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I would suggest you take notes like this: A Brief History of Science Aristotle (4th century b.c.) 1) Earth is flat, and the 'Center of the Universe' 2) Motion has 2 types: • natural motion • violent motion 3) Believed in impetus Natural Motion: All things revert to their natural state: REST. Violent Motion: All motion is a result of one object acting on another through direct contact. Copernicus (14731543) • Wrote: De Revolutionibus 1543 • Heliocentric universe (SunCentered) Galileo (1564 1642): • Dropped stuff in Pisa • Played with a ramp • Thought about friction Isaac Newton (16421727): • Invented calculus for fun • Took Galileo's ideas and expanded on them. Newton's 3 Laws of Motion: Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia • Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it. • An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest. • INERTIA = resistance to change Aristotle (4th century b.c.) Was made of stone, and said: 1) Earth is flat, and the 'Center of the Universe' 2) Motion has 2 types: • natural motion • violent motion 3) Believed in impetus Original Aristocrat: Etymology = study of words Entomology = study of Alexander the Great Aristotle was all 'buddybuddy' with: The Result: Aristotle's ideas are considered absolute 'truth' for 1,000 years. THE MACEDONIAN (GREEK) EMPIRE ENCOMPASSES THE MAIN CROSSROADS AND TRADE ROUTES OF THE 'KNOWN' WORLD!!! Aristotle's Universe Aristotle Earth Centered (Geocentric) Two Regions 1. Terrestrial Region (Earth) a. 4 elements fire air water earth b. Each sought its natural place which explained how things move c. Imperfect regionbad things happen, earthquakes, floods, famine, death 2. Celestial Region a. 1 element ether (perfect element) b. heavens, perfect region ETHER The Universe: (According to Aristotle) The apparent path of the Sun across the sky (According to Aristotle) In summer, the Sun's path is longest, and so are the days. In winter, the Sun's path is shortest, and so are the days. If the Earth were at the center of the solar system, then the orbits of the other planets, Mars in this case, would look something like this: Natural Motion: All things revert to their natural state: REST. Violent Motion: All motion is a result of one object acting on another through direct contact. IMPETUS: IMPETUS: 'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move. IMPETUS: 'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move. When the 'Impetus' is gone, the cannonball returns to its 'natural' state IMPETUS: 'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move. When the 'Impetus' is gone, the cannonball returns to its 'natural' state As we know, parabolic motion of projectiles is reality. Copernicus (14731543) Had shifty eyes, and wrote: • De Revolutionibus 1543 • Heliocentric universe (SunCentered) The Copernican Solar System: NOTE that the solar system 'ends' with Saturn because this is the last planet visible to the naked eye. A new tool was needed to see further. Galileo (1564 1642): • Dropped stuff in Pisa • Played with a ramp • Thought about friction • Had a long beard Galileo realizes air resistance causes this: Galileo drops objects that all have significant mass compared to the air resistance to show they all fall (ACCELERATE!!!) at the same rate. NOTE: May or may not have actually gone to Pisa. 1) Motion can be analyzed independently with perpendicular COMPONENTS 2) Constant Velocity + Accelerated Motion PROJECTILE MOTION Galileo observed: Galileo observed: The ball rolls to approximately the same height on the other side of the ramp Galileo observed: The ball rolls to approximately the same height on the other side of the ramp REGARDLESS OF HOW LONG THE RAMP IS WHAT IF THE RAMP WERE INFINITELY LONG? WHAT IF THE RAMP WERE INFINITELY LONG? Galileo Theorized that the ball would roll forever. Isaac Newton (16421727): • Ultramegamega genius • Invented calculus for fun (Rumored to have invented Garnier Fructis as well) • Took Galileo's ideas and expanded on them. What does the slope of this curve tell us? ACCELERATION!!! What does the area under this curve tell us? DISPLACEMENT Calculus shows us how to find the slope of and area under the curve!!! Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia • Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it. Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia • Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it. • IN ENGLISH: An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest. Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia • Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it. • IN ENGLISH: An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest. • INERTIA = resistance to change