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Transcript
This is only a rough draft. A final draft will be posted later. World War II American History Miscellaneous Hitler Hitler is not German, he is from Austria, but due to nationalism the difference is minimal Very supportive of his mother, hated his father High school dropout, moves to Vienna to become an artist-and fails. While in Vienna he learns about radicalism (propaganda, mass politics, Anti-Semitism, Darwinism etc…) Anti-Semitism – hatred of the Jews, based on finances and Marxism Hitler fought in WWI and took it personal that the Germans lost*, he blames Jews, and Marxists, also the new government Hitler blames the Jews for everything- $ conspiracy, halting German unity, and infecting the race Becomes obsessed with his Master/Aryan Race 1919 he joins the Workers Party – a community of people with similar views 1921 he takes control of the party – already a master of mass propaganda and political showmanship (EXTREME Nationalism) Hitler’s tools --- night, fire, anticipation, emotion, mass rally 1922 party getting huge – he tells the people what they want to hear 1923 the German government (Wiemar Republic) on the verge of collapse, Hitler tries to overthrow the government – is arrested = birth of Nazism Hitler uses trial as a commercial, gains support In prison he writes the Nazi bible – Mein Kampf Its about race, “living space”, and the Fuhrer (leader) 1928 with the Brownshirts (Hitler’s Nazi army) number over 100,000 1929 = Depression 1930 German unemployment is equal to all of Europe combined! 1932 unemployment reaches 42% Hitler promises changes and answers and a restoration of pride through the military 1932 Nazi’s win big in the election and win control of the Reichstag (Congress) 1933 Hitler is made the official Chancellor Hitler as Chancellor Hitler outlaws all other political parties Outlaws unions, also if you didn’t join the party you lost your job Jews were blacklisted and books were burned The S.S. (Hitler’s best army henchmen) and Himmler (Chief of the S.S.) take control of the army The Gestapo, S.S., (Secret Police) join and take control of all aspects of social life 1934 Jews lost all jobs 1935 Nuremberg Laws – Jews lost citizenship 1938 25% of Jews in Germany left = attacks on other Jews accelerated War: Beginnings German Expansion 1935 Hitler rejects the Versailles Treaty and openly re-arms the military He then occupies the Rhineland along France’s border No one is willing to stop Hitler Memory of WWI No one was happy with Treaty of Versailles Hope of containing Hitler = APPEASEMENT – giving in March 1938, Hitler annexes Austria Then he annexes Czechoslovakia Sept. 1938 – Munich Conference – a meeting designed to stop Hitler, although all he gets is a slap on the wrist as long as he promises not to take over any more land. August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign a nonaggression pact (if war happens=no two front war) Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland = WWII begins (Our focus will be on Germany, not Italy because Mussolini becomes Hitler’s little puppet) Blitzkrieg – Lightning War Hitler’s version of “Shock and Awe” use air power and fast moving heavy artillery to overwhelm the opponent before they have a chance to mobilize Poland is crushed in under 4 weeks Poland is split between Hitler and Stalin Still no one wants to stop Hitler Hitler turns to France and they last 2 weeks!!! The British troops in France barely had time to escape across the English Channel. France sets up a puppet government in Vichy and give in to Hitler Britain stands by themselves against Hitler in Europe Hitler had accomplished in 6 weeks what Germany couldn’t do in all of WWI Battle for Britain Hitler relies on air power to try and defeat Britain Luckily the Brits had just invented RADAR The only protection they have is the Royal Air Force and giant balloons Hitler’s Mistake June 1941, instead of invading Britain, or waiting for them to fall, an impatient Hitler decides to invade the USSR. Why? Surprise Thought it would be quick and painless No more worries – plus it keeps the U.S. out longer Downfall – didn’t work, Germany now in a 2 front war Steps Towards War: U.S. (Europe) American Role if Britain falls = The Atlantic is too small for comfort 1935 Congress wants to stay neutral = prohibits sales of weapons to warring nations 1938 Neutrality Act – can sell weapons –U.S. ships cannot carry them 1940 Selective Service Act – 1st peacetime draft defense spending increases 1941 Lend-lease Act = lend anything to help nations that the U.S. needs to survive to insure our national security It became okay for our battleships to be shot at by u-boats and for us to shoot back at them Steps Towards War: Pacific U.S. isn’t too concerned with Japan at this time – war will come from Europe first, at least that is what they thought… Japan Builds an Empire 1875-1915 U.S. becomes an Imperialistic nation, annexing Hawaii, and Philippines 1931 Japan invades China 1933 FDR recognizes Soviet Union to hopefully put an end to Japanese expansion 1937 Japan pushes further south in China 1937 Germany, Japan, and Italy sign Anti-Comintern Pact 1937 Panay incident Tensions Arise America focused on Europe Only real Japanese threat in the Pacific Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere- Japanese version of the Monroe Doctrine 1941 Japan ready to invade the East Indies and present day Vietnam- this would give Japan entire Asian coast line and oil rich nations of the South Pacific Steps Towards War: U.S. (Pacific) FDR is forced to act places embargo on trade, froze Japanese assets in U.S. banks, barred shipments of scrap iron and oil to Japan Pearl Harbor Why Pearl Harbor Cut U.S. interest in Pacific Entire Pacific Fleet stationed here Open gateway to U.S. western seaboard Keep U.S. out of Europe Force U.S. to end embargo “The Day That Will Live In Infamy” Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese planes bombed the harbor in hopes of destroying all 22 of the major ships and 200 airplanes Only 19 ships in harbor- 3 aircraft carriers were out on maneuvers All ships and planes in harbor area were sunk or damaged- Japanese viewed as a success, however Attack of Pearl Harbor Japanese failed the attack missing the three aircraft carriers, didn’t damage dry docks, sub-base or fuel depots Attack succeeded in arousing public fear of invasion- 1942 Rose Bowl moved to North Carolina Also succeeded in unifying public into going to war U.S. Declares War December 8th 1941 U.S. declares war on Japan, three days later Germany and Italy declare war on the United States in retaliation FDR, “Yesterday, December 7,1941 was a day that will live in infamy.” in his declaration on war Propaganda Propaganda Ideas that are spread by any mode of communication to further a cause of to inhibit or cause damage to another cause Similar to censorship because the purpose of each is to support some cause, but censorship doesn’t try to convey a specific message Propaganda What is the purpose of propaganda? How does if affect the U.S. war effort? Do we really need propaganda? Does propaganda really work? Review The U.S. finally enters the war with public support, to keep up public support and moral propagandist measures are taken U.S. prepares for war by employing the idea of total war, every aspect of the home front contributed to the war effort, which in turn sped up the process for many changes War: European Theater We Begin in North Africa Hitler controls all of Europe First priority is to get to Southeastern Europe – to alleviate pressure off of Stalin in the east Easiest way there is through N. Africa Battle of El Alamien Rommel, Montgomery, Eisenhower Tuskegee Airmen Next on to Italy Goal is S.E. Europe Italy pretty easy going – people are sick of Mussolini and allow for the allied invasion Hitler gets scared and sends his troops there and turns in to a +2 year battle – SE. Europe isn’t going to be achieved and Stalin needs a Western Front…but how can we get into France Here’s How!!! Operation Overlord a.k.a. D-Day General Eisenhower's plan to open up the Western Front But we need secrecy – Hitler is no idiot, he knows we are coming, but where, only Ike knows Secrecy Achieved Hitler thinks we will attack at Calais – the shortest point across the English Channel So Ike chooses a different site, one with cliffs and exposed beaches, rough seas and an area known for it’s storms Secrecy Again We send little midget, plastic dummy paratroopers out at Calais the night before to get Hitler to send his troops there… meanwhile…. we are dropping real paratroopers behind Normandy to cut communications, transportation routes and maybe, hopefully take out a few guns and things D-Day June 6, 1944 With the aid of paratroopers we hope to arrive on at the following beaches with the least amount of trouble; Juno, Utah, Gold, Sword, and Omaha. D-Day is the largest sea/land mission ever But we didn’t do it alone, the Brits and Aussies did their part also This ain’t no normal trip to the beach All beaches with the exception of Omaha meet little resistance Omaha meets heavy gunfire and we lost 1000 Americans that first day Problems of the day – Paratroopers were scattered everywhere, high/rough seas Achievements of D-Day Western Front open – Stalin can wipe his brow and Hitler can start to hide France has hope for a liberated Paris which happens on Aug 25, 1944 Getting there isn’t easy and going further will be more difficult than imagined at times Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge Takes place at the Ardennes Forest on the French-German Border Forest + Bullets + Bombs = Many wooden missiles Hitler is hoping for a last ditch offensive to buy him so more time Allied lines bend but do not break Hitler’s days are numbered War: Pacific Theater War in the Pacific Major Battles Coral Sea – May 7-8 1942 Midway – June 3-6 1942 Guadalcanal – Aug 1942- Feb 1943 Iwo Jima – Feb-Mar 1945 Okinawa – Apr-June 1945 Island Hopping Leaders MacArthur Nimitz Yamamoto Hirohito Navajo Code Talkers Unbreakable code used in the Pacific Without it the war in the Pacific would have been greatly prolonged and with a possible different outcome Japanese Fighting Style Hospitals and Corpsman The Hidden Enemy The Art of War Chinese and American Victims Bataan Death March Battle at Iwo Jima Fighting the unseen 120,000 total involved on both sides for 36 days American Causalities 26,000 Japanese 21,000 (there were only 22,000 there) Key island for the B-29 bombers “The Picture That Will Live Forever” The Raising of the Flag The second flag raising Picture taken by Joe Rosenthal Those in picture not proud, “The real heroes never left the island” Immediate heroes at home, those that survived ordered to generate support for war bonds back home Immortalized in Washington D.C. War: On the Home Front U.S. Prepares for War GNP (Gross National Product- the total dollar number of all goods produced in the U.S.) raises from $91 billion in 1939 to $166 billion in 1945 War Productions Board prohibits new cars and trucks to be produced for the public Office of War Mobilization controlled everything else from petroleum, rubber, steel, aluminum, copper and more. Total War Total war is when nearly all aspects of a nation are mobilized for war, concentrating mainly on industry, manufacturing, and the economy Total war speeds up the process of change, especially in technology, and social issues Also changes in medicine U.S. Prepares for War Big “3” automakers generated 20% of all war goods War preparations bring about change by bringing day care, higher wages, and benefits. Jobs were available to just about anyone. Rationing Ma, Pa, Grandpa, “victory” gardens, car pooling, volunteer at hospitals young kids- “Uncle Sam’s Scrappers” & “Tin-Can Colonels” Also rationed rubber(tires), oil, fat(grease), and all types of food. Japanese Internment Camps Out of fear, after Pearl Harbor, all Japanese Americans were rounded up and placed in camps so that we could keep our eyes on them. Nisei Battalion Stars in the Windows Blue – Serving, Gold – Served and died Migration Great urban migration People flocked to coast and southern cities African Americans left the South in tremendous numbers and took jobs in the industrial centers in the North and along the coasts 1940 7 million unemployed, by 1944 there was virtually zero unemployment Rosie the Riveter 12 million men were fighting Women went to work Women needed the money and had the time to work Social Roles Women were expected to leave the workplace for the home after the war Many still believed that the role of all women was barefoot, pregnant and in the kitchen Many minorities also filled the holes in the workforce but didn’t reap the same benefits Fear & Hatred Jobs did not necessarily equal a change in status America still very racists, a job didn’t change the fact that you were African American, Hispanic or Asian Internment Camps The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project FDR dies and Harry S Truman takes over Truman knew nothing of Manhattan Project Was kept out of the loop The Manhattan Project Started even before the war Millions spent on project through secret funds Started at U. of Chicago Underground explosion Moved to New Mexico to test in Desert July 16, 1945 first successful test Truman a new a revived man at Potsdam Conference War: Negotiating Peace Peace in Europe (V-E Day) End of war in Europe comes shortly after Hitler’s death. We allow the Soviet army into Berlin first. War in Europe over on May 8, 1945 The Bomb is Dropped (Twice) First on Hiroshima on Aug 6 1945 Second on Nagasaki on Aug 9 1945 Peace Treaty signed on Sept. 3 1945 aboard the U.S.S. Missouri Atomic bomb vs. Firebombing and invasion. V-J Day Day the war with Japan ends, Aug 14, 1945 Treaty signed on the Battleship Missouri. War is officially over…with some never knowing? Holocaust Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass Jewish storefronts are broken out, trashed and looted. Synagogues were burned. Formation of the Ghetto Shortly after the invasion of Poland all Jews were rounded up and put in the ghetto. The reason for this was to give Hitler time to build the concentration camps. When the camps were finished the Jews were moved again, for most, this was there last move. Camp Life Slave labor, literally worked to death. Dr. Mengele – Angel of Death FINAL SOLUTION – Hitler’s final destination for the Jews and others whom he disliked was death. Goal to kill them all as efficiently as possible. Holocaust and Genocide Approximately 6 million Jews died because of the Holocaust. Also almost another 6 million Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, homosexuals, and others were also killed. Leads to the formation of Israel Worst camps were Auschwitz, Dachau, and Buchenwald Total Costs of War 25 million troops died, 30 million civilians. Yalta – The Big Three U.S. – FDR U.K. – Churchill U.S.S.R. – Stalin All trying to decide how to rebuild Europe. Major sticking points are Germany and Berlin Nuremberg Trials Trial that tried 22 Nazi officials for crimes against humanity during war. 12 were hung, some committed suicide, others received prison time. Trials showed these men weren’t monsters. Arsenic poisoning… Outcomes of WWII U.S. vs. U.S.S.R. – beginning of the Cold War Space race Cuba Communist block Berlin Wall Domino Theory leads to Korea and Vietnam Nuclear Age ushered in