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Adverb and Preposition
1. Adverb
At the general level the adverb is definable as a grammatically distinct word class
with the following properties:
a. Its central members characteristically modify (or head phrases which modify)
verb, adjectives and other adverbs. In language which distinguish between
adjectives and adverb the primary difference is that adjectives modify nuoun (or
stand in a predicative relation to noun phrases) while adverbs modify verbs, the
modifiers of verbs can, to a very large degree, also modify adjectives and advers,
so that we then extended the definition of adverb to cover modifiers of all three
open classes other than noun.
b. Central members commonly express manner or degree; other frequent meanings
(often associated with grammatically less central members) include time and
place.
c. It is commonly the case that many members, especially those belonging to the
manner sublass, are morphologically derived from adjectives.
Consider now, at the language-particular level, the properties of adverbs in English.
a. Function, advers, or the phrases they head, occur in a rather wide range of
function, notably (through not exhaustively): (a) modifier in VP structure [(she
spoke) clearly]; (b) modifier in AdjP structure ([she’s] she extraordinarily
[bright]); (y) modifier in AdvP structure ([she did it] rather [well]); (d) peripheral
dependent in clause structure (frankly, [he’s a dead loss]); (e) complement in VP
structure ([the put us] ashore)
b. Dependent. The structure of AdvPs is similar to that of AdjPs, but somewhat
simpler: adverbs take a more limited range of dependents than do adjectives.
c. Morphology. A handful of adverbs – soon, well, etc. – infect for grade (like
prototypical adjectives): soon, sooner, soonest; well, better, best.
2. Adverbialisation
Adverbialisation, a concept analogous to nominalization and adjectivalisation,
presents now new problems and can be discussed quite briefly.
3. Preposition
At the general level the preposition is one type of adposition, the other type being the
postposition. Preposition normally precede their complements, while postposition
follow. The adposition may then be defined as a grammatically distinct closed class
of words with the following properties.
1. Traditional English grammar and beyond “N. F. Blake” on page 65 said The most
common formal characteristic of an adverbs is that it has the ending –ly. This ending
is one which has been increasingly attached to adverbs since the seventeenth century,
partly as a mean to distinguish them from adjectives. Without the –ly ending there is
no difference in from between an adjective and an adverb, as can still be seen from
thise word which occur so frequently that they have never adopted the ending. E.g.
are fast and late.
Preposition normally come before a noun or noun group, and when this is not the case
they cease essentially to be preposition and are transformed into adverbs. Some
adverbs can stand outside the main structure of sentence because they act as a
comment on the whole of the sentence. The sentence is complete without the adverb,
which simply adds some emotional overtone to the utterance. Thus He’s just gone
home is a well-formed sentence to which various adverbs can be added to give some
coloring to the statement. This could include Actually he’s just gone home or Truly
he’s just gone home.
2. “Adverbs denote the manner in which something is done (badly, slowly, painfully,
cynically, etc) on page 57 (Transformational Grammar by Andrew Radford)”.
Preposition denote location (under, over, outside, in, on, etc.)
3. According Raymond “English grammar in use” on page 198 said that adverb tell us
about a verb, example: Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. Many adverbs
are made from an adjective + ly, but not all words ending in –ly are adverbs.
Example: friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, silly, and lovely.
We also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs. Example:
-
Reasonably cheap
(adverb + adjective)
-
Incredibly quickly
(adverb + adverb)
4. We can usual recognize an adverb by its:
-
Function, modify a verb [John speaks loudly. (How does john speak)], modify an
adjective (he is really handsome), and other adverbs (she drives incredibly slowly)
but adverb have other function, too. They can: modify a whole sentence:
Obviously, I can’t know everything.
-
Form, many adverbs end in –ly we form such adverbs by adding –ly to the
adjective. Here are some example: quickly, softly, etc. but not all words that end
in –ly are adverbs. For example is an adjective. Some adverbs have no particular
form, for example: well, fast, very, never, always, often, and still, we can see the
sentence on page 200 at English grammar in use.
-
Position, adverb have three main position in the sentence: front (before the
subject), example: now we will study adverbs. Middle (between the subject and
the main verb), example: we often study adverbs. End (after the verb or object),
example: we study adverbs carefully. http://www.4englishexams.com/englishgrammar/english-grammar/what-is-adverb.htm
English preposition rule, there is one very simple rule about preposition. And, unlike
most rules, this rule has no exceptions.
A preposition is followed by a “noun”. It is never followed by a verb. Noun include:
noun (dog, money, etc.), proper noun (name, Bangkok, Mary, etc.), pronoun (you,
him, us, etc.), noun group (my first job), gerund (swimming). A preposition cannot be
followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the “ing”
from
which
is
really
gerund
or
verb
in
noun
http://www.4englishexams.com/english-grammar/english-grammar/what-ispreposition.htm
form.
Grammar
ADVERBS AND PREPOSITION
Group VI:
AHMAD FAUZI
10535 2544 07
SYAMSIAR J
10535 2531 07
AHDANIAR
10535 2517 07
AKBAR N
10535 2553 07
NASRUDDIN
10535 2537 07
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2010