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ANATOMY http://www.google.com/imgres AND Reproductive Systems PHYSIOLOGY ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS: Produce make sex cells, or sperm cells Secrete male sex hormones The primary sex organs are the gonads, or the testes The testes produces sperm cells and male sex hormones http://www.google.com/imgres Male Reproductive System: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/malerepro_2.gif THE TESTES: There are 2 testes Within each testis are lobules that contain coiled seminiferous tubules. Sperm cells are made within the seminiferous tubules. The tubules eventually join the epididymis. The epididymis eventually becomes the vas deferens. The vas deferens unites with a seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct and empties into the urethra. The urethra is the tube in which both urine and semen are excreted. http://www.malefertility.md/images/sperm_blockage.jpg The prostate gland enhances motility of sperm cells & helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions The bulbourethral glands, a.k.a. Cowper’s glands, secrete fluid that lubricate the end of the penis in preparation for sexual intercourse. Semen is the fluid secreted during ejaculation. This contains nutrients, prostaglandins and sperm cells. http://www.google.com/imgres Formation of Sperm: Spermatogenesis is the process of forming sperm cells. Sperm cells form through meiosis and have only 23 chromosomes (instead of the normal 46 chromosomes of every other cells). http://www.google.com/imgres MALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: The Scrotum: The scrotum is the external pouch of skin that hangs posterior to the penis and contains the testes. It is divided in two by the medial septum (2 chambers, each carrying one testis). It protects the testes and aids in temperature regulation (important in the production of sperm cells). http://www.google.com/imgres The Penis: The penis is the organ that conveys both semen and urine through the urethra. The foreskin, or prepuce, is a loose fold of skin that is sometimes removed during a circumcision (a surgical procedure). * The next slide may disturb some of you, however, you should understand that this is a regular procedure for most newborn babies in the USA. Circumcision: http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/10221.jpg http://www.danheller.com/images/Topics/Circumcis ion/circumcision-05.jpg http://www.shands.org/health/surgeries/images/1022 3.jpg MALE SEX HORMONES: Prior to the age of 10, sperm cells are immature in males. The hypothalamus controls the reproductive changes that occur in males by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH signals the anterior pituitary gland to release folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In males, LH and FSH eventually trigger the release of testosterone (the main male hormone). Male sex hormones are termed androgens. Puberty is the time of life when sex hormones are increased in the bloodstream (beginning between 13-15 in males). http://www.dva.gov.au/health/menshealth/images/04_hormones.gif TESTOSTERONE EFFECTS: Testosterone stimulates the enlargement of testes & enhances the development of the secondary sex characteristics. The secondary sex characteristics: -increased body hair (face, chest, pubic) -lower voice -thicker skin -increase muscle mass, broadening of shoulders, narrowing of waist -thickening & lengthening of bones Testosterone increases cellular metabolism, rbc production, and stimulates sexual activity. ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: http://www.google.com/imgres The primary sex cells are the egg cells, or ova. The primary sex organs, or gonads, are the ovaries. The ovaries produce the ova and female sex hormones. http://www.healthywomen.org/UterineHealthGuide/pages/images/female_reproductive_system.gif THE OVARIES: There are 2 ovaries. Before birth, meiosis has already begun. The egg cells degenerate & the female only releases ~400-500 in her lifetime. Oogenesis is the process of egg cell formation. Egg cells have only 23 chromosomes (instead of the 46 chromosomes of most other cells). When an egg cell and a sperm cell unite they form a zygote which has 46 chromosomes (23 + 23= 46) OVULATION: Once puberty in females is reached, the anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and this acts on the ovaries. This matures the primary follicles one of the ovaries (the functional units of the ovaries). Note: the ovaries take turns each month. As the follicle matures, the egg is released from the follicle (this makes the follicle rupture). This is ovulation. http://www.infertilitybooks.com/onlinebooks/malpani/images/13a_ovarianfollicle.jpg FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS: Remember, the female sex organs are ALL internal! The uterine tubes, a.k.a. fallopian tubes or oviducts, connect the ovaries to the uterus. The uterus receives the embryo and holds it while it develops. It is a muscular pear shaped organ that contains several parts: http://www.aboutheavyperiods.com/uploadedImages/diagram_uterus.gif FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS, CONT’D: The uterus contains: 3 layers of the uterine wall are: endometrium, myometrium, (both shed during reproductive cycles & pregnancy) and perimetrium Cervix (lower third); this extends into the vagina. Vagina: receives the penis during intercourse, is the pathway for sperm cells and is the birth canal. It is partially covered by a thin layer of connective tissue called the hymen. http://www.google.com/imgres FEMALE ACCESSORY ORGANS, CONT’D: The clitoris is a small projection on the female that corresponds to the male’s penis (and has a similar structure). It has erectile tissue & sensory nerve fibers. http://www.google.com/imgres FEMALE CIRCUMCISION? http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/jpg/Female_Genit al_Cutting.jpg http://www.benettontalk.com/female_circumcision.jpg This is also known as Genital Cutting: http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html *The next slide may be disturbing for some of you. Please understand this is illegal and uncommon in the USA. 1. Clitoral Hood (foreskin) 2. Clitoris 3..Urethra 4.Vaginal opening 5. Hymen 6. Bartholin's glands 7. Perineum 8. Anus 9. Mons veneris 10. Labia majora 11. Labia minora http://www.nocirc.org/publish/pamphlet9.html FEMALE SEX HORMONES: At about age 10, the female body’s hypothalamus secretes GnRH. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH to act on the ovaries. The ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone. Estrogens stimulate the enlargement of the accessory organs (vagina, uterus, tubes, ovaries & external structures) & develop and maintain the secondary sex characteristics: -breast development -increased adipose deposits (fat tissue) in breasts, thighs and buttocks -increased vascularization of skin FEMALE SEX HORMONES CONT’D: In the non-pregnant female, progesterone promotes uterus changes, affects the mammary glands & regulates gonadotropin secretions. Androgens (secreted by the adrenal cortices) in females (extremely low) promote hair growth in the pubic & under arms and narrowing of shoulders & broadening of hips. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE: a.k.a the menstrual cycle, consists of regular changes of the uterine lining ending in menses (or menstrual bleeding). The ovarian cycle is the changes in the ovary that generally correspond to the menstrual cycle. This cycle ranges from around age 13 to middle age. The first menses is called menarche. THE HORMONE CYCLE: 1. GnRH (hypothalamus) signals the pituitary gland to release FSH & LH. 2. FSH acts on the ovary: follicle matures. 3. The follicle (technically ovary) produces estrogen & some progesterone. 4. Meanwhile, LH signals increased production of estrogen (ovary). 5. Estrogen signals the uterine lining to thicken & the maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics. THE HORMONE CYCLE: 6. Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the cycle (follicle ruptures & egg is released). 7. The follicular body, a.k.a. yellow body or corpus luteum, is left behind (ovary) & eventually disintegrates. It secretes progesterone (prior to disintegrating). 8. Progesterone (ovary) stimulates the uterine lining to become vascular. • The increased lining and blood flow to the uterus provides a favorable environment for embryo development. 9. Around day 24, the corpus luteum (if the egg is not fertilized) begins to degenerate. 10. Menstrual flow begins about the 28th day of the cycle. The cycle begins again. Ovarian Cycle: http://www.google.com/imgres Menopause is the period in life when menstrual cycles cease. Aging ovaries are the cause of menopause. The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system that secrete milk following pregnancy. http://www.google.com/imgres Birth Control and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Birth control is a means of voluntarily regulating how many offspring produced (and at the time in which they are produced). Contraception is generally the means in which this is accomplished. This is the avoidance of fertilization. (to avoid conception). There are several methods: Understand: THE BEST WAY TO AVOID CONCEPTION IS TO ABSTAIN FROM SEXUAL INTERCOURSE! ALSO, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE SEX TO CONCEIVE. BIRTH CONTROL AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES CONT’D: Coitus Interruptus is the withdrawal method (before ejaculation). Rhythm Method, a.k.a. coitus or natural family planning, is the method accepted by the Catholic Church (married couples). This requires the abstinence of sexual intercourse a few days prior to and after ovulation to avoid pregnancy BIRTH CONTROL: Mechanical Barriers prevent sperm cells from entering the reproductive tract during intercourse. These include: Male condom Female condom Diaphragm (must be fitted by a physician & used with a chemical spermicide) Cervical cap Chemical Barriers have spermicidal properties that create unfavorable environments for sperm cells. These include: Creams Foams Jellies http://www.google.com/imgres Doctor-Approved Methods: Oral Contraceptives , a.k.a. birth control pills, are chemicals that are taken by women that contain hormones (or synthetic hormones) that disrupt normal or prevent ovulation. They also prevent uterine lining buildup (which would interfere with embryo implantation). Injectable Contraception, like Depro-Provera, protects against conception for 3 months. This alters the uterine lining. Contraceptive Implants are rods of progesterone capsules surgically inserted under the skin that prevent ovulation for up to 5 years. Intrauterine Devices (IUD) are inserted into the uterine cavity and interfere with implantation. (ie: NuvaRing) DOCTOR-APPROVED METHODS: Surgical Procedures, such as vasectomies in males and tubule ligations in females, are a little more drastic. A vasectomy removes a section of the vas deferens near the epididymis & ties the cut ends together. This is an outpatient procedure. This separates the sperm cells from leaving the body (but it may take a few weeks for this to be effective). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sWDYXX2z7w A tubal ligation cuts the uterine tubes and ensures that sperm cannot reach the eggs. This is internal surgery! http://www.essuredr.com/EssureTubalLigation.html Vasectomy vs. Tubal Ligation: http://www.google.com/imgres SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS): These are silent infections b/c the symptoms don’t show in early stages. Many STDs have similar symptoms to other diseases & allergies (that are not sexually transmitted). Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): viral infection causing warts; if left untreated can cause cervical cancer. Genital Herpes: viral infection causing warts Chlamydia: bacterial infection SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS): Gonorrhea: bacterial infection Pelvic inflammatory disease: complication of gonorrhea & Chlamydia; bacteria gain entry into the vagina and spread throughout the reproductive organs. Starts with cramps and then results in fever, chills, weakness & severe cramps. Hospitalization & IV fluids (and antibiotics) are necessary. Can result in sterilization. Hepatitis A, B & C: viral infection A: runs its course (flu-like symptoms) B: no treatment (~10% develop liver damage) C: no treatment (most develop liver damage) SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDS): Syphilis: bacterial infection Symptoms: ulcers, rash, flu-like, warts, patchy hair loss, NS & CVS complications can occur. Must be treated early with antibiotics. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disease) destroys the immune system. Caused by HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, (passes from the body fluids from one person to another) PREGNANCY: From fertilization (conception) until the birth of the infant Gestation= development of the fetus Embryo= 1st 8 weeks Fetus= week 9 until birth Infant= at birth http://www.google.com/imgres DEVELOPMENT Pregnancy (gestation): internal development of the embryo(s) Divided into 3 trimesters 1st trimester: fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst, implantation, organogenesis, & neurulation all occur 2nd trimester: rapid growth, embryo now a fetus, very active 3rd trimester: activity decreases, rapid growth http://health.stateuniversity.com/article_images/gem_04_img0526.jpg THE STAGES OF EARLY EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Fertilization- egg & sperm fuse Cleavage- cells divide (partitions the zygote; morulablastula) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_NpHFRQ-Dk3Q/Sa4VR84sEoI/AAAAAAAABSs/e-O7EHtzFYY/s400/human_embryo_day_3_copy.gif Gastrulation- rearranges the blastula into 3 layered embryo (endoderm, mesoderm & ectoderm). Occurs ~15 days after fertilization; takes about 20 days Ectoderm: becomes nervous system & epidermis Endoderm: becomes mucous layers & several glands Mesoderm: becomes almost all other organs Organogenesis- (a.k.a. morphogenesis) organs form, “larva” forms Neurulation or Neural Tube Formationdevelopment of the neural tube (brain & spinal cord) or the nervous system. Occurs ~18 days after fertilization; takes ~23 days (overlaps gastrulation) http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/devel/c7.46.17.human.fetus.jpg At 21 weeks: http://rasica.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/samuelshand.jpg Comparing Embryos: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94773&rendTypeId=34 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY: Morning sickness (first few months) Heartburn Constipation Frequent urination and/or stress incontinence Difficulty breathing Increased blood pressure and pulse Look up in text or online! Know the following: prostate cancer, gonorrhea, pelvis inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, breast cancer, abortion, Braxton Hicks contractions, Cesarean section, afterbirth, pseduohermaphrodites, & hermaphrodites