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I would suggest you take notes like this:
A Brief History of Science
Aristotle (4th century b.c.)
1) Earth is flat, and the 'Center of the Universe'
2) Motion has 2 types:
• natural motion
• violent motion
3) Believed in impetus
Natural Motion:
All things revert to their natural state: REST.
Violent Motion:
All motion is a result of one object acting on another through direct contact.
Copernicus (1473­1543)
• Wrote: De Revolutionibus ­ 1543
• Heliocentric universe (Sun­Centered)
Galileo (1564 ­ 1642):
• Dropped stuff in Pisa
• Played with a ramp
• Thought about friction
Isaac Newton (1642­1727):
• Invented calculus for fun • Took Galileo's ideas and expanded on them.
Newton's 3 Laws of Motion:
Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia
• Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
• An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest.
• INERTIA = resistance to change
Aristotle (4th century b.c.)
Was made of stone, and said:
1) Earth is flat, and the 'Center of the Universe'
2) Motion has 2 types:
• natural motion
• violent motion
3) Believed in impetus
Original
Aristocrat:
Etymology = study of words
Entomology = study of
Alexander the Great
Aristotle
was all 'buddybuddy' with:
The Result:
Aristotle's ideas are considered
absolute 'truth' for 1,000 years.
THE MACEDONIAN (GREEK) EMPIRE
ENCOMPASSES THE MAIN CROSSROADS AND
TRADE ROUTES OF THE 'KNOWN' WORLD!!!
Aristotle's Universe
Aristotle
Earth Centered (Geocentric)
Two Regions
1. Terrestrial Region (Earth)
a. 4 elements
fire
air
water
earth
b. Each sought its natural
place which explained
how things move
c. Imperfect region­bad things happen, earthquakes, floods, famine, death
2. Celestial Region
a. 1 element
ether (perfect element)
b. heavens, perfect region
ETHER
The Universe:
(According to
Aristotle)
The apparent path of the Sun across the sky
(According to Aristotle)
In summer, the Sun's path is longest, and so are the days.
In winter, the Sun's path is shortest, and so are the days.
If the Earth were at the center of the solar system, then the orbits of the other planets, Mars in this case, would look something like this:
Natural Motion:
All things revert to their natural state: REST.
Violent Motion:
All motion is a result of one object acting on another through direct contact.
IMPETUS:
IMPETUS:
'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move.
IMPETUS:
'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move.
When the 'Impetus' is gone, the cannonball returns to its 'natural' state
IMPETUS:
'Impetus' is like the energy given to the cannonball to move.
When the 'Impetus' is gone, the cannonball returns to its 'natural' state
As we know, parabolic motion of projectiles is reality.
Copernicus (1473­1543)
Had shifty eyes, and wrote:
• De Revolutionibus ­ 1543
• Heliocentric universe
(Sun­Centered)
The Copernican Solar System:
NOTE that the solar system 'ends' with Saturn because this is the last planet visible to the naked eye. A new tool was needed to see further.
Galileo (1564 ­ 1642):
• Dropped stuff in Pisa
• Played with a ramp
• Thought about friction
• Had a long beard
Galileo realizes air resistance causes this:
Galileo drops objects that all have significant mass compared to the air resistance to show they all fall (ACCELERATE!!!)
at the same rate.
NOTE:
May or may not have actually gone to Pisa.
1) Motion can be
analyzed independently
with perpendicular COMPONENTS
2) Constant Velocity
+ Accelerated Motion
PROJECTILE MOTION
Galileo observed:
Galileo observed:
The ball rolls to approximately the same height on the other side of the ramp
Galileo observed:
The ball rolls to approximately the same height on the other side of the ramp
REGARDLESS OF HOW LONG THE RAMP IS
WHAT IF THE RAMP WERE INFINITELY LONG?
WHAT IF THE RAMP WERE INFINITELY LONG?
Galileo Theorized that the ball would roll forever.
Isaac Newton (1642­1727):
• Ultra­mega­mega genius
• Invented calculus for fun (Rumored to have invented Garnier Fructis as well)
• Took Galileo's ideas and expanded on them.
What does the slope of this curve tell us?
ACCELERATION!!!
What does the area under this curve tell us?
DISPLACEMENT
Calculus shows us how to find the slope of and area under the curve!!!
Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia
•
Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia
•
Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
• IN ENGLISH: An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest.
Newton's First Law: Law of Inertia
•
Every object continues in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line, at constant speed, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces exerted on it.
• IN ENGLISH: An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest.
•
INERTIA = resistance to change