill of joy to the
heart of every true friend
of the South. The face of
every Southerner was
brighter then it had been
before.”
NORTH
• Lincoln got the news on
April 14.
• He considered the
bombardment an act of
war!!
• He issued a call for
volunteers to crush the
Confederate rebellion.
• Thousands volunteered.
TROOP NUMBERS
• NORTH
• Summer 1861:
187,000
• By the end:
• 2.1 MILLION
• 200,000
African
Americans
• SOUTH
• Summer 1861:
112,000
• By the end:
• 850,000
WAR AT SEA
• First Union Strategy?
• Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of
Southern Ports.
• Effectively, it should prevent the South
from exporting cotton and importing
supplies
WAS IT EFFECTIVE?
• The blockade caused problems
• Southern trade was reduced by more than
2/3s
• Goods like coffee, shoes, nails, salt, guns
and ammunition were in short supply
throughout the war.
Battle of Bull Run
Sunday, July 21, 1861
First major battle of the Civil War.
Fought in Manassas Junction,
Virginia near Bull Run Stream.
(about ½ way between Washington D.C. and
Richmond, Virginia).
Battle of Bull Run
• NORTHENERS called it the Battle of Bull
Run because they named battles after
nearby bodies of water.
• SOUTHENERS called it the Battle of
Manassas because they named battles
after nearby towns or railroad junctions.
Which side would attack first?
• Lincoln was getting pressure from people
in the North to gain control of the South.
• He ordered General Irwin McDowell to
attack the Confederate troops near
Manassas Junction, Virginia, on the other
side of the Potomac River.
SPECTATORS ON THE BATTLE
FIELD (are you kidding???)
• Expecting a quick victory, hundreds
of NORTHENERS packed up
picnic baskets, binoculars, and other supplies to
spend the day in Virginia to watch the “show.”
• SOUTHENERS expected a quick battle as well.
The troops traveled with suits, fine linens,
silverware, and with their servants from home
because they wanted to live a comfortable life
on the battlefields.
PREPARE FOR BATTLE
• 30,000 Union troops attacked 20,000
Confederate troops on Sunday July 21,
1861.
• The Union drove back the Confederate
forces largely due to the fact the Union
had more troops.
NEW ARRIVALS
• Confederate General
Thomas Jackson arrived
with about 10,000
reinforcement troops
• "Look, men, there is
Jackson standing like a
stone wall!"
• Confederates charged!!!
(He will go down in history
as Stonewall Jackson)
CHAOS!!!!
• Panicked Union troops ran away from the newly
reinforced Confederate Army.
• The retreating troops running toward the
spectators caused a major traffic jam.
• Troops and spectators all tried to run the same
direction at the same time.
• Many dropped their weapons and ran to the
safety of Washington D.C.
• Almost 100 spectators will be trampled to death!
RESULT?
• The first major battle of the Civil War was
won by the SOUTH.
• Both sides realized this would be a
long, difficult, and costly war – not
quick and easy!
Wars in the West
• Another strategy was to take control of the
Mississippi River.
• Ulysses S. Grant was the commander in
the West.
• The Confederate commander
at New Orleans knew
he was trapped, he asked
Grant for his “surrender terms.”
Grant Gets A New Name
• Reply: “No terms except
unconditional and immediate
surrender can be accepted.”
• “Unconditional Surrender”
Grant becomes Northern hero.
•
(“U.S.” Grant – get it?)
Battle of Shiloh
Battle of Shiloh
• Two day battle with heavy casualties.
• Union troops got a surprise attack from
the Confederates.
• The first day, the Confederates drove the
Union back.
• The next day, the Union troops recovered
and defeated the Confederates.
• Over 20,000 causalities were at this battle.
WAR IN THE EAST
• March 1862, McClellan (very cautious man) set
the goal to take Richmond.
• Instead of moving by land, he moved by ship
and landed southeast of
the city.
• McClellan moved too slow
which allowed opportunities
to slip by many times.
• Robert E. Lee was in command
of the Confederate troops; opposite McClellan.
•McClellan began a major
offensive known as the
Peninsular Campaign.
Seven Days’ Battle
• Clever tactics by Lee caused the Union
troops to fail at capturing Richmond; the
Confederate capital.
GLOOM OF THE NORTH
• Despite victories in the West, failure to
take the capital left the North with little
hope.
• Another call for volunteers, now asking
for 300,000 men
• Response was slow this time around
Second Battle of Bull Run
• Major General John Pope, a Union troop
leader in northern Virginia attacked
approaching Confederate troops lead by
Stonewall Jackson on August 29,1862.
• This started the Second Battle of Bull Run.
• Confederates WIN this battle
• Lee and his men were only 20 miles from
Washington D.C.
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
• Davis ordered Lee to launch an offensive
into Maryland.
• He hoped another victory would win aid
from Britain and France.
PLANS ARE FOUND
• McClellan and his 80,000 troops move
slowly as usual.
• Two union soldiers find a piece of paper
with Lee’s orders for his army wrapped
around three cigars.
• Lee was moving his army into 4 parts.
• McClellan takes 4 days to attack.
• This allows Lee to gather most his force
together.
BATTLE
• The two armies clashed on September 17
in the Battle of Antietam.
• IT WAS THE SINGLE BLOODIEST DAY
OF THE ENTIRE WAR.
• By the end of the battle, 6,000 troops were
dead, and 17,000 were seriously wounded
• The next day, Lee pulled back to Virginia
which allowed for the Union to claim
victory.
REPLACEMENT
• Lincoln was
disgusted by
McClellan’s failures,
so he was removed
and replaced with
Ambrose Burnside.
CONFIDENCE
• Antietam had a profound impact on the
war.
• The Army of the Potomac had a newly
found sense of confidence.
• THE BATTLE MARKED A MAJOR
CHANGE IN NORTHERN WAR AIMS.
• President Lincoln used the battle TO
TAKE ACTION AGAINST SLAVERY.
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Focus of the War
• The original focus of the war was the
maintain the Union; NOT SLAVERY.
• Lincoln insisted on many occasions that
they would only act to prevent the
expansion of slavery.
• Abolitionist wanted Lincoln to free slaves
in the border states when the war started.
What was Lincoln’s View?
• He considered it immoral but hesitated to
make a move against slavery because of
the border states.
• He believed that making an issue of
slavery would divide the people even
more.
• He made a statement in response to the
pressure to end slavery.
• “If I could save the Union without
freeing any slave, I would do it;
and if I could save it by freeing all
the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone, I would also
do that.”
• August 1862
Attitudes Change
• Many Northerners believed that the
slaves in the South were helping the
Southern war effort.
• Enslaved people were raising crops that
feed the troops.
ALSO…
• Many slaves were escaping and going to
Union troops for help.
• Many wanted to become soldiers.
European Help
• Britain and France were considering helping the
South.
• They bought a great amount of Southern
cotton.
• Because of the blockade on Southern ports,
Britain began building ships for the Confederate
navy.
• France allowed Confederate ships to raid U.S.
merchant ships docked in French ports.
Views of Slavery
• Lincoln knew that the citizens of Britain
and France were against slavery; they
outlawed it about 200 years ago.
• What if he could convince the British and
French that the war really was about
ending slavery in the United States…
NOT
just about keeping the country united?
The Pondering Question
• How could he free the
slaves in the South without
angering the border states
AND keep England and
France out of the war?
Constitutional Powers
• The Constitution gives the US president some
special powers to use only during war.
• He decided to use these powers to free
Confederate slaves ONLY!
• This wouldn’t anger borders states..
• This would also help keep the South from using
slaves to help them win the war.
• He could thus tell England and France he was
battling slavery in the United States.
• This would keep them from
helping the Confederacy..
Cabinet Meeting
• On July 22, 1862, Lincoln consulted his
cabinet members about his plans.
• His secretary of state suggested he wait to
announce his idea after a major Union
win.
• This way people wouldn’t think this was a
plan only because he afraid he would lose
to war.
• Lincoln agreed and waited.
Battle of Antietam
September 22, 1862
• He announced his plan to issue an order
freeing all enslaved people in the
Confederacy.
• He didn’t sign the Emancipation
Proclamation that day.
• He said he would give the Confederacy
until January 1, 1863.
• On that day (Jan 1) any slave in a
Confederate state would be free.
January 1, 1863
• “…all persons held as slaves
within any state…in rebellion
against the United States,
shall be then, thenceforward,
and forever free.”
• Slave owners tried to keep their
slaves from learning about the
Emancipation Proclamation. Still, the
word began to spread. Slaves made
plans to escape to the North where
they would finally be free.
What Did the South Do?
• Very few people in South freed their
slaves. Most waited until Union troops
marched in and forced them to release
their slaves.
• Many were not going to free their slaves
just because the President of the United
States said so.
• He wasn’t their president anymore
European Help?
• Since Lincoln stated that the war was now
about ending slavery, Britain and France
stopped aiding the Confederacy.
Dissecting the Proclamation
• It is a short document; only about three
pages long.
• Emancipation – the act of making
someone free
• Proclamation – a formal public
announcement
Part One
• Lincoln reminds the Confederates that he
warned them three months earlier to
rejoin the Union by January 1, 1863.
• In other words, the proclamation freed any
slaves living in a state that still chose to
rebel against the United States.
Part Two
• Lincoln says which states must free their
slaves – those in rebellion against the
U.S.
• If the slaves were in areas under
CONFEDERATE control, they ended up
remaining as slaves until the Union took
over that area.
• Once the Union controlled the area, then
they were free.
Part Three
• This explained how the US government
would treat freed slaves.
• It said:
– the Union military would protect them.
– Freed African Americans wouldn’t be slaves
again.
– Former slaves could join the Union army or
navy.
Was Anybody Happy?
• Border states were upset because they
thought they would be next to be forced to
free their slaves.
• Northerners didn’t think it was good
enough, they wanted ALL slaves freed.
• Southerners didn’t believe they should
have to listen to Lincoln
• Slaves were happy, they could run away
to a safe place for the first time in a while.
African Americans in the Military
•
•
•
•
200,000 joined the Union military
About half were runaway slaves
40,000 were from border states
10% of the Army was African
American
• 18% of the Navy was African
American
• About 37,000 died helping the North.
Opinions
• “If
If my name ever
goes into history, it
will be for this act.”
act
1863
• “The Emancipation
Proclamation is the
greatest event of
our nation’s
history.”
history
.” 1864
Battle of Vicksburg
Where is Vicksburg?
• Vicksburg is a town on the east bank of
the Mississippi River between Memphis,
Tennessee, and New Orleans, Louisiana.
• To gain control of the river, one of the
North’s major war goals, the Union needed
to seize Vicksburg.
Who Controlled Vicksburg?
• The Confederate military greatly
fortified Vicksburg and set up heavy
cannons that at could fire on any
vessel passing through town.
• After the Union navy conquered New
Orleans to its south, Vicksburg was the
only point that kept the river closed to
Union commerce and traffic.
Was it Still Beneficial to the South?
• Vicksburg was also the last place
where Confederate territory west of
the Mississippi could pass troops and
goods east to the rest of the South.
The Union Makes Their Move
• In May 1863, Grant maneuvered an army
behind the town.
• After some small battles, he drove
Vicksburg’s defenders inside the town’s
trenches and fortifications.
• The Union navy began shelling the
defense forces from the river.
SURROUNDED
• The town was surrounded from the
outside world by Grant’s forces for more
than 40 days.
• With the town surrounded, no food or
ammunition entered the town.
• People resorted to eating mules and
rodents.
• The citizens lived in bomb shelters on the
hillside.
Surrender?
• After about a month
of living in bomb
shelters, having no
food, enduring
repeated attacks from
Northern forces,
Confederate General
Pemberton
surrendered.
• On July 4, 1863
What Did This Surrender Mean?
Last major stronghold on Mississippi River fell
into Union hands.
Control
• With New Orleans and Vicksburg on the
Mississippi River were now under Union
control, they now held the ENTIRE
Mississippi River.
• Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana were now
cut off from the rest of the Confederacy.
• This secured the Mississippi as a Union
highway.
What About Grant?
• His success in the West boosted his
reputation, leading eventually to his
appointment as General-In-Chief of the
Union Armies.
Causalities
• NORTH
• 10,000
• SOUTH
• 9,000
Gettysburg
THE BLOODIEST BATTLE OF
THE CIVIL WAR; IT WILL LAST
FOR THREE DAYS
Where is Gettysburg?
Lee Moves North
• Lee decided to invade the North. Another
victory—one on Northern soil– might
persuade Britain and France to aid the
Confederacy.
• In June, Lee began moving north with an
army of 75,000 troops.
• A union spy heard that Lee was crossing
the Potomac River but didn’t know where.
Another Union General
• Lincoln told Hooker to attack Lee’s troops.
• Hooker wanted to move toward
Richmond.
• When Hooker failed to listen to Lincoln,
he was replaced by George Meade.
Meade’s Mission
• To find Lee’s forces and to protect
Washington and Baltimore from
Confederate attacks.
Where was Lee Going?
• Lee wanted to move toward Harrisburg or
Philadelphia.
• The Confederate troops made camp in a
small town called Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania.
• Lee laid extremely low, not even lighting
camp fires at night.
Why Did the Armies Meet?
• Despite strict orders to remain at the campsite,
about 20 Confederates went into town one
evening to steal shoes.
• Why did they need to steal shoes?
• A scouting Union looking for the Confederates
spotted the men and engaged in a small battle.
• The Confederates retreat back to Lee.
• The Union scouts send word that Lee has been
spotted.
BASICALLY
• On July 1, 1863, the two armies meet
accidentally in Gettysburg because of the
men being spotted in the town.
• Union reinforcements were continually
coming to Gettysburg.
Day Three
• The day is bright and sunny on this third
day of battle.
• Confederate General George Pickett will
always be remembered for PICKETT’S
CHARGE.
• Roughly 14,000 Confederates advanced
across the 1.5 mile field from Seminary
Ridge toward the Union’s Cemetery Ridge.
Were They Successful?
• Pickett’s Charge was repulsed by Union
rifle and artillery fire.
• Out of the 14,000 Confederates that were
part of Pickett’s Charge, only HALF made
it back to the shelter of Confederate lines.
What Happened to the Wounded?
• During the night, the Confederates went
onto the field to collect their wounded.
• Even Union medics offered to help. They
supplied medicine and first-aid.
• The Confederates loss was extremely
HIGH.
Lee Retreats
• During the night and early morning of July
4, 1863, Lee begins retreating.
• The wagons carrying all the wounded was
SEVENTEEN miles long.
• Union General Meade did NOT pursue
Lee. He allowed him to go back to Virginia.
Was This the End of the Civil War?
• No – the war would last
two more years.
WRITE THIS ON YOUR PACKET!!!
GETTYSBURG IS
SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE IT
WAS THE TURNING POINT
OF THE CIVIL WAR
Gateway of the Cemetery in Gettysburg, 1863
Final Phases of the War
Union Victories
• Following the Union victories at Vicksburg
and Gettysburg, a win in Tennessee
further weakened the Confederates.
• General Grant and General Sherman
helped take the Union victory in
Tennessee.
Commander Grant
• In March 1864,
Grant is named
commander of
all the Union
armies.
• Lincoln said, “I
can’t spare this
man. He fights!”
Grant’s Plans
• The Army of the Potomac would try to
crush Lee’s army in Virginia.
• The western army, under General William
Sherman would advance to Atlanta,
Georgia to crush the Confederates in the
Deep South.
• Should the plan succeed, the Confederacy
would be destroyed.
General William Sherman
Did the Plan Work?
• By May and June 1864, Grant’s Army
of 115,000 smashed into Lee’s
64,000 troops in a series of three
battles near the Confederate capital
of Richmond, Virginia
–Battle of the Wilderness
–Spotsylvania Courthouse
–Cold Harbor
People’s Impression of Grant
• Grant was not a popular man by any
means.
• People called him a butcher because
of his high casualty counts.
• “I propose to fight it out on this line if it
takes all summer.”
What about Richmond?
• After Cold Harbor, Grant went foward to
Petersburg which is south of Richmond.
• It was an important railroad center.
• If Grant could take Richmond, it would cut the
capital off from the rest of Confederacy.
• This assault will turn into a 9 month siege.
Election of 1864
• Lincoln feared he wouldn’t be re-elected
because of the war.
HOWEVER…
• The Union controlled the Gulf of Mexico.
• General Sherman captured Atlanta.
• Another General drove Rebels out of the
Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.
• Lincoln WINS re-election with 55% percent of
the popular vote.
“March to the Sea”
• Sherman had captured Atlanta and was
now moving toward Savannah.
Destruction
• His army of 65,000 cut a
broad swath as it
lumbered towards its
destination. Plantations
were burned, crops
destroyed and stores of
food pillaged. In the wake
of his progress to the sea
he left numerous
"Sherman sentinels" (the
chimneys of burnt out
houses) and "Sherman
neckties" (railroad rails
that had been heated and
wrapped around trees.)
• Sherman’s troops took what food they
needed, tore up railroad lines, and killed
animals in an effort to destroy
EVERYTHING and ANYTHING useful to
the South.
• The destruction path they would make
sometimes would be 50 miles WIDE.
Sherman Said
• “We are not only fighting
hostile armies, but a hostile
people, and must make old
and young, rich and poor,
feel the hard hand of war.”
Did He Stay in Savannah?
• After he captured Savannah in
December, he turned north
marching through South Carolina
leaving a trail of destruction.
• He planned on joining Grant near
Richmond.
Lincoln’s Second Address
• “With malice toward none, with
charity for all… let us strive on to
finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation’s wounds…to do all
which may achieve and cherish a
just and lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
Petersburg
• Through the fall and winter, Grant
continued his attack on Petersburg.
• Lee’s troops couldn’t take anymore so on
April 2, 1865, Lee removed his troops.
• Richmond fell later that day.
• Many residents fled before the Union
troops came.
Lincoln Visits Richmond
• Lincoln visited Richmond on April 4, 1865
and walked the streets.
• He was approached by an elderly African
American man. He removed his hat,
bowed, and with tears in his eyes said,
“May God bless you.”
• Lincoln removed his hat and bowed in
return.
Lee Realizes He is Defeated
• Lee tried to escape to the west
but a Union blockage stops
him.
• He realizes now that he has no
other choice.
• “There is nothing left for me to do but go
and see General Grant, and I would rather
die a thousands deaths.”
April 9, 1865
• Lee and his troops surrender to Grant in a small
town called Appomattox Court House.
Where Did They Surrender?
Terms of Surrender
• Grant allowed them to keep their horses
so that they could as he says, “put in a
crop to carry themselves and their families
through the next winter.”
• Grant also ordered three days’ worth of
food be sent to Lee’s hungry troops.
• Confederate had to surrender all arms
and ammunition; except side arms.
Lee’s Men
• “Boys, I have done the best I could for you. Go
home now, and if you make as good citizens as
you have soldiers, you will do well, and I shall
always be proud of you.”
• On April 12, 1865, Lee’s 28,231 remaining
Confederates marched into Appomattox Court
House between two long rows of Union troops.
• At “Surrender Triangle” the men piled their
muskets and furled their battle flags in a formal
surrender ceremony.
Defeat
• Confederate troops in North Carolina
surrendered to Sherman days after Lee’s
formal surrender.
• Jefferson Davis was captured on May 10
in Georgia.
The Effects of the Civil War
• 620,000+ total casualties
• Billions of dollars spent
• Bitter feelings will remain in the South for
generations to come.
• The Union was saved and was clearly
more powerful than the states.
• Millions of African Americans were freed.
• How the nation would treat them remained
to be seen.
McLean’s House
• Wilmer McLean is supposed to have said
"The war began in my dining room and
ended in my parlor".
• Why would he say this?
The War Found Him!
• His first home and property were
destroyed in the Battle of Bull Run.
• It was all destroyed again during the
Second Battle of Bull Run.
• He moved his family about 150 miles away
from Manassas to Appomattox Court
House to get some peace.
Lincoln’s Final Days
What He Did Before He Died
• Lincoln offered the first plan for accepting
the Southern states back into the Union in
1863.
• He announced his Ten Percent Plan.
– 10% swear loyalty
– Ban slavery
• Offered amnesty (to pardon) to all white
Southerners who were not Confederate
officials.
What about African Americans?
• Lincoln supported granting the right to vote
to African Americans who were educated
or had served in the Union army.
• He would not force Southern states to give
rights held by white Americans to African
Americans.
Wade-Davis Bill
• Radical Republicans thought Lincoln’s
plan was too mild.
• They proposed the Wade Davis Bill.
– 50% swear loyalty
– Ban slavery
– No Confederate officer could hold office
The Freedman’s Bureau
• This played an important role in helping African
Americans make the transition to freedom.
– Distributed food, clothing, and medical services.
– Established schools staffed by Northern teachers.
– Gave aid to institutions that specialized in higher
learning.
– Helped them to acquire land and free transportation
to areas in need of workers.
– Helped obtain fair wages.
5 Days Later
Assassination of President Lincoln
April 14, 1865
• Lincoln and his wife were attending a play
at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.
• This was 5 days after Lee surrendered to
Grant.
• Four years to the day of the shots at Fort
Sumter.
Ford’s Theatre
Today
Enter the Killer
• While the Lincolns were watching the play,
an actor and Southern sympathizer
entered the box where Lincoln was sitting
without anyone noticing him.
• JOHN WILKES BOOTH shoots Lincoln in
the back of the head and flees from the
theater during the chaos.
• A wanted poster was released looking for
Booth and some of his fellow conspirators.
The Room Where Lincoln Died
Lincoln’s Death Bed
JOHN WILKES BOOTH
Convicted
• Booth was involved in a plot where the
small group had planned to kill high
ranking United States officials.
– Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary
of War, and the President
• He was found a week later in Virginia and
shot by troops.
• Eight people were convicted.
Mary E. Surratt,
Lewis T. Powell,
David E. Herold,
George A. Atzerodt)
The Country Mourns the
Death of a Beloved President
Lincoln’s Train Ride Home
Vice President becomes President
• Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln
assassination.
• He resented the slaveholders who had
dominated the South and wanted to punish
them.
• Johnson believed in giving the states control
over many decisions.
• He had no desire to help African Americans
what so ever!
• “White men alone must manage the South.”
Andrew Johnson
RECONSTRUCTION
AMENDMENTS
• THIRTEENTH
• FOURTEENTH
• FIFTEENTH
January 1866
• Before a state could reenter the Union, its
constitutional convention had to denounce
secession and abolish slavery.
• States must also ratify the Thirteenth
Amendment.
• This was ratified by December 1865.
Thirteenth Amendment January
1866
• Slavery is abolished in ALL parts
of the United States of America.
June 1866
• Congress wanted to ensure that African
Americans would not lose the rights that
the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had granted.
• This act granted full citizenship to African
Americans and gave the federal
government the power to intervene in
states affairs to protect these rights.
• Fearing it would challenged in the Courts,
Congress created the 14th Amendment.
Fourteenth Amendment
• Granted full citizenship to all individuals
born in the United States.
• No state can take away citizen’s life,
liberty, and property “without due process
of the law.”
• Every citizen was entitled to “equal
protection of the laws.”
February 1869
• Ulysses S. Grant is elected President in 1869.
• Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment in
February 1869.
• It was ratified and became law in the beginning
of 1870.
• Republicans believed that by allowing male
African Americans to vote, it would allow them to
protect themselves.
• Republicans were too optimistic.
Fifteenth Amendment
• It prohibited the state and federal
government from denying the right to vote
to any MALE citizen because of “race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.”