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1
CAREER TECHNOLOGY CENTER OF LACKAWANNA COUNTY
PRACTICAL NURSING PROGRAM
Course Title:
Description:
Life Science
The purpose of this course is to present basic anatomy, physiology and
basic principles of chemistry to understand the interrelationships of
organ systems.
Placement:
Parallel Courses:
Total Hours:
Faculty:
Objectives:
Level I
Nursing Skills, Personal and Vocational Relationships,
Community Health
80 hours
Michele Boland, MSN, RN
At the completion of this course, the student will:
1. Correlate chemical processes, which maintain homeostasis within the human
body, with basic assessments of patients in the clinical area.
2. Identify and locate major anatomical structures of the human body.
3. Apply knowledge of normal physiology for health promotion of the patient.
4. Utilize critical thinking to describe the interrelationships of each body system.
5. Communicate an awareness of normal physiology in describing rationales for patient care in the clinical area.
6. Apply the knowledge of life science to enhance the planning of care for patients safely and ethically.
7. Seek out educational opportunities to enrich and enhance the theoretical understanding of life science.
8. Support the patient’s psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural wellbeing while communicating knowledge of
normal physiology.
Unit Outline:
I. Human organization
II. Support and Movement
III. Integration and Coordination
IV. Processing and Transporting
Requirements: Herlihy, Barbara, PhD, RN. The Human Body in Health & Illness, 5th ed.
Herlihy, Barbara, PhD, RN. Study guide for The Human Body in Health & Illness, 5th ed.
Williams & Hopper, Understanding Medical-Surgical Nursing 5th ed.
Evaluation: Course grade determined by:
Must achieve an average of 80%
Quiz average: 50%
Midterm:
25%
Final Exam
25%
*Random Study guide evaluation with possible extra credit points for
completion
Life Science implements the philosophy of the Practical Nursing Program by offering the student the
fundamentals of scientific knowledge to critically evaluate and render safe, skilled, intelligent health care in the clinical
area. It utilizes the concept of learning from simple to complex in dealing with the principles of human structure and
function. The interrelationship of life science is the basis for the implementation of the nursing process.
05/2015
2
STUDENT OBJECTIVE
HR
At the completion of the unit, the student
will:
1. Identify the course objectives and
requirements
0.5
Unit I: Introduction to the Human Body
1. Define the terms anatomy &
physiology.
2. List the levels of organization of the
human body.
3. Describe the 12 major organ
systems and the major cavities of
the body.
4. Define homeostasis.
5. List common terms used for relative
positions of the body.
6. List anatomical terms for regions of
the body and the three major
planes of the body.
4
Unit II: Basic Chemistry
1. Define matter & element.
2. List the four elements that comprise
96% of body weight.
3. Describe components of an atom.
4. Describe the role of electrons in the
formation of chemical bonds.
5. Differentiate among ionic, covalent
& hydrogen bonds.
6. Explain the differences among
electrolytes, ions, cations & anions.
Explain difference between a
5
CONTENT
1. Orientation
a. Course objectives
b. Course content
c. Evaluation tools
Introduction to the Human Body
1. Anatomy & physiology
2. Levels of organization of the
body
3. Major organ systems & body
cavities
4. Homeostasis
5. Terminology: relative positions
6. Anatomical terms
LEARNING
RESOURCE AND
ACTIVITY
SETTING
EVALUATION
Lecture/Discussion
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 1
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 1
QUIZ 1
View: Ultimate
Guide: The Human
Body
Basic chemistry
1. Elements & atoms
2. Chemical bonds
3. Electrolytes & ions
4. Compounds & molecules
5. Energy & ATP
6. Enzymes & catalysts
7. Acids, bases & buffers
8. Mixture, solution, suspension,
precipitates
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 2
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 2
QUIZ 2
3
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
molecule & compound.
List reasons why water is essential
to life.
Define energy & describe role of
ATP in energy transfer.
Explain role of catalysts &
enzymes.
Define pH and differentiate
between an acid & a base.
Differentiate between a mixture,
solution, suspension, colloid &
precipitate.
Unit III: Cells & Cell Metabolism
1. Label a diagram of the main parts
of a cell
2. Describe the functions of the main
organelles of the cell
3. Explain the role of the nucleus
4. Identify the structure of the cell
membrane
5. Describe the active and passive
movements of substances across a
cell membrane
6. Define tonicity & compare isotonic,
hypotonic & hypertonic solutions
7. Describe the phases of the cell
cycle, including mitosis
8. Explain cell differentiation
9. Define metabolism, anabolism &
catabolism
10. Explain use of carbohydrates,
proteins & fats in the body
11. Differentiate between anaerobic
and aerobic metabolism
12. Describe structure of a nucleotide
& roles of DNA & RNA, including
protein synthesis
8
Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cell Organelles
5. Cellular Transport
Mechanisms
6. Tonicity
7. The Genetic Code and Protein
Syntheses
8. Cell Division & Cell
differentiation
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapters 3 & 4
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapters
3&4
QUIZ 3
(CH 3 & 4)
4
Unit IV: Tissues & Membranes
1. List the four basic types of tissues.
2. Describe the characteristics &
functions of epithelial, connective,
muscle & nervous tissue.
3. Explain how epithelial tissue is
classified.
4. Differentiate between endocrine &
exocrine glands.
5. List the types of epithelial &
connective tissue membranes.
6. Differentiate between mucous &
serous membranes.
4
Unit V: The Integumentary System &
3
Body Temperature
1. Describe the layers of the skin.
2. List two major functions of the
subcutaneous layer.
3. List factors that influence the color
of the skin.
4. Describe the accessory structures of
the skin.
5. List seven functions of the skin.
6. Describe how the skin helps
regulate body temperature.
7. Explain four processes whereby the
body loses heat.
8. Describe aging & the integumentary
system
Tissues & membranes
1. Epithelial, connective, nervous
& muscle tissue, & functions
of each
2. Epithelial: squamous, cuboidal,
columnar; simple or stratified.
3. Glands: exocrine versus
endocrine
4. Connective tissue: loose,
dense, cartilage, bone, blood,
lymph
5. Nervous tissue: neurons
6. Muscle tissue: skeletal,
smooth, cardiac
7. Tissue repair
8. Membranes: classifications:
epithelial & serous
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Integumentary system
1. Structure of the skin: epidermis
& dermis
2. Subcutaneous layer
3. Melanocytes & melanin
4. Hair, nails & glands
5. Body temperature: heat
production, heat loss &
regulation
6. Burns
7. Skin care
8. Aging & the skin
9. Basic disorders of the skin
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 6
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 6
QUIZ 4
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 7
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 7
QUIZ 5
View: Anatomy
series: The
Integumentary
System
5
Unit VI: The Skeletal System
1. List the functions and structure.
2. Differentiate between the
composition & location of compact,
long & spongy bone.
3. Describe the growth process.
4. List the bones of the axial &
appendicular skeleton.
5. Label important landmarks for
selected bones.
6. List the main types and functions of
joints.
7. Describe the types of joint
movement.
8. Describe the aging process & the
skeletal system.
9. Identify basic disorders of the
skeletal system.
Unit VII: The Muscular System
1. List the types, structure &
functions.
2. Describe the sliding filament
mechanism & muscle contraction
process.
3. Describe the motor unit and
neuromuscular junction stimulation.
4. Define muscle terminology.
5. Identify sources of energy for
muscle contraction.
6. List the actions of the major
muscles.
7. Describe aging and the muscular
system.
6
4
Skeletal system
1. Skeletal system overview
a. Structure
b. Function
c. Composition
d. Growth process
2. The skeleton: axial,
appendicular
a. Landmarks
3. Joints: types
a. Functions
b. Movement
4. Aging
5. Basic disorders
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
The Muscular system
1. Types & functions of muscles
a. Skeletal
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac
2. Sliding filament mechanism
a. Calcium & ATP, actin &
myosin
3. Terminology: origin &
insertion
a. Synergist & antagonist
4. Sources of energy
5. Actions of major muscles
6. Aging
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 8
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 8
View: Anatomy
series: The Skeletal
System
QUIZ 6
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 9
Complete
Workbook
Herlihy Chapter 9
QUIZ 7
View: Anatomy
series: The
Muscular
System
6
Unit VIII: The Nervous System
1. Define the two divisions & general
function of the nervous system.
2. Compare the structure and function
of the neuroglia and neuron.
3. Explain the function of the myelin
sheath.
4. Explain how an impulse is
transmitted along the length of a
neuron.
5. Describe the structure & function of
a synapse.
6. Describe the functions of the four
major areas of the brain & the lobes
of the cerebrum.
7. Describe how the skull, meninges,
cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain
barrier protect the central nervous
system.
8. Describe the anatomy & functions
of the spinal cord.
9. List and describe the functions of
the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
10. Identify the classification of spinal
nerves.
11. Identify components of the reflex
arc.
12. List the functions of the three major
plexuses.
13. Describe aging and the nervous
system.
14. Describe the function & the
divisions of the autonomic nervous
system.
15. State the differences between the
sympathetic & parasympathetic
nervous system.
16. Identify the major neurotransmitters
of the ANS.
10
The Nervous System
1. Divisions & functions
2. Neuroglia & neurons
3. Myelin sheath
4. The nerve impulse
5. The synapse
6. The brain
a. Cerebrum
b. Diencephalon
c. Brain stem
d. Cerebellum
7. Cerebrum
a. Frontal
b. Temporal
c. Parietal
d. Occipital
8. Protection of CNS
9. Cranial nerves
10. Spinal nerves
11. Reflex arc
12. Plexuses
13. Aging
14. Function & divisions of
autonomic nervous system
15. Sympathetic &
parasympathetic nervous
system
16. Major neurotransmitters of the
ANS
17. Cholinergic & adrenergic
fibers & receptors
18. Effects of neurotransmitters
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapters 10, 11&
12
Complete
Workbook
Chapters 10, 11&
12
View: Anatomy
series: The Nervous
System
QUIZ 8
(CH 10, 11, 12)
7
17. Name & locate the cholinergic &
adrenergic receptors and define
cholinergic & adrenergic fibers.
18. Describe effects of
neurotransmitters and drugs on
autonomic receptors
Unit IX: The Sensory System
1. State the functions of the sensory
system & types of sensory
receptors.
2. Describe the components involved
in perception of sensation.
3. Describe the five general and
special senses.
4. Describe the structure and function
of the eye as it relates to sensory
perception.
5. Describe the structure and function
of the ear as it relates to sensory
perception.
6. Aging and the senses.
7. Basic disorders
2
Unit X: The Endocrine System
1. List the functions of the endocrine
system.
2. Define hormone.
3. Identify mechanisms for regulating
hormone secretion.
4. Describe the relationship of the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
5. Describe the location, hormones
and regulation of the pituitary
gland.
6. Identify the major endocrine glands
4
The Sensory System
1. Function & types of receptors
2. Perception
3. General senses
4. Special senses
5. Eye
a. Structure
b. Movement
c. Pupillary changes
6. Ear
a. Divisions
b. Functions with hearing
c. Equilibrium
7. Aging
8. Basic disorders
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
The Endocrine System
1. Functions
2. Hormones
3. Negative feedback/positive
feedback regulation
4. Hypothalamus
5. Anterior Pituitary gland
6. Posterior pituitary gland
7. Thyroid gland
8. Parathyroid gland
9. Adrenal glands
10. Pancreas
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 13
Complete
Workbook
Chapter 13
View: Anatomy
series: The sensory
System
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 14
Complete
Workbook
Chapter 14
Classroom
Take Home
Exam/Presentation
(#9) Sensory &
Endocrine
8
and their hormones.
7. Explain the effects of hyposecretion
& hypersecretion of the major
endocrine glands.
8. Aging and the endocrine system.
9. Basic disorders of the endocrine
system.
Unit XI: The Blood
1. List the functions and composition
of blood.
2. Describe the types of blood cells.
3. Explain the formation of blood
cells.
4. State the function of red and white
blood cells.
5. Explain the breakdown of red blood
cells & formation of bilirubin.
6. Describe anemia & types.
7. Identify the steps of hemostasis.
8. Identify the four blood types & Rh
factor.
9. Aging and the blood
Unit XII: The Heart
1. Describe the location, function, and
chambers of the heart.
2. Describe the three layers and outer
covering of the heart.
3. Explain how heart sounds are
created.
4. Name the valves of the heart and
explain the function of each.
5. Describe blood flow through the
heart.
6. Identify the vessels that supply
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
6
8
Gonads
Thymus
Organ specific hormones
Prostaglandins
Adipose tissue hormones
Aging
Basic disorders
View: Anatomy
series: The
Endocrine
System
The Blood
1. Functions of blood
2. Characteristics of blood
3. Types of cells/plasma
4. Hemopoiesis
5. Red blood cells
a. Function
b. Breakdown
c. Life span
6. White blood cells
a. Types & function of each
b. Production
7. Anemia
8. Hemostasis
9. Blood types
10. Aging
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
The Heart
1. Location, function, chambers
2. Layers: endocardium,
myocardium, epicardium
a. Covering: pericardium
3. Heart sounds
4. Valves
5. Pathway of blood through heart
6. Coronary circulation
7. Cardiac conduction system
8. Cardiac cycle: one heartbeat
a. Systole
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapter 15
Complete
Workbook
Chapter 15
View: Anatomy
series: The Blood
QUIZ 10
MIDTERM
Read: Herlihy
Chapters 16 & 17
Complete
Workbook
Chapters 16 & 17
9
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
blood to the heart.
Identify the components of the
heart’s conduction system.
Define cardiac cycle, cardiac output
& stroke volume.
Describe autonomic innervation of
the heart & Starling’s Law.
Define preload & afterload & their
effects on cardiac output.
Identify clinical vocabulary
pertaining to cardiac function.
Define heart failure & differentiate
between right and left sided heart
failure.
Aging and the heart
Unit XIII: The Vascular System
1. Describe the pulmonary & systemic
circulation
2. Describe the structure & function of
arteries, capillaries & veins.
3. Describe the mechanisms &
pressures that move gases and
fluids across capillary walls.
4. List the major systemic arteries &
veins.
5. Describe hepatic, fetal and
circulation to the head & brain.
6. List functions of blood vessels.
7. Describe factors that determine
blood pressure.
8. Explain for the medulla &
autonomic nervous system regulate
the diameter of blood vessels.
9. Describe the mechanisms of edema
formation.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
4
b. diastole
Cardiac output
Stroke volume
Autonomic nervous system &
the heart
Starling’s Law
Preload & afterload
Cardiac vocabulary
a. End diastolic volume
b. Ejection fraction
c. Inotropic effect
d. Chronotropic effect
e. Dromotrophic effect
f. Receptors
Heart failure
Aging and the heart
The Vascular System
1. Pulmonary & systemic
circulation
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Capillaries
a. Exchanges/transport
5. Major arteries & veins
6. Hepatic circulation
7. Fetal circulation
8. Circulation to head & brain
9. Blood pressure
10. Baroreceptors & medulla
oblongata
11. Edema formation
12. Regulation of body
temperature
13. Aging `
View: Anatomy
series:
The Heart
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
presentation
Classroom
Read: Herlihy
Chapters 18 & 19
Complete
Workbook
Chapters 18 & 19
View: Anatomy
series: The
Vascular System
The Circulatory
System: The
plasma pipeline
QUIZ 11
(Heart & Vascular
System)Ch 16,17,
18, 19
10
10. Describe the role of blood vessels
in the regulation of body
temperature.
11. Aging and the vascular system.
Unit XIV: The Lymphatic System
1. List the functions of the lymphatic
system.
2. Describe the composition and flow
of lymph.
3. Describe the four lymphoid organs.
4. State the location of the cervical,
axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes.
5. Aging & the lymphatic system
1.5
3
Unit XV: The Respiratory System
1. Describe the structure & function of
the organs of the respiratory system.
2. Trace the movement of air from the
nostrils to the alveoli.
3. State the locations of the pleural
membranes & explain the functions
of serous fluid.
4. Describe the structure of alveoli &
pulmonary capillaries & explain the
importance of surfactant.
5. Name and describe the important
air pressures & lung capacities
involved in ventilation.
6. Describe normal inhalation &
exhalation and forced exhalation.
7. Aging & the respiratory system.
The Lymphatic System
1. Functions
2. Lymph: composition & flow
3. Organs: nodes, tonsils, thymus
gland & spleen
4. Nodes
a. Cervical
b. Axillary
c. Inguinal
5. Aging
Lecture/Discussion
Powerpoint
Read: Herlihy
Ch 20
Complete
Workbook
Ch 20
View: Anatomy:
The Lymphatic
System
The Respiratory System
1. Upper repiratory tract organs
2. Lower respiratory tract organs
3. Air movement
4. Lungs & pleural membranes
5. Alveoli
6. Pulmonary capillaries
7. Surfactant
8. Lung capacities & volumes
9. Chemical control of respiration
10. Aging & the respiratory
system
Lecture/
Powerpoint
presentation
Read Herlihy
Chapter 22
Complete
workbook
Chapter 22
Video: anatomy:
The Lymphatic
System
QUIZ 12
(Lymphatic &
Respiratory
System)
11
Unit XVI: The Digestive System
1. List four functions of the digestive
3
system and its major divisions.
2. Describe four layers of the digestive
tract.
3. Describe the structure and functions
of the organs of the digestive tract.
4. Describe the structure and functions
of the accessory organs.
5. Explain the physiology of digestion
and absorption.
6. Describe the effects of amylase,
protease and lipase
7. Describe the role of bile.
8. Describe energy balance within the
body.
9. Describe the five categories of
nutrients.
10. Aging and the digestive system.
Unit XVII: The Urinary System
1. Describe the location & function of
each organ of the urinary system.
2. Explain the role of the nephron unit
in the formation of urine.
3. Describe the processes involved in
the formation of urine.
4. Describe the hormonal control of
water and electrolytes by the
kidneys.
5. List the normal constituents of
urine.
6. Describe the structure and function
of the ureters, urinary bladder and
urethra.
7. Aging and the urinary system
4
The Digestive System
1. Functions
2. Major divisions
3. Layers of digestive tract
4. Mouth
5. Pharynx
6. Esophagus
7. Stomach
8. Small intestine
9. Large intestine
10. Accessory organs: liver, gall
bladder, pancreas
11. Enzymes
12. Bile
13. Nutrients
14. Energy balance
15. Aging
Lecture/
Powerpoint
presentation
The Urinary System
1. Kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra
2. Kidneys
a. internal structure
b. nephron
3. Formation of urine
a. glomerular filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
b. tubular secretion
3. Hormones
4. Composition of urine
5. Ureters, bladder & urethra
6. Aging
Lecture/
Powerpoint
presentation
Read Herlihy
Chapter 23
Complete
workbook
Chapter 23
QUIZ 13
Video: anatomy:
The Digestive
System
Read Herlihy
Chapter 24
Complete
workbook
Chapter 24
Video: anatomy:
The Urinary
System
FINAL EXAM
Final (cumulative)
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Applegate, Edith J. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System. 4th ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, PA., 2010.
Colbert, B., Ankeny, J., Lee, K. Anatomy and Physiology for the Health Professions, 2nd ed., Pearson Health
Service. Upper Saddle, N.J., 2011.
Herlihy, B. The Human Body in Health and Illness, 5th edition, Saunders, Elsevier., St. Louis, M.O., 2014.
Herlihy, B.Study Guide for The Human Body in Health and Illness, 5th ed., Saunders, St. Louis, MO, 2014.
Memmler, R. L., Cohen, B., & Wood, D., Structure and Function of the Human Body., 11th ed., J.B.
Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, P.A., 2009.
Scanlon, V. & Sanders, T. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed., F.A. Davis Co, Philadelphia, PA,
2011.
Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 21th edition., Philadelphia F.A.Davis Company, 2009.
Thibodeau, Gary A.& Patton, Kevin. Structure and Function of the Body. 13th edition, Mosby & Co.
Philadelphia, PA, 2010.
Audiovisuals
The Human Body: Systems at Work, Cerebellum Corporation, SanFrancisco, CA, 2008.
Brain and Nervous System- Your Information Superhighway
Circulatory System- The Plasma Pipeline
Digestive System-Your Personal Power Plant
Muscular System- The Inner Athlete
Respiratory System- Intake and Exhaust
Skeletal System- The Infrastructure
Standard Deviants School, Anatomy Super Pack. Cerebellum Corporation, San Francisco, CA, 2008.
The Human Body: Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory, Nervous, Cardiovascular, & Digestive & Renal Systems
Hosted by Dr. Mark Reisman
The Virtual Body: Homeostasis. Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
Includes Criculation, Respiration & Breathing
Ultimate Guide-The Human Body. Discovery Channel University.