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SPEAKER AT: October, 2nd and 3rd , 2013, Barcelona Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Professor at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Ikuko Hara-Nishimura received her Ph.D. in Osaka University. She was a research assistant in Natural Institute for Basic Biology between 1990 and 1997, and then became associate professor until 1999. Since 1999 Ikuko Hara-Nishimura is Professor at Kyoto University. She received the Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists Award in 2013, the Prize for Science and Technology and the Commendation for Science and Technology by MEXT in 2007, and the Chunichi Cultural Prize in 2006. She currently is member of Review Panel of MEXT (Government of Japan). She also was member of the Expert Panel on Basic Policy of Council for Science and Technology Policy at Cabinet Office (Government of Japan) between 2007 and 2011; the Review Panel of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Research Council between 2005 and 2009, and the Review Panel at Council for Science and Technology Policy in 2007 and 2008. SPEAKER AT: October, 2nd and 3rd , 2013, Barcelona Endomembrane Systems Responsible for Defense Strategies of Plants Plant endomembranes including vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum dynamically move and change their shapes within the cells. Previously, we reported that plants use vacuoles for cell autonomous plant immunity in two different ways. The first way involves fusion of vacuolar membrane and plasma membrane, which is triggered by the a virulent bacteria infection and allows vacuolar defense proteins to be discharged into the extracellular space where the bacteria proliferate. The fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes is induced in a proteasome-dependent manner. The second way is associated with vacuolar membrane collapse followed by the release of vacuolar hydrolytic enzymes into the cytosol, resulting in rapid and direct cell death. This way is effective in the digestion of viruses proliferating in the cytosol. Intriguingly, both vacuole-mediated immune systems induce hypersensitive cell death by using caspase-like activities: caspase-3-like activity (DEVDase activity) of proteasome subunit PBA1 causes the membrane fusion, while caspases-1-like activity (YVADase activity) of VPE causes the vacuolar membrane collapse. In this meeting, we also touch on another ingenious two-compartment immune system, in which betaglucosidases in the ER bodies of epidermal cells of roots and the vacuoles of myrosin cells of leaves are sequestered from their glucosinolate substrate. When cells are ruptured by herbivores, myrosinase converts the substrates into a toxic compound. These results provide an idea that plants use the vacuoles differently depending on the type of pathogenic organisms.