Download 05 APUSH (18-22) (1848-1877) (Checklist)

1
05 Unit Lesson Plan
Day 1
Read the 05 Bailey Outline
(18) Renewing the Sectional Struggle
I.
The Popular Sovereignty Panacea
A.
The Mexican Cession lands opened a "can of worms" with the question, "What should be done about
slavery in these lands?"
B.
Further, with this question, the political parties (Whig and Democrat) were put into a tricky position. No
matter which way they answered, half of the nation would be offended.
1.
Largely, the parties simply chose to side-step the slavery-expansion question (give no clear
answer) so as to offend no one, hopefully.
C.
In the election of 1848, Polk was ailing and would not run again.
1.
The Democrats nominated Gen. Lewis Cass who'd spoken previously for popular
sovereignty (the people of a territory should decide and issue for themselves).
2.
The popular sovereignty position was well-liked by politicians since it enabled them to take a
neutral stance and rather say, "Let the people decide." During the campaign, however, he kept
rather silent on slavery.
II.
Political Triumphs for General Taylor
A.
The Whigs nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor in 1848. He had no political experience but was the "hero of
Buena Vista" which went a long way—he won the election.
1.
Taylor put the question of slavery expansion on the back burner and essentially had no official
position on it.
B.
Notable in 1848 was the Free Soil Party that emerged when many Northerners were upset that neither
party took a position on the expansion of slavery. They nominated Martin Van Buren and their position
was clearly against the expansion of slavery.
1.
The Free Soilers also favored federal money for internal improvements and free land for settlers
out west.
2.
The party attracted a wide mix of people: (a) folks upset over getting only 1/2 of Oregon, (b)
people who didn't want blacks in the new lands, and (c) northern abolitionists who didn't like
slavery.
III.
“Californy Gold”
A.
At Sutter's Mill in 1848, gold was discovered. The secret was quickly out and California gold rush was on.
B.
The next year, 1849, "Forty-Niners" flooded to California. Dreams of getting rich quick nearly always
turned into either going bust or the constant hard work of moving dirt involved in mining.
1.
Perhaps more people made their fortunes out of the myriad of things needed to accompany the
miners: general stores, lumberyards, bars, barbershops, bakeries, opera-houses for entertainment,
etc.
C.
The overall result of the gold rush was that California had enough people to become a state, almost
overnight. It applied to be a free state and thus threatened the 15-to-15 slave-to-free balance.
IV.
Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad
A.
By 1850, the South and slavery was on solid ground because (a) the president (Zachary Taylor) was a
Virginia slave owner born/raised in Louisiana, (b) though outnumbered in the House, the South had
equality in the Senate and could therefore block any unwanted laws, and (c) the Constitution favored the
South (this would later be upheld in the Dred Scott case).
B.
Even though on solid ground, the South felt they were under attack or upset over the following issues…
1.
The proposition of California as a free state threatened the free/slave state balance.
2.
Texas had a disputed region, again, this time into the New Mexico/Colorado/Wyoming area.
3.
Northerners were pushing hard to abolish slavery in Washington D.C.
4.
And most bothersome to the South was the issue of runaway slaves. The Fugitive Slave Law was
supposed to "round up" runaways up North and ship them back South. This was largely not being
done and the South took it as a personal offense.
a.
1.
The Underground Railroad was a secret route from "station to station" that led
many slaves to the North and eventually to Canada. Harriet Tubman was the
most well-known "conductor" of the "railroad." She snuck back into the South
19 times and led some 300+ slaves to freedom.
C.
With these hot issues heating up, political compromise was needed to avoid violent conflict.
V.
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
A.
California's request to be a free state forced all of these issues onto the Congressional floor.
B.
The 3 leading senators of the past decades had one more round of greatness in them…
1.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Henry Clay was known as the "Great Compromiser" and offered a compromise here. He was
notably seconded by a young Senator Stephen Douglas who will take a larger role in events later.
Clay urged both sides to make concessions and to compromise.
2.
For the South, John C. Calhoun argued for states' rights (the same argument as in the tariff crisis
of the 1830's). He wanted slavery to be left alone, the runaway slaves to be returned to the South,
and state balance kept intact.
3.
For the North, Daniel Webster had been opposed to slavery's expansion. But, in his famous
"Seventh of March" speech heurged the North to compromise on the issue. He felt that the lands
of the Mexican Cession were too dry to grow cotton and therefore wouldn't need slavery anyway.
a.
1.
Abolitionists, like poet Whittier, sharply criticized Webster as a traitor to the
cause.
Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill
A.
A "Young Guard" of politicians were emerging in Congress. They were more interested in purifying the
nation than in preserving it.
B.
Chief among the Young Guard was William H. Seward of NY. He was staunchly against slavery and
argued that, when it came to slavery, Americans must follow a "higher law" (God's law), above the
Constitution.
1.
This moral high road may have cost Seward the presidency in 1860.
C.
Pres. Zachary Taylor came under Seward influence. He appeared ready to veto any concessions on the
matter. The chance for compromise seemed bleak.
Breaking the Congressional Logjam
A.
Suddenly, Pres. Taylor died. Vice-President Millard Fillmore took over and was more open to
compromise.
B.
The Compromise of 1850 emerged.
1.
Senate leaders Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Stephen Douglas all urged the North to
compromise.
2.
Southern "fire-eaters" were still very much a against concession/compromise. Yet, calmer minds
prevailed, the South went along, and the Compromise of 1850 passed.
Balancing the Compromise Scales This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
What the North got…
1.
California admitted as a free state. This tipped the balance to the free side, permanently.
2.
Texas gave up its claims to lands disputed with New Mexico.
3.
The slave trade in District of Columbia was banned, but slavery was still legal. This was symbolic
only. It was symbolic in that the nation’s capital “took a stance” against the trade. However, it was
impractical because the trade only was illegal, not slavery, and since a person could easily buy a
slave in next-door Virginia.
B.
What the South got…
1.
Popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession lands. This was good for the South because prior to
this, there was to be no new slave lands (the 36°30’ Missouri Compromise line had drawn that).
On paper, this opened a lot of land to slavery, possibly. This was bad for the South because those
lands were too dry to raise cotton anyway and therefore would never see slaves.
2.
Texas was paid $10 million for the land lost to New Mexico.
3.
A new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 had read teeth in it. Details held that (a) runaway
slaves weren't given "due process" rights if caught, (b) the official that handled the case received
$5 for a slave's freedom but $10 for a slave's return, and (c) officials were demanded to catch
runaway slaves despite their personal convictions on the matter.
a.
1.
This Fugitive Slave Law proved to the be most controversial of the measures.
2.
Northerners hated being forced to catch slaves. In places, they passed "Personal
Liberty Laws" which stated local officials didn't have to chase and return
fugitive slaves.
3.
Southerners were outraged that the law was not enforced or was ignored. It was
supposed to be one of their major concessions in the Compromise, and it
appeared to have been thrown out the window.
4.
Anthony Burns personified the law. He was a runaway slave, captured and
tried. But, violent protests eventually saw him bought out of slavery. He then
went on to college and became a preacher.
C.
All told, the North got the better of the Compromise of 1850. This is true because (a) the balance tipped
their way, (b) the Fugitive Slave Law was largely not enforced, and (c) it bought time before war while the
North could build up their resources.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Defeat and Doom for the Whigs
A.
In the election of 1852, the Democrats nominated unknown Franklin Pierce. Pierce was not a great leader,
but had no enemies.
B.
The Whigs put Gen. Winfield Scott ("Old Fuss and Feathers"), the hero of the Mexican War, on the ballot.
C.
The largest issue of the day, slavery, was soft-pedaled so as to not offend anyone. As a result, the campaign
was full of silliness and personal attacks.
1.
Slavery did split the Whigs, however. Northern and Southern Whigs disagreed on the party
platform and the party candidate.
2.
Additionally, the new Free Soil Party garnered 5% of the Northern vote (hurting Scott).
D.
As a result, Pierce won in a landslide, 254 to 42 in the electoral vote.
Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border
A.
The California Gold Rush had instilled interest in Central America (since many 49'ers had crossed there).
And, the British influence in Central America was strong, and perhaps growing, despite the Monroe
Doctrine.
1.
There were some U.S.-British tensions, but the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty eased them. It said
neither the U.S. or Britain would take over the area without the other's agreement. This would later
prove to be a roadblock to Teddy Roosevelt's construction of the Panama Canal.
B.
Activities in Latin America succeeded in throwing fuel on the “slavocracy” theory (a conspiracy theory
where the South was supposedly always seeking to add new slave lands).
1.
In the summer of 1856, Southerner William Walker tried to take over Nicaragua. He did so, sort
of, named himself president, legalized slavery, and wished for Pres. Pierce to annexed the region.
Meanwhile, Nicaraguans reclaimed their land and executed him.
2.
Southerners also looked to Cuba.
a.
1.
Americans offered to buy Cuba from Spain but were turned down. So, in 185051, two groups of filibusteros("freebooters" or pirates including some leading
Southerners) invaded Cuba. Their half-baked plan was to somehow take over
and claim Cuba for the U.S. They failed miserably.
2.
In 1854, Cubans seized the American ship Black Warrior on a technical issue.
Pierce then had a reason to go to war, if he wished, and win Cuba.
3.
Meanwhile though, Pierce sent delegates to speak with Spain, England, and
France in Ostend, Belgium to make a deal. The Ostend Manifesto said the U.S.
would offer $120 million for Cuba, and if Spain rejected it, the U.S. would be
justified in taking Cuba by force.
4.
When the Ostend Manifesto details leaked out, Northern free-soilers were up-inwarms. The slavocracy theory seemed more real than ever with these secret
dealings. As a result, Pierce backed away from the deal embarrassed.
The Allure of Asia
A.
Following the British example, America sought to expand her influence in Asia.
B.
Pres. Tyler sent Caleb Cushing to China to work a deal favorable to the U.S. An agreement was reached to
start diplomatic relations and grant "most favored nation" status to the U.S. (opening up trade).
1.
The door also opened for thousands of American missionaries to spread the Gospel in China.
C.
Next, the U.S. wanted to link up with Japan.
1.
Since Japan was a traditional country that considered westerners to be heathens, they were
reluctant to deal with the Americans.
2.
The U.S. sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Tokyo in 1852-54. Through a mix of diplomacy
and threat, Perry got Japan to open itself to trade in the Treaty of Kanagawa.
3.
This broke Japan’s centuries-old traditional of isolation, and started them down a road of
modernization and then imperialism and militarism.
Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsden Purchase
A.
After gaining California and Oregon, Americans wanted a transcontinental railroad to link the east and west
coasts.
B.
Both the North and South clamored to have the line built in their region (for prestige and financial success).
The Southern route was eventually chosen as best.
1.
There were two reasons the Southern route was considered better: (1) the land was organized
meaning any Indian attacks could be repelled by the U.S. Army and (2) geography—the plan was
to skirt south of the Rocky Mountains.
2.
There was one problem: a portion of the land ran through Mexico.
C.
James Gadsden was sent to Mexico to work a deal for the land. The Gadsden Purchase bought the
southern chunk of present Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million, a hefty price tag in comparison to
other "purchases."
D.
Regardless of the price, the transcontinental railroad seemed ready to be built with Southerners happy.
Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme
A.
Stephen Douglas threw a wrench in the railroad plans. Being an Illinois senator, he wanted the railroad up
north with Chicago as a major terminus.
B.
He proposed to organize Kansas and Nebraska through the Kansas-Nebraska Act and move the
transcontinental railroad up north.
C.
Southerners certainly wouldn't do this, unless they got something substantial in return. The stage was set
for a deal to be made…
1.
The North got the transcontinental railroad moved up North. Also, Kansas and Nebraska were
officially organized as territories.
2.
The South was awarded popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. To do this, the Missouri
Compromise of 1820 was repealed (because it forbade slavery above the 36°30’ line).
a.
1.
Southerners were very happy with the possibility of slavery open to so many
lands (the Mexican Cession excepting California, and now Kansas and Nebraska
which had been closed to slavery).
2.
Slavocracy theorists said, "There goes the South again, always trying to get
more slave land."
D.
Despite disagreement, the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1856, repealed the Missouri Compromise, and
opened Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty.
XIV.
Congress Legislates a Civil War
A.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act may have had the railroad and compromise as its motivation, but it split the
nation.
B.
It erased the Missouri Compromise and undercut the Compromise of 1850 because it re-opened the slavery
issue.
C.
The Fugitive Slave Law was simply left to die by Northerners. This infuriated Southerners.
D.
The Democrats were split down the middle over the slavery issue.
E.
Another political party, the Republicans, were born. Republicans drew a wide group of people, but they
essentially stole the Free Soil position against the expansion of slavery.
(19) Drifting Toward Disunion
XIII.
I.
II.
Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries
A.
Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. It stirred the North's sense of morality
against slavery and was a substantial catalyst toward war. When Lincoln met Stowe, he said, "So you're the
little woman who wrote the book that made this great war."
1.
In one line, the novel was about the splitting up of a slave family and the mistreatment of likable
Uncle Tom by a cruel slave master.
2.
The book was wildly popular, eventually selling millions of copies and becoming a stage play.
3.
Perceptions on the book differed: the North considered it as shedding light on the slaves'
situations; the South said it was unfair and purely fiction since Stowe had never been down South
and therefore had no idea of Southern reality.
4.
As important as helping start the war, Uncle Tom's Cabin helped prevent Britain from joining the
war on the South's side. This had been the Southern plan all along, but British workers
sympathized with Uncle Tom's plight and held back their government from helping keep Uncle
Tom and friends down.
B.
The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper was written at the same time and also criticized
slavery.
1.
Its criticism was not on a moral basis, however, but in more of an economic sense.
2.
Helper disliked blacks and aristocratic whites. He argued that slavery hurt non-slave owning
whites in the South.
3.
No Southern publisher would print the book. A Northern publisher did and slave-owning white
down South were worried. The book was banned down South but became something of a hit
among abolitionist up North.
C.
Together, these books drove the North—South wedge deeper into the nation.
The North-South Contest for Kansas
A.
Since it was opened to popular sovereignty and was perched to grow, Kansas became the new slavery
battleground.
B.
The unspoken understanding during the Kansas-Nebraska Act was that Kansas would go slave and
Nebraska free.
1.
But, Northerners were sending loads of settlers to Kansas. Organizations like the "New England
Emigrant Aid Company" helped suit up the settlers, many carrying "Beecher's Bibles" (rifles)
named after Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (Harriet's brother) who helped purchase them.
2.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
To the South, it appeared the North was trying to "steal" the agreement through the popular
sovereignty election.
C.
When the election rolled around, pro-Southern "border ruffians" jumped over from Missouri to Kansas to
"vote early and vote often." The South "won" the election for Kansas to become a slave state and set up a
government at Shawnee Mission.
1.
Free-soilers cried foul and set up their own government in Topeka.
2.
Thus, after the election, there were two governments: one slave and based on a bogus election, and
one free and illegitimate.
D.
Things worsened when a roving gang of pro-slavery hoodlums, led by the outlaw William Clark Quantrill,
shot up and burnt down free-soil Lawrence, Kansas. The slavery issue was certainly not solved.
Kansas in Convulsion
A.
The violence continued when John Brown and men set out for revenge for Lawrence. At Pottawatomie
Creek he killed and chopped up 5 slavery supporters.
1.
With the chaos and violence, Kansas was being called "Bleeding Kansas."
B.
Kansas had a large enough population by 1856 to apply for statehood. The pro-slavery government wrote
up the Lecompton Constitution which could be approved "with" or "without slavery." But, even if
"without slavery" were chosen, slave-owners already present would still be protected. Thus, Kansas would
have slaves either way.
1.
Abolitionist felt this vote was bogus, boycotted the election, and thus the Lecompton
Constitution passed "with" slavery. It was sent to Washington D.C. for approval.
2.
Pres. James Buchanan gave his approval, but the Senate had to approve the Constitution.
3.
Ironically, it was Stephen Douglas, the author of Kansas/Nebraska popular sovereignty, who led
the opposition. Douglas felt the election wasn't true popular sovereignty due to the irregularities of
the voting. His leadership got the Constitution shot dead in the water.
C.
The end results were (a) the Democratic party was terribly divided, (b) Kansas was now left in limbo—
somewhere in between a territory and a state, and (c) the slavery question was still not answered.
“Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon
A.
Tension and passion from Bleeding Kansas worked into Congress. Sen. Charles Sumner (northern
abolitionist) graphically criticized a South Carolina congressman.
B.
Preston Brooks, a fellow Congressman and relative the criticized, took offense to Sumner's comments.
Brooks reasoned that he should challenge Sumner to a duel, but duels were only for gentlemen and
Sumner's comments revealed that he was no gentleman. A beating was what Sumner deserved, at least as
Brooks figured.
C.
So, "Bully" Preston Brooks whacked Charles Sumner over the head on the floor of Congress with a
walking cane. Sumner was severely injured, and Brooks was expelled from Congress only to get re-elected
in the next election.
D.
The results of this poor behavior were (a) Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech became a rallying
point for the North, (b) Brooks became something of a Southern cult hero, and (c) it became clear that
compromise was now over (and replaced by Bleeding Kansas, name-calling, and cane-thwacking).
“Old Buck” versus “The Pathfinder”
A.
The election of 1856 had three main candidates…
1.
The Democrats chose James Buchanan. He had considerable experience but was not affiliated
with the growingly unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.
2.
The Republicans chose John C. Fremont, the "Pathfinder" and hero of the Mexican War.
3.
The American Party was a newcomer. They were better known by their nickname, the KnowNothing Party. It was an anti-immigrant party that got its nickname by their supposed response
of, "I know nothing," when asked if they were in the party.
B.
The election was ugly, complete with mudslinging and charges of conspiracy and scandal. Fremont was
accused of being Catholic which hurt his votes.
The Electoral Fruits of 1856
A.
James Buchanan won the election.
B.
Perhaps it was all for the better since Fremont's judgment and ability had come into question and since his
loss opened the door for a much more capable Abe Lincoln four years later.
The Dred Scott Bombshell This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
In March of 1857, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney, handed down the Dred Scott
decision.
B.
Dred Scott was a Missouri slave whose owner moved (with Scott) to Illinois and Wisconsin, then back to
Missouri. Dred Scott sued for his freedom arguing that since he'd lived in free states, he was free.
C.
The Dred Scott decision said…
1.
Dred Scott (and all slaves) was not a citizen and therefore not entitled to sue. In other words, he
lost.
2.
VIII.
IX.
X.
The Court went further and said that a legislature/Congress cannot outlaw slavery. This was the
bombshell statement.
3.
The Court then concluded the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional all along (because
it’d banned slavery north of the 36° 30’ line and doing so was against the point #2 listed above).
D.
This was a huge victory for the South and it infuriated the North. The North-South wedge was driven
deeper.
E.
The North—South scoreboard now favored the South, undeniably. The South had (1) the Supreme Court,
(2) the president, and (3) the Constitution on its side. The North only had Congress (which was now banned
from outlawing slavery).
F.
Evidence the Constitution favored the South…
1.
It's the Supreme Court that officially interprets the Constitution and they'd just said it favored the
South in the Dred Scott decision.
2.
The 5th Amendment said Congress could not take away property, in this case, slaves.
3.
The South and slavery had the North in a "Catch-22" situation…
a.
It could be argued that slavery was in the Constitution by way of the Three-Fifths
Compromise.
b.
It could be argued slavery was not in the Constitution since the word “slavery” indeed
never was present, but using this argument, the 10th Amendment said anything not in the
Constitution is left up to the states, and the Southern states would vote for slavery. Either
way, if slavery was in or out, the North lost.
The Financial Crash of 1857
A.
Adding to the chaos of the times was the Panic of 1857—yet another in the string of financial crunches that
took place every 20 years in the 1800's.
B.
The economics of the situation weren't particularly bad, but the psychological fallout for a troubled time
was very strong.
1.
Causes for this panic were: (a) inflation caused by California gold, (b) over-production of grain,
and (c) over-speculation (the perennial cause), this time in land and railroads.
2.
The North was hit hardest. The South was largely unaffected, supposedly proving that cotton was
indeed king.
C.
At the same time, a Homestead Act was passed by Congress but vetoed by Pres. Buchanan. It's goal was to
provide 160 western acres for a nominal price.
1.
The fear was that it would drain Northern workers to the cheap land and Southerners feared the
west would fill up with free-soilers.
D.
The tariff rate also went up due to the panic. The prior rates had recently been reduced to only 20%, due to
Southern complaints, but the new law sent them right back up.
An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges
A.
The Illinois Senate race of 1858 took the national spotlight. The Democrats put up Sen. Stephen
Douglas and the Republicans put up Abraham Lincoln.
B.
Douglas was likely the "biggest name" Senator of the day and expected to easily be re-elected over
backwoodsy Lincoln.
C.
Douglas was also considered the best debater of the time. Lincoln, however, had a homespun, down-home
wit and logic about himself and was also a fine debater.
The Great Debate: Lincoln Versus Douglas
A.
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates and Douglas accepted. The "Lincoln-Douglas debates"
were a series of seven debates spread across Illinois.
1.
Lincoln was the underdog in but proved that he could stand and argue toe-to-toe with Douglas.
B.
The most noteworthy debate took place at Freeport, IL.
1.
In Freeport, Lincoln essentially asked, “Mr. Douglas, if the people of a territory voted slavery
down, despite the Supreme Court saying that they could not do so (point #2 of the Dred Scott
decision), which side would you support, the people or the Supreme Court?” This put Douglas in a
lose-lose situation—either way he decided, someone would be upset.
2.
Douglas (“Mr. Popular Sovereignty”) replied with his “Freeport Doctrine.” It said that, since
ultimate power was held by the people, slavery should be banned if the people indeed voted it
down, regardless of how the Supreme Court ruled.
C.
The Freeport Doctrine answer was solid, in Illinois (to answer otherwise would have cost Douglas
votes). Douglas won the Illinois Senate race over Lincoln.
1.
But, the South turned against Douglas.
a.
Initially, the South had loved Douglas because he'd opened up so much land to popular
sovereignty.
b.
Then, Douglas shot down Kansas' bid for statehood as a slave state—upsetting the South.
c.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
Finally, the Freeport Doctrine infuriated the South when he turned his back on the
Supreme Court’s pro-South, Dred Scott decision.
2.
The Freeport Doctrine ruined Douglas hopes to win the 1860 election for presidency, which had
been his goal all along. Douglas had "won the battle but lost the war"—in winning the 1858
Illinois Senate election, it cost him the 1860 presidentialelection.
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr?
A.
John Brown re-emerged in Harper's Ferry, Virginia with a wild plan to abolish slavery.
1.
His plan: to take over the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, pass out weapons to local slaves,
initiate a huge revolt, and thus free the slaves.
2.
What happened: he and his men took over a building but were quickly holed up by Marines led
by Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee. He was quickly captured, tried, convicted, sentenced to death, and
hanged.
B.
Brown's death had a strong impact on the North and South.
1.
To the South, justice had been served to a man guilty of murder and treason. Southerners also felt
his actions were typical of the radical North.
2.
Northern reactions varied from viewing Brown as having good intentions but terribly wrong
actions, to seeing Brown as a martyr. Brown himself realized he could do more for abolition as a
martyr than alive.
3.
Brown's martyr image was perpetuated by journalists, artists, and song-writers. They portrayed
Brown as a man who died fighting against the injustice of slavery. True or not, the martyr image
gave strength to the moral cause of abolition.
The Disruption of the Democrats
A.
In the 1860 election, Democrats tried, and failed, to nominate a candidate at their convention in Charleston,
SC. The party was squarely split over the slavery issue.
1.
Northern Democrats had a convention in Baltimore and nominated Stephen Douglas with a
popular sovereignty position.
2.
Southern Democrats had their own Baltimore convention and nominated John C.
Breckinridge with a pro-slavery position.
B.
The Know-Nothings nominated John Bell of Tennessee. They called themselves the Constitutional Union
Party, and tried to mend fences by offering as their platform, simply, the Constitution.
A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union
A.
The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, passing up on William "Higher Law" Seward who had too
many enemies.
1.
The Republican strategy was to win the election without getting a single Southern vote—a bold
plan.
2.
They were successful in bringing together a broad group including free-soilers (stopping slavery's
expansion), manufacturers (a higher tariff), immigrants (rights), westerners (a Northwestern
railroad), and farmers (cheap homesteading land).
B.
It's noteworthy that at this time, Lincoln was not an abolitionist, just a free-soiler. That is to say he wanted
to stop the spread of slavery, but allow it where it currently existed.
The Electoral Upheaval of 1860
A.
Lincoln got only 40% of the popular vote, yet he won the presidency.
B.
It was a very sectional race: the North went to Lincoln, the South to Breckinridge, the “middle-ground” to
the middle-of-the-road candidate in Bell, and Missouri, neighbor of popular sovereignty Kansas, went to
Douglas.
C.
Despite the presidency, the South was still standing strong.
1.
The South had a 5-to-4 majority in the Supreme Court.
2.
The Republicans didn't control either the House or Senate.
The Secessionist Exodus
A.
During the campaign, South Carolina had pledged to secede from the union if Lincoln won. After Lincoln's
victory, the question was whether S.C. would follow through or it they'd been just bluffing. They followed
through and seceded in December of 1860.
1.
The "Deep South" (Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) followed over
the next six weeks prior to Lincoln's inauguration. Four other Southern states would leave the U.S.
later.
2.
These states met in Montgomery, AL in February, 1861, and formed the "Confederate States of
America".
3.
Jefferson Davis was elected as the president of the C.S.A.
B.
President Buchanan's actions (or inactions) during the secession were weak. He did little or nothing to stop
the states from leaving the U.S.
1.
His rationale for inaction included (a) the need for troops out west to fight the Indians, (b)
Northerners lack of will in using force, (c) holding onto the hope of a peaceful settlement, and (d)
the idea that Lincoln would soon be the new president and this problem was essentially his to fix
as he saw fit.
XVI.
The Collapse of Compromise
A.
A final attempt at compromise was made by James Henry Crittendon of Kentucky. His Crittendon
Compromise proposed to extend the old Missouri Compromise line of 36°30’; north of the line would be
free, south of it would be slave.
B.
"Honest" Abe Lincoln, however, had run on a free-soil pledge and was not going to back down on his
pledge. The compromise fizzled without Lincoln's support.
C.
It certainly appeared by this time that compromise was dead and bloodshed was imminent.
XVII. Farewell to Union
A.
The Southern states seceded because they felt their slave-based way-of-life was being threatened by the
North's dominant numbers.
B.
Southerners also wrongly thought that the North would not take any action to stop the South from leaving.
C.
Southerners felt starting a new nation would enable them to mature economically—to grow their own
industry, banking, shipping, etc.
D.
The South likened their situation to the American colonies of 1776 who'd broken away from England.
(20) Girding for War: The North and the South
I.
The Menace of Secession
A.
Abraham Lincoln was sworn into office March 4, 1861. The backdrop of the occasion was the half-finished
dome of the Capitol building—symbolic of the nation's fracture.
B.
At his inauguration, Lincoln made clear the primary goal of his presidency—bring the nation back together.
1.
He argued that dividing the country is impossible simply due to geographic reasons.
2.
If the South left, how much of the national debt should they take, Lincoln wondered? Or, what
would be done about runaway slaves?
3.
And, Europe would love to see the U.S. split and therefore weaken itself. Was that something
Americans were willing to allow?
C.
Again, Lincoln's goal throughout his presidency was to bring the nation back together.
II.
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
A.
The Civil War began at Ft. Sumter, S.C. (an island-fort at the mouth of Charleston Harbor).
1.
It remained a Northern fort, but its supplies were running out. Being surrounded by unfriendly
Southerners, it'd have to either replenish its supplies or give itself over to the Confederacy.
2.
Lincoln sent a ship to supply the fort, but before it arrived, Southerners opened fire on Ft. Sumter
on April 12, 1861. The war was on.
3.
The fort was shelled for over a day, then had to surrender.
B.
Lincoln's response to Ft. Sumter was sharp and clear…
1.
He issued a "call to arms" and called for 75,000 volunteers to join the military.
2.
He ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports. The blockade would be intact for the next 5 years
until the war's end.
C.
Lincoln's actions prompted 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) to secede
and join the Deep South.
D.
The Confederate capital was then switched from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, Va.
III.
Brother’s Blood and Border Blood
A.
In between the North and South were the Border States of Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland. The were
critical for either side, since they would've greatly increased the South's population and industrial
capabilities.
B.
They were called “border states” because…
1.
They were physically on the North-South border and…
2.
They were slave-states that hadn't seceded, but at any moment, they just might.
C.
To keep the Border States with the North, Lincoln took cautious steps. Many of theses were of questionable
legality or were flat-out against the Constitution.
1.
In Maryland, Lincoln declared martial law (rule by the military) in order to seize the railroad into
the state. He simply would not allow Maryland to secede and thus leave Washington D.C. as an
island in the South.
2.
Lincoln made it extremely clear that his goal was to re-unite the nation, not to end slavery. He
knew that to fight to end slavery would likely scare the Border States away.
D.
The Indian nations also took sides. The "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw,
Chickasaw, and Seminole largely fought with the South. Some Plains Indians sided with the North.
E.
The most visible splits that illustrate "brother vs. brother" were in…
1.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Tennessee where the state officially joined the South but thousands of "volunteers" sided with the
North. Hence, Tennessee is the "Volunteer State."
2.
West Virginia where the mountain Virginians had no need for slavery and sided against it. At the
war's start, there was only "Virginia" on the South's side. Midway through the war, "West
Virginia" broke away on the North's side.
The Balance of Forces
A.
At the start of the war, the South's advantages were…
1.
They only had to defend their land, rather than conquer land. Like the Americans during the
American Revolution, fighting to a draw would mean Southern victory.
2.
Geography was on the South's side—the land where the fighting would take place was familiar
and friendly to the Southerners.
3.
The South's greatest advantage was in their leadership. At the top was Gen. Robert E.
Lee and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. They proved to be head-and-shoulders above Northern
generals. The South also had a military tradition that produced many fine officers of lower rank.
B.
The North had many advantages…
1.
The population favored the North over the South by about a 3:1 ratio.
2.
Industry was almost entirely located up North. Resources, particularly iron, were likewise almost
entirely up North.
3.
The North had most of the nation's railroads, the U.S. navy, and much more money than the South.
4.
The South planned to rely on cotton to sell and then buy whatever it needed. The North's naval
blockade largely stopped this plan.
C.
In the end, it was the South's shortages that caused its loss in the war.
Dethroning King Cotton
A.
The Southern "game plan" was to get aid from Europe, particularly England, due to their supposed need for
Southern cotton. The help never came.
B.
Many in Europe actually wanted the U.S. to split. A split U.S. would strengthen Europe, relatively
speaking.
C.
On the other side, many in Europe were pulling for the North. They had largely already moved against
slavery and realized that the war might end slavery in the U.S.
1.
The reason for the pro-North, anti-slavery stance by the people, was the effect of Uncle Tom’s
Cabin—being lowly wage earners, the common people felt Uncle Tom’s pain.
D.
The question remained about England's reliance of Southern cotton. Much of that idea was true. However,
in the years just prior to the war, England had a bumper crop of cotton down in India and Egypt. They'd
saved the surplus and therefore weren't as "cotton-needy" as believed.
E.
The North also won points by sending food over to Europe during the war. Thus, the Southern King Cotton
was defeated by the North's King Wheat and King Corn.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Throughout much of the war, the South pushed for foreign help. Several instances at sea showed the
unofficial, half-way support of England.
B.
The "Trent affair" illustrated the diplomatic trickiness of the day.
1.
A U.S. (Northern) ship stopped the British ship Trent in Cuba and forcibly took 2 Southerners.
2.
England (and the South) was furious and demanded their release.
3.
Lincoln had time to cool off and released the Confederates saying, "One war at a time."
C.
The Confederate ship Alabama caused a ruckus as well.
1.
The "Southern" ship was manned by Brits and never docked in the South.
2.
It traveled the world and captured 60+ vessels. Needless to say, the North was not happy about the
situation.
D.
The British also planned to build raider ships for the South.
1.
The raiders were halted (with the opposition led by Charles Francis Adams) as they were being
built. The fear was that it might come back to haunt them. Still, it shows the desire to help the
South even if it wasn't followed all the way through.
Foreign Flare-Ups
A.
The British built 2 Laird rams, ships designed to ram and destroy the Northern wooden ships. Minister
Adams saw that delivering these ships would likely mean war with the U.S. and possible loss of Canada.
B.
Trouble started along the U.S.-Canada border. Canadians struck American cities and sometimes burnt them
down.
1.
Several miniature armies were formed to strike back, usually consisting of Irishmen who hated the
English/Canadians.
C.
Meanwhile, down in Mexico, Emperor Napoleon III had set up a puppet government in Mexico City.
1.
Austrian Archduke Maximilian was named as Mexico's emperor. This was flatly against the
Monroe Doctrine's "stay away" policy.
2.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
After the war the U.S. was prepared to march to Mexico and boot him out. The French pulled out,
left Maximilian behind, and he was executed by a firing squad.
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
A.
The South had a built-in problem with its government—it was a confederacy. That meant it was
only loosely united. Any state, at any time, could break away, agree with the rest or not, unite or do its own
thing.
1.
During a war, a state might not follow the strategy, or might not send troops or money or anything
else. Essentially, a confederacy is very weak by its design.
B.
President Jefferson Davis was never popular. He was all business, stubborn, and physically over-worked
himself.
C.
Lincoln certainly had his troubles too. But, he was the head of an established and stable government and
seemed to relax more as time wore on.
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
A.
"Honest" Abe Lincoln took several steps that were clearly against Constitution. He felt his steps were
simply needed due to the split nation and emergency-like situation.
B.
Things he did against the Constitution: (a) increased the size of the Army, (b) sent $2 million to 3 private
citizens for military purposes, (c) suspended habeas corpus so arrests could be made easily, (d)
"monitored" Border State elections so the vote would turn out his way and (e) declared martial law in
Maryland.
C.
Jefferson Davis was unable to exert similar power because of the loose nation of a confederacy.
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
A.
As in most wars, volunteers came plentifully in the early days. Initially, the plan was to only use
volunteers. As the war drug on and men died, enthusiasm died too. A military draft was started in both the
North and South to conscript soldiers.
1.
Congress allowed the rich to buy an exemption for $300. That meant a poor person would have to
fill those shoes.
B.
The draft was protested strongly, especially in the Northern cities. New York City saw a riot break out in
1863 over the draft.
C.
90% of the Union soldiers were volunteers. This was due to patriotism, pressure, and bonuses for signing
up. Many men rigged scams to get multiple bonuses by signing up several times.
D.
The South had fewer men and therefore went to draft earliest. The rich were also exempted down South
(those with 20+ slaves).
1.
The saying was born: "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight."
The Economic Stresses of War
A.
The U.S. wanted more money and passed the Morrill Tariff Act which raised the tariff 5 to 10%. The rates
then went even higher.
B.
The Treasury Department printed about $450 in "greenback" paper money. The money was not adequately
backed by gold, thus creating inflation, at one point worth only 39 cents on the dollar.
C.
The largest fundraiser was through the sales of bonds. The government brought in $2.6 billion through
bond sales.
D.
An important change was the creation of the National Banking System. It was the 1st national banking
system since Andrew Jackson had killed the Bank of the U.S. in the 1830's Reasons for its importance
were…
1.
It established a standardized money system.
2.
It could buy government bonds and issue paper money. In other words, it regulated the quantity of
money in the economy/circulation. This is called "monetary policy" today.
3.
It foreshadowed the modern Federal Reserve System of today.
E.
The Southern economy was even worse than the North.
1.
The Union naval blockade locked down the South. It stopped exports of cotton (and thus the
income of money), and it cut off customs duties (no imports means no customs duties).
2.
Inflation was out of control. It went up an estimated 9,000% down South (compared to an 80%
increase up North).
The North’s Economic Boom
A.
Like many wars, the Civil War was a boom for business. Manufacturers and businessmen made fortunes
and a millionaire class was born for the first time.
B.
Some "profiteers" scammed the government by supplying shoddy goods.
C.
New machinery benefited production greatly.
1.
Standardized sizes of clothes were born.
2.
Mechanical reapers harvested bountiful crops.
3.
Oil was discovered in Pennsylvania.
D.
Women took on new roles too, often filling in for absent men in jobs.
1.
Some women posed as men and enlisted to fight in the military.
Women helped considerably in health-related positions.
1.
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female doctor.
2.
Clara Barton (founder of the Red Cross) and Dorothea Dix elevated nursing to a professional
level. Down South, Sally Tompkins did the same.
XIII.
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
A.
The South was beaten down by the war.
1.
The Southern economy was zapped. Before the war, Southerners held 30% of the nation's wealth,
afterward, it was down to 12%. Before the war, Southerners made 67% of Northern wages,
afterward, it was down to 40%.
B.
Despite the bad news, Southerners showed quite a bit of character and self-respect in pulling together and
putting together a strong fight.
(21) The Furnace of Civil War
I.
Bull Run Ends the “Ninety-Day War”
A.
The North (as well as the South) expected a short war, about 90 days.
B.
The Battle of Bull Run (AKA Battle of Manassas) squashed the short-war theories.
1.
Neither side was properly prepared. Many citizens picnicked along the edge of the battle as though
tailgaiting at a sporting event.
2.
The battle went back and forth at first but Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's men held their
line and earned him his nickname.
3.
The North fell into a hectic retreat. The South was just as disorganized and thus could not pursue.
C.
On paper the South won, but the importance of Bull Run is that it showed each side the necessity of
planning and preparation. The war then took a 9 month "time-out" for prep.
II.
“Tardy George” McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
A.
34 year old Gen. George McClellan was a master organizer and planner. He was put in charge of getting
the U.S. Army ready.
1.
McClellan's weakness was that he never felt as though he'd prepared enough. He was always
preparing, never fighting.
2.
Lincoln got tired of waiting around, said McClellan had "the slows", and ordered him to take
action.
B.
McClellan's plan was to take Richmond, VA, the capital of the South. He still felt the North could win in
one large battle and by taking the capital would likely accomplish that goal. He nearly pulled it off.
C.
The Peninsula Campaign ensued. The North moved by sea to and then up the historic Yorktown
peninsula.
1.
Lincoln sent McClellan's reinforcements to guard Washington D.C. from Stonewall Jackson's
bluff attacks.
2.
Confederate Jeb Stuart's calvary rode completely around McClellan (it was a major no-no to
allow such a thing).
D.
Robert E. Lee struck back in the Seven Days' Battles and pushed McClellan back to the sea—a major win
for the South. Casualties were in the ten-thousands and McClellan was demoted.
E.
Lincoln began to move toward a draft to free the slaves. With the quick-strike plan a failure, the North now
turned to total war. Summed up, the plan was to blockade, divide, and conquer. The specifics were to…
1.
Put a naval blockade the South.
2.
Free the slaves.
3.
Divide the South along the Mississippi River.
4.
Divide and crush the South by marching through Georgia and the Carolinas.
5.
Capture the Southern capital of Richmond.
6.
Engage the enemy anywhere possible and grind them into submission.
F.
This plan was essentially Gen. Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” (a derogatory term that implied it was
too slow). It was exactly what happened over the next four years.
III.
The War at Sea
A.
The North's blockade had many leaks. As the war went on, the blockade tightened up.
1.
Britain could've run through it but chose to honor it. They didn't want to possibly get into a war.
B.
"Running the blockade", or sneaking goods through, was risky but profitable business.
1.
Smugglers often used the Bahamas as jumping-off points before entering the Confederacy. The
ship papers would often have Canada as the destination but just sneak into the South.
C.
Northern blockade-busters would often board British ships for an inspection. If the goods were thought
destined for the South, they were seized. Britain complained, but never went beyond words.
D.
Southerners created a legitimate threat to the blockade with the C.S.S. Merrimack.
1.
The Merrimack was an ironclad—a ship heavily armored with iron and thus greatly protected
from cannon fire.
E.
2.
3.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
The North responded with the Monitor, also an ironclad.
The Monitor and the Merrimack battled in Chesapeake Bay March 9, 1862. The Merrimack was
chased away. The battle was a turning point in naval history in that…
a.
…it showed that (a) the days of wooden ships were ending and (b) the days
of sailing vessels were changing to steam.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
A.
Shortly after the Peninsula Campaign, General Lee struck at Second Battle of Bull Run. Lincoln had
placed Gen. John Pope in command.
1.
Gen. Pope "talked a good game", but was beaten badly by Lee and the South at Bull Run II.
B.
At this point, the South was clearly winning the war. But, Lee made his first mistake…he decided to invade
the North at Antietam(AKA Sharpsburg, MD). The reason's for his decision were…
1.
(a) to perhaps lure the Border States to the South, (b) to draw the war out of Virginia during the
harvest season,
2.
a victory on Northern soil would, (c) boost Southern morale and hurt Northern morale, and (d)
perhaps stir up foreign/British support for the South.
C.
Lincoln put Gen. McClellan back in charge.
D.
Just prior to the fighting, Lee's battle plans were accidentally lost then luckily found by the North. Lee and
the South lost theBattle of Antietam Creek, one of the largest battles of the war, on September 17, 1862.
1.
This battle was critical. If the South had won, they just might have won the entire war. And, the
North's victory likely convinced Europe to stay out of the war.
2.
Also, it gave Lincoln a much awaited victory and a platform to announce the Emancipation
Proclamation to free the slaves.
a.
The Emancipation Proclamation gave the North's fight a moral foundation. The previous
cause for the war was to forcethe South to remain with the North, against the South's
will. After the Proclamation, the cause for war was to restore the nation and to end
slavery.
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
A.
The Emancipation Proclamation had a few "hiccups" tied to it.
1.
It freed the slaves only in the seceded Southern states. But, it did not free the slaves in the Border
States. Lincoln specifically made this point because he did not want to anger the Border States and
make them join the South.
2.
The South considered itself a separate nation from the North. Why would anything a "foreign"
president says be binding over them? In order for the Proclamation to go into effect, the North
would have to win the war.
3.
Also, there were legal issues tied to the Proclamation. Did Lincoln actually have the authority to
free the slaves? The short answer is, "No." The Constitution at the time did support slavery. A
president cannot simply make a proclamation and undue the Constitution. This fact would be
evidenced by the 13th Amendment right after the war, which freed the slaves. If the Proclamation
had legally freed the slaves, there would've been no need for Amendment 13.
4.
Still, the Emancipation Proclamation was huge, if only symbolically, and gave the war its moral
cause.
B.
Practically, there were effects of the Proclamation.
1.
If, and when, word of the Proclamation got to the slaves' ears, many slaves itched to up and leave.
The Southerners complained that Lincoln was inciting slave rebellion.
Blacks Battle Bondage This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
In the early years of the war, African-Americans were not allowed to enlist in the army. But, as numbers
declined, the North opened up the army to black soldiers. They'd eventually comprise 10% of the Northern
army.
B.
Southern forces largely just executed black soldiers as opposed to the usual custom of treating captured
enemies as prisoners-of-war. Black soldiers were even massacred after surrendering at Ft. Pillow, TN.
1.
This event sparked the outcry by African-Americans, "Remeber Ft. Pillow!"
C.
Emancipation came to Southern blacks when the Northern army came. The Emancipation Proclamation
didn't simply release and allow slaves to walk off the plantation. The force of the U.S. army freed the slaves
as it marched forward.
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg
A.
Gen. A.E. Burnside (the originator of "sideburns") was put in charge of the Northern army following
Antietam.
1.
He was defeated soundly at Fredericksburg, VA when Union troops tried to swarm up a hill held
by Confederates.
B.
Gen. Joseph Hooker was then placed in charge but was also defeated at Chancellorsville, VA.
1.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
Gen. Lee was outnumbered but he out-maneuvered Hooker by splitting his forces and then
sending Stonewall Jackson around to attack the flanks.
2.
Jackson was wounded by his own men there and later died.
3.
This battle is largely regarded as Gen. Lee's most impressive win.
C.
Gen. George Meade was then placed in charge of the Northern army. Lee invaded the North again, met
Meade at Gettysburg, PA.
1.
The Battle of Gettysburg lasted 3 days (July 1-3, 1863). The South won the first 2 days by
pushing the North out of town and into the hills.
2.
The North won the 3rd day and the overall battle. The 3rd day was highlighted by Pickett's
Charge where Gen. Lee futilely sent 15,000 Southern troops across an open field.
D.
Gettysburg was "the big one". Although the war would drag on two more years, it essentially broke the
back of the South and started the "countdown clock".
E.
In the autumn, Lincoln returned to Gettysburg to give the Gettysburg Address. The purpose of the 2
minute speech was to rally the troops, boost morale, and assert that the men who'd died hadn't die in vain.
The War in the West
A.
Lincoln was having terrible luck finding a general to get the job done. His answer was finally found
in Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.
1.
Grant had been mediocre to slightly above average most of his career.
2.
He came on the scene by achieving "Unconditional Surrender" early in the western theater of the
Civil War (the term stuck as his nickname due to his initials: U.S. Grant).
B.
Grant was demoted after nearly getting wiped out at the Battle of Shiloh.
C.
His big break and redemption came at Vicksburg, MS where he circled around the city, took the capital of
Jackson, MS, and then seized Vicksburg.
D.
Vicksburg came one day after Gettysburg and certainly pointed toward a Northern win. Also as certain,
Southern hopes for foreign intervention were gone—no country helps the losing side in a war.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
A.
The plan of "blockade, divide, and conquer" was coming to fruition.
1.
The blockade was in place, the South was being divided down the Mississippi River, and now was
to be divided through Georgia.
B.
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman was put in charge of dividing the South by land.
1.
He pushed down from Chattanooga, TN and captured Atlanta, GA. Atlanta was burnt to the
ground.
2.
Sherman then led his "March to the Sea". He spread out his men and scorched Georgia from
Atlanta to Savannah on the coast. Everything was destroyed—farms, houses, crops, railroads,
warehouses, fields, etc.
C.
Sherman declared "total war" meaning that even civilian property was to be destroyed. Thus the "conquer"
part of the "blockade, divide, and conquer" plan was also being played out.
The Politics of War
A.
Lincoln had his opponents up North, even among his fellow Republicans.
1.
"Radical Republicans" felt Lincoln wasn't doing enough to win the war, help blacks, or punish
the South.
B.
Northern Democrats split over the war.
1.
"War Democrats" supported Lincoln and the war.
2.
"Peace Democrats" opposed Lincoln (calling him the "Illinois Ape") and the "Nigger War" that he
led.
a.
Clement L. Valandigham was Lincoln's loudest opponent. He leaned toward the South,
was tried for treason, shipped down South, fled to Canada, there ran and lost a bid for
governor of Ohio, then returned to Ohio.
b.
This odd scenario inspired the fictitious story "The Man Without a Country."
The Election of 1864
A.
War or not, elections go on. The 1864 presidential election saw Lincoln take on Gen. George McClellan
(whom Lincoln had fired).
B.
McClellan was the Democratic candidate. His position was that Lincoln was mismanaging the war.
1.
Lincoln's most vicious opponents were called "Copperheads" since they "struck at Lincoln's
heels." These critics usually came from the "Butternut Region"—southern Illinois, Indiana, and
Ohio.
C.
Lincoln would come out victorious in his 1864 re-election because…
1.
He cleverly invented the "Union Party" which joined Republicans with War Democrats.
2.
He came up with the simple but clear slogan: "You don't change horses midstream."
3.
Union forces scored victories in New Orleans and Atlanta just prior to the election.
D.
The popular vote was 212-21, the electoral vote was 2.2 million to 1.8 million.
XII.
Grant Outlasts Lee
A.
Ulysses S. Grant was known as the "meat-grinder" because he was willing to keep sending his men into
battle even though they'd be killed. His motto was, "When in doubt, fight."
1.
He was willing to sacrifice twice as many casualties as his enemy because he knew the South
could not sustain the fight as long as he could.
B.
Grant outlasted Lee over a string of battles including: The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Cold
Harbor,and Petersburg.
1.
These battles were known for being very bloody. They earned nicknames like the "Bloody Angle"
and "Hell's Half Acre".
2.
At Cold Harbor, soldiers pinned their names and addresses onto their backs. 7,000 men died in a
few minutes.
C.
Richmond, VA, the capital of the South, finally fell and was destroyed.
D.
In April of 1865, surrounded, Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.
XIII.
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
A.
Only a few days after the South's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes
Booth in the head while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington.
B.
Lincoln became an instant martyr—a hero who died fighting for the nation and freedom of blacks.
C.
Southerners were glad to be rid of Lincoln. But, as irony would have it, things would turn much tougher for
the South withoutLincoln. The Radical Republicans who replaced Lincoln's authority were much less
forgiving than Honest Abe would've been.
XIV.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare.
A.
The Civil War was immensely costly in many ways…
1.
It cost 600,000 lives, $15 billion, ripped away the best of a generation, instilled long-lasting
animosity, and physically destroyed the South
B.
There were some benefits to the Civil War…
1.
It showed the resilience of the U.S. The nation had put itself through the ultimate test, and had
survived.
2.
Slavery was erased from the United States.
3.
It put the U.S. onto the world stage as a major player and set up the U.S. to soon be the world
leader.
(22) The Ordeal of Reconstruction
I.
The Problems of Peace
A.
Following the war, many questions lingered, such as…
1.
What about the freed blacks?
2.
How will be South be re-united with the North?
3.
Who will make these decisions?
B.
The South had been largely destroyed. It'd have to be rebuilt or reconstructed. How to do this was uncertain
and many Southerners still stood staunchly against the North.
II.
Freedmen Define Freedom
A.
Freed blacks, or "freedmen" were in a perplexing situation.
1.
They'd heard that they were free, but most still stayed on the plantation where they'd always lived.
2.
Some blacks fled northward, others sought freedom through the law.
3.
There was violence as well. Some blacks let their frustrations erupt by destroying white homes,
land, etc. Sometimes, the white master even had the table turned on him and was whipped by his
former slaves.
B.
All slaves were freed eventually, thanks to the U.S. Army's force.
1.
When emancipation had become a reality, most freedmen still stayed "at home".
2.
Many took flight however, seeking a better life somewhere, or seeking lost love ones who'd been
separated at some point.
C.
With the blacks' social structure torn down, churches became a strong pillar of the black community. For
example, the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) quadrupled in size in 10 years after the Civil
War.
D.
The prospect of black education was a hope, but not necessarily a reality. Discrimination and economic
resources still held most black children out of school. That hope would not become a reality until much
later.
III.
The Freedman’s Bureau
A.
The freed slaves were largely unskilled, uneducated, and untrained. Congress created the Freedmen's
Bureau sought to remedy those shortfalls.
1.
The bureau was essentially an early form of welfare. It was to provide food, clothing, health care,
and education.
2.
Gen. O. O. Howard headed the bureau (and later founded Howard University in D.C.).
B.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
The Freedmen's Bureau's success was minimal at best. Its largest accomplishment came in the form of
literacy—teaching many blacks to read.
C.
Unsurprisingly, Southerners disliked the bureau. Pres. Andrew Johnson unsuccessfully tried to kill it, but
it expired in 1872 anyway.
Johnson: The Tailor President
A.
When Lincoln was assassinated, he was succeeded by Andrew Johnson.
B.
Johnson was a Tennessean from very humble origins.
1.
Although Tennessee seceded during the war, he was the only Southern Congressman to not join
the South. This fact got him named to be Lincoln's Vice President in 1864.
2.
He was known as a fighter, dogmatic, and short a quick temper.
C.
Johnson was something of a man-without-a-home. The North never accepted him because he was a
Southerner and the South distrusted him because he sided with the North.
Presidential Reconstruction
A.
Before his assassination, Lincoln had devised the presidential plan for reconstruction.
1.
It could be called the "10 Percent Plan" since a southern state would be readmitted to the U.S. after
10% of the voters took an oath of loyalty and respect emancipation.
2.
Like the Biblical parable of the father welcoming home his "prodigal son," the 10% plan was very
forgiving. Lincoln was welcoming the return of the wayward Southern states.
B.
Other Republicans disagreed. The "Radical Republicans" thought this approach was too soft; they wanted
to punish the South for the war.
1.
Radical Republicans feared the 10% plan would allow Southern whites to again rule over freed
blacks.
2.
They proposed the Wade-Davis Bill. It required 50% of voters to take the allegiance
oath and safeguards to protect the freed blacks.
3.
Lincoln pocket-vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill and killed it. The dispute revealed differences of
opinion on the matter…
a.
Lincoln felt the Southern states had never truly seceded. He wanted them back as quickly
as possible (re-unification had been his priority #1 from day one in office).
b.
Radical Republicans felt the Southern states had seceded. Therefore, Congress could set
the rules of re-admittance.
C.
A wrench was thrown into the system when Lincoln was shot and Andrew Johnson took over. What would
Johnson think about Reconstruction?
1.
President Andrew Johnson essentially just followed Lincoln's 10% Plan.
2.
He did add the following stipulations: (a) leading Confederates were to be disenfranchised, (b)
secession ordinances were to be repealed, (c) Confederate debts would be repudiated, and (d) the
states must ratify the 13th Amendment.
The Baleful Black Codes
A.
White Southerners now had a problem: without slavery, how could they ensure a stable labor force?
1.
The Southern solution was to pass "Black Codes" which were rules designed to tie the freed
blacks to their white employers.
2.
They were contracts that said the blacks were bound to work for whites for a certain time period.
"Jumping" the contract (leaving before the time was up) was punishable with fines.
B.
The codes were discriminatory in that blacks were banned from serving on juries, renting land, and could
be punished for "idleness."
C.
Many Northerners wondered, "Isn't this essentially the same as slavery?" The life of an AfricanAmerica after the Civil War was hardly any different than before the war.
Congressional Reconstruction This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
In December of 1865 many Southern Congressmen returned to Washington to reclaim their seats. Northern
Republicans were not amused. Were things to return to normal as if nothing had happened?
B.
While the Southern Congressmen had been gone, Northerners had passed several major bills including: the
Morrill Tariff, the Pacific Railroad Act, and the Homestead Act. Now the Southerners were back.
1.
The South stood to actually gain power in Congress. With the slaves freed, the 3/5 Compromise
was over. Slaves were now a complete five-fifths. This meant the Southern population went up
thereby forcing Southern representation in Congress to go up (and thus the North's down).
C.
In early December 1865, Pres. Johnson stated that the South had fulfilled all the requirements to return to
the U.S. and that the nation was re-united. Radical Republicans in Congress were not happy.
Johnson Clashes with Congress
A.
President Johnson was never accepted by the North or by Congress. Time-and-again he banged heads with
Congress, vetoing Republican bills.
1.
Notably, he vetoed the Civil Rights Bill that would grant citizenship to blacks and undercut the
Black Codes.
B.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
Congress then planned to pass the Civil Rights Bill by making the Fourteenth Amendment to the
Constitution. The Amendment was passed by Congress and sent to the states for their approval. Its
proposals…
1.
Civil Rights and citizenship for the freedmen (but not the right to vote).
2.
To cut state Congressional representation if blacks were denied voting.
3.
Disqualified Confederate leaders from federal offices.
4.
Guaranteeing the federal debt and repudiating the state debt.
C.
The Fourteenth Amendment would be ratified in 1868.
D.
Radical Republicans weren't happy that the right to vote was not included. But, all Republicans were in
agreement that Southern states shouldn't be allowed back into the U.S. without accepting the Amendment.
Swinging ‘Round the Circle with Johnson
A.
By 1866, President Johnson and Congress were butting heads. At odds were Johnson's 10% Plan state
which had passed strict Black Codes as well as the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bill (he vetoed
both).
1.
Congress was determined to go ahead with Reconstruction only with the ratification of the 14th
Amendment.
B.
In the elections of that year, Johnson went on "'round the circle" speeches. He was heckled by observers
and the president yelled back.
1.
Johnson's speech tour backfired and Congressional Reconstruction gained support at the
president's expense.
Republican Principles and Programs
A.
The Republicans in Congress were now veto-proof to orchestrate Reconstruction how they wanted, without
regard to the president. Still, moderate and radical Republicans disagreed.
B.
Radical Republicans were led by Sen. Charles Sumner (of the caning incident) and Thaddeus Stevens in
the House. Stevens was a stern, crusty man with a passion for helping blacks.
1.
The Radicals wanted a slower Reconstruction where they could bring about major social and
economic change to the South.
2.
Moderate Republicans just didn't want to go quite that far with Reconstruction. They were
reluctant to get the federal government directly involved in people's lives.
C.
The plan they came up with involved both groups, perhaps leaning toward the Moderates.
1.
They did agree that the enfranchisement of blacks was necessary, even if force needed to be used.
Reconstruction by Sword
A.
The Reconstruction Act was passed in March, 1867.
1.
It divided the South into 5 military districts. U.S. soldiers would be stationed in each to make sure
things stayed under control.
2.
Congress laid out rules for states to be re-admitted. They said (a) the 14th Amendment must be
accepted and (b) black suffrage must be guaranteed.
B.
Radical Republicans still worried that even if black suffrage was granted, it could later be removed.
1.
To resolve this once and for all, the 15th Amendment guaranteeing black suffrage was written
and would be ratified in 1870.
C.
The Supreme Court case of Ex parte Milligan (1866) had already stated that military courts could not try
civilians when civil courts were present.
1.
Nevertheless, military rule of the South was stark and hated by the South. When the soldiers
finally did leave in 1877, power slid back to the white Southerners who found new tricks to
achieve their old ways.
No Women Voters
A.
Women suffragists had put their campaigns on hold during the struggle for black rights (seeing women and
blacks as equally disenfranchised). But when the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were adopted, women
leaders were displeased.
B.
The 14th even made reference to "males" as citizens—a step back in many women's rights' eyes.
1.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fought hard to stop the 14th Amendment on the
basis of the word "males" entering the Constitution.
2.
Frederick Douglass agreed with the women, but felt it was "the Negro's hour."
3.
Additionally, in the 15th Amendment read that voting shouldn't be denied based on "race, color, or
previous condition of servitude." The ladies wanted the word "sex" added in too.
C.
When finished, women gained nothing with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
A.
Realizing there's strength in numbers, freed blacks began to organize mainly through the Union League.
1.
The League was essentially a web of clubs. In it, blacks were informed of their civic duties, built
churches, pushed for Republican candidates in elections, sought to solve problems, and even
recruited a black militia for defense.
B.
Despite the changing times, black women made no tangible gains. Their participation came by offering
support at parades, rallies, church events, and conventions.
C.
With many white Southerners unable to vote (until taking the oath of allegiance to the U.S.) black
Congressmen were elected.
1.
Hiram Revels became the first black U.S. senator and Blanche K. Bruce served in the Senate for
Mississippi.
D.
White Southerners were fully disgruntled.
1.
Blacks were now not only free, but they were serving over the whites in Congress and in state
legislatures.
2.
Also, scalawags lurked among the whites. They were whites who were sympathetic to the North.
Southern whites accused the scalawags of betraying the South.
3.
Carpetbaggers also maddened Southerners. They were Northerners who came down South after
the war with a "carpet bag" (suitcase) in their hand. Some came to honestly help the South, some
came to go business, others came to swindle. All-in-all, Southerners frowned upon carpetbaggers
as meddlesome Yankees.
E.
Despite achievements, graft and corruption ran rampant through the Southern governments.
XIV.
The Ku Klux Klan
A.
Upset whites were driven underground. They started the "Invisible Empire of the South", better known as
the "Ku Klux Klan" in Tennessee (1866).
1.
The KKK thrived on fear—horses were masked, men were masked, no one knew exactly who was
in it.
2.
They burnt crosses, threatened blacks who didn't "know their place", and lynched then murdered
blacks.
B.
Any fool or simpleton who could pull a sheet over his head could run around as a Klan spook.
C.
Despite its wrong-headedness and silliness, the Klan was rather effective. Blacks typically did "back-off"
from their advances.
D.
Whites used other tricks as well. To disenfranchise blacks, whites started literacy tests to weed out
illiterate blacks from voting.
1.
Later, when many illiterate whites were also weeded out, "understanding clauses" and
"grandfather clauses" were put into place. In these, whites would conveniently understand
something read to them while blacks would not. And anyone whose grandfather had been able to
vote could also vote. This meant whites were grandfathered in, blacks not.
XV.
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
A.
The Radical Republicans in Congress were tired of Pres. Johnson and his veto stamp. They plotted to
remove him.
B.
The plan was to put the president in a lose-lose situation. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act which
said the president needed the Senate's okay to fire anyone who'd been previously appointed by him and
approved by the Senate.
1.
The argument was that the Senate approved appointees into office, thus the Senate must approve
them out.
2.
Congress' ulterior motive was to protect Edwin M. Stanton's job. He was a Radical Republican spy
and in hot water with the president.
3.
If Johnson allowed Stanton to stay, Congress would be happy.
4.
If Johnson fired Stanton despite the new rule, they would put him up for impeachment for not
following the letter-of-the-law.
C.
Sure enough, early in 1868, Pres. Johnson fired Stanton and Congress impeached him—a formal accusation
of wrong doing.
XVI.
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
A.
At his Senate impeachment trial, Johnson stayed silent. His lawyers argued that Johnson was operating
under the Constitution, not the Tenure of Office Act.
B.
To kick out a president, a 2/3 vote was needed. The Senate vote came short by 1 meaning Johnson stayed in
office.
1.
Seven Republicans voted with their conscience and voted to not remove Johnson.
C.
The fear of creating instability and setting a dangerous example were factors in the not-guilty verdict.
XVII. The Purchase of Alaska
A.
Russia was willing to sell Alaska in 1867. William H. Seward, the Secretary of State, was an expansionist.
He bought Alaska for $7.2 million.
B.
Seward's decision was not popular at the time. People called it "Seward's Folly," "Seward's Icebox,"
"Frigidia," and "Walrussia."
C.
Seward would later be redeemed when large deposits of gold and oil were discovered in Alaska.
XVIII. The Heritage of Reconstruction
A.
B.
To many in the South, Reconstruction was worse than the war. They felt beaten-down, shamed, and their
entire world had been turned upside-down.
1.
The war and Reconstruction also bred generations of animosity. Southerners would long refer to
the Civil War as the "War of Northern Aggression."
The lot of Southern blacks, despite good intentions, was likely as bad, or even worse, than before the war.
White Southerners had fought back through sneaky means and were largely successful at "keeping down"
the freed slaves.
1.
True change would not come until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950's and 60's, nearly 100
years later.
Day 2
Read the College Board Framework
Key Concept 5.1:
The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and
emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
I.
Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of
new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
A.
The desire for access
to natural and mineral resources and the hope
of many settlers for economic
opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West.
1.
Mormon settlements in Utah (1847)
a.
Between 1847 and 1900 almost 500 settlements were founded and led to many
conversions to the Mormon faith as well the settlements were modeled after Joseph
Smith’s city of zion,a planned community of farmers and tradesmen. Life in these
settlements revolved around their daily work and church activities, educational facilities
developed slowly and music,dance,and drama were favorite group activities.
2.
California gold rush (1848)
a.
Began with the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma,California by James W.
Marshall.First to hear about it were the people of Hawaii,Oregon, and Latin America and
led to in 1848 around 300,000 people swarming to California in search of gold dubbing
the term to these fortune seekers “forty niners”.Led to economic and cultural boom
throughout California and other parts of the country.
3.
Chinese immigration
a.
Most Chinese immigrants came to America as free laborers working in gold mines in the
1850’s and later on railroads on the railroads beginning in 1865.In 1866 5,000 Chinese
railroad workers went on strike demanding higher wages and shorter work days but failed
due to starvation by the company this led to anti-Chinese agitation and vilence then came
the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 banning Chinese immigration into America for ten
years and barring the Chinese already in the country.
4.
Comstock Lode - silver mining in Nevada (1859)
a.
Discovered by Henry Comstock and was a site near the western border of Nevada, based
around Virginia City. made public in 1859, prospectors rushed to the city and established
mining camps which became centers of wealth. Its discovery led to the development
5.
Pike’s Peak gold rush (1858-1861)
a.
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush was the boom in gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's
Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory of the
United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the
Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in
one of the greatest gold rushes in North American history.
6.
decline of the buffalo
a.
Whites killed off many buffalo for food and fun, also because they blocked the railroad,
and the many cattle bred in the area contributed to the plummeting of the buffalo
population.
B.
Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American
institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
include parts of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada .
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
a.
This was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is
now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order
to build southern transcontinental railroad. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate
demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.
9.
Pony Express (1860-1861)
The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican–American War and diplomatic
negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly
acquired lands.
1.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
2.
Lincoln’s spot resolutions (1846)
3.
Free Soil Party (1848)
4.
Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau (1849)
5.
popular sovereignty
6.
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation
promoting Western transportation and economic development.
8.
C.
D.
Manifest Destiny
a.
It was the idea that it was God’s wish for settlers to go west and settle the west.
Election of 1844
a.
The Whigs nominated Henry Clay. The Democrats, however, were divided between
Martin Van Buren and Lewis Cass. A deadlock at the Democratic national convention
resulted in the nomination of dark-horse candidate James K. Polk. The Liberty party,
consisting of a small group of northern antislavery Whigs who were alienated by Clay’s
indecisiveness, nominated James G. Birney. Also, large numbers of Irish immigrants
turned out to vote for Polk, and he won by a small margin.
Slidell Mission (1845)
a.
Prior to the Mexican-American War, Slidell was sent to Mexico, by President James
Knox Polk, to negotiate an agreement whereby the Rio Grande would be the southern
border of Texas. He also was instructed to offer, among other alternatives, a maximum of
$25 million for California by Polk and his administration. Slidell hinted to Polk that the
Mexican reluctance to negotiate might require a show of military force by the United
State
US annexation of Texas (1845)
a.
The United States added the Republic of Texas as the 28th state. This angered Mexico
and quickly led to the Mexican war (1846-1848) in which they gained the Mexican
Cession.
Bear Flag Revolt (1846)
a.
During the Bear Flag Revolt, from June to July 1846, a small group of American settlers
in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an
independent republic. The republic was short-lived because soon after the Bear Flag was
raised, the U.S. military began occupying California, which went on to join the union in
1850.
Oregon Boundary Treaty (1846)
a.
In 1846, the border between U.S. and British territory was formally established at the
49th parallel – the part of the territory that was given to Britain would ultimately become
part of Canada.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
a.
This was the peace treaty between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican
War. Through the treaty, Mexico gave Texas with Rio Grande boundary, California, and
New Mexico to the United States. The U.S. assumed all claims of the American people
against the Mexican government and also paid Mexico 15 million dollars. The treaty was
signed on February 2, 1848. In the end, the treaty worked to expand the U.S. territory to
E.
II.
1.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
2.
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
3.
Homestead Act (1862)
4.
Homestead Act (1862)
5.
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
6.
completion of the Union Pacific Railroad (1869)
U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with
Asia.
1.
Clipper ships
2.
Treaty of Wanghia (1846)
3.
Commodore Perry’s expedition to Japan (1852-1854)
4.
missionaries
In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of
U.S. inhabitants.
A.
Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in
the United States from Europe and
Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve
elements of their languages and customs.
1.
Old Immigration from North and Western Europe
2.
Irish potato famine (1845-1851)
3.
parochial schools
B.
A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political
power and cultural influence.
1.
Know-Nothing movement (1840s and 1850s)
2.
American Party (1854)
C.
U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in
regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency
and cultures.
1.
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
2.
Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer’s Last Stand – 1876)
3.
Wounded Knee (1890)
Key Concept 5.2:
Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led
the nation into civil war.
I.
Ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americans in the
North and the South.
A.
The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s
dependence
on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that
slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the
expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.
1.
Bessemer process (1855)
2.
Oil drilling in Titusville
3.
Pennsylvania (1859)
4.
Free Soil Party (1848-1852)
5.
Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South (1857)
B.
African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible
campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves’ escapes, and
sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
1.
William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator and the American Antislavery Society
2.
Liberty Party (1840-1844)
3.
Underground Railroad
4.
Harriet Tubman (1849)
5.
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
6.
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)
Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social
good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.
1.
“positive good” thesis
2.
John C. Calhoun
3.
states’ rights
4.
nullification
5.
George Fitzhugh’s Cannibals All! (1857)
6.
minstrel shows
Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860
and the secession of Southern states.
A.
The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired
territories.
1.
end of gag rule (1844)
2.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
3.
Mexican Cession (1848)
4.
popular sovereignty
B.
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories,
including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these
ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
1.
Compromise of 1850
2.
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
3.
personal liberty laws
4.
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
5.
“Crime against Kansas Speech” by Charles Sumner and attack by Preston Brooks (1856)
6.
Pottawatomie Creek
7.
Dispute over Lecompton Constitution (1857)
8.
Bleeding Kansas (1856-1861)
9.
Dred Scott Supreme Court decision (1857)
C.
The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened
loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the
Republican Party in the North.
1.
Formation of the Republican Party (1854)
2.
Lincoln’s support of free soil doctrine
3.
Lincoln’s “House Divided Speech” (1858)
4.
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)
5.
Freeport Doctrine (1858)
D.
Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the election of 1860 was
accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession,
most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
1.
Secession of seven southern states (1860-1861)
2.
Crittenden Compromise rejected (1860-1861)
3.
Fort Sumter and secession of four additional southern states (1861)
4.
Lincoln’s call for troops
C.
II.
Key Concept 5.3:
The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left
unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
I.
The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the
decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating
Civil War.
A.
Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while
facing considerable home front opposition.
1.
Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus (1861)
2.
Morrill Tariff (1861)
B.
C.
II.
3.
Southern Conscription Act (1862)
4.
National Bank Act (1863)
5.
Northern Conscription Act of 1863
6.
“rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”
7.
NYC draft riots (1863)
8.
Radical Republicans
9.
War Democrats
10.
Peace Democrats
11.
Copperheads
12.
Order of the Sons of Liberty (1864)
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision
to
issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the
Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled
southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.
1.
Trent Affair (1861)
2.
Alabama commerce raider (1862)
3.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
4.
enlistment of African Americans
5.
Massachusetts 54th Regiment (1863)
Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the
struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.
1.
Battle of Gettysburg
2.
Gettysburg Address (1863)
3.
“Four score and seven years…”
D.
Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately
succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime
destruction of the South’s infrastructure..
1.
Anaconda Plan (1861)
2.
Antietam (1862)
3.
Gettysburg (1863)
4.
Vicksburg (1863)
5.
Union’s “total war” strategy
6.
Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
7.
Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse (1865)
Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government,
and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans,
women, and other minorities.
A.
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and15th Amendments granted African Americans
citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
1.
13th Amendment (1865)
2.
14th Amendment (1848)
3.
15th Amendment (1870)
B.
The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to
the Constitution.
1.
Opposition of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
2.
National Women’s Suffrage Association (1869)
3.
American Women’s Suffrage Association (1869)
C.
Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the
presidency and to reorder
race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes.
Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it
ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve.
1.
Ku Klux Klan (1866)
a.
D.
E.
Sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the
Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against African American leaders.
2.
Presidential vs. Radical Reconstruction (1865-1867)
a.
Presidential (Wade-Davis Bill) Southerners could be pardoned and reinstated as US
citizens if they took and oath of allegiance to the Constitution.
b.
Congressional- Plan to integrate African Americans into society by granting them full
citizenship and the right to vote. The second goal, necessary to ensure the success of the
first, was to destroy the political power of former slaveholders
3.
Military Reconstruction (1867-1877)
4.
Carpetbaggers
5.
Scalawags
6.
Senator Hiram Revels
7.
Senator Blache K Bruce
8.
Representative Robert Smalls
9.
Johnson’s veto of Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act of 1866
10.
Tenure of Office Act (1867)
11.
impeachment of President Johnson (1868)
12.
Redeemer governments (Solid South)
13.
Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction.
Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soilintensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.
1.
Black Codes
a.
Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had
the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling
them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
2.
Sharecropping
a.
System of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a
share of the crops produced on their portion of land.
1.
Used in the South to keep ex-slaves under subjugation.
3.
Tenant farming
a.
Person who farms the land of another and pays rent with cash or with a portion of the
produce.
1.
Used in the South to keep ex-slaves subjugated
4.
Crop-Lien system
a.
Used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s.
Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained
supplies and food on credit from local merchants.
5.
Peonage System
a.
Debt slavery where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work.
b.
Was outlawed by Congress in 1867.
6.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
a.
Established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South
in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (1861-65).
Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away
African American rights, but the 14th and 15th Amendments eventually became the basis for court
decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
1.
Compromise of 1877
a.
Unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled
federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era.
2.
Poll taxes
a.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising
many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for
voting
Literacy Tests
a.
Between the 1890s-1960s, many state governments in the Southern United States
administered literacy tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order
to vote. In practice, these tests were intended to disenfranchise racial minorities.
Jim Crow Laws
a.
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted
after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965
Grandfather Clauses
a.
Statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction (18651877) that allowed potential white voters to circumvent literacy tests, poll taxes, and
other tactics designed to disfranchise southern blacks.
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
a.
Group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme
Court to review
b.
Severely restricted the power of the federal government to guarantee equal status under
the law to blacks.
c.
State officials in the South proceeded to embody practices of racial segregation into laws
that legalized the treatment of blacks as second-class citizens
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
a.
Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial
segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
Day 3-4
FOCUS QUESTIONS: 05 UNIT: 18 CHAPTER
1. What did national parties often do to maintain national unity in regards to the slavery issue?
2. What was the impact of the Mexican War on the slavery issue?
3. What were the beliefs of the Free Soil Party?
4. What does the term "popular sovereignty" mean?
5. What was the key issue in the election of 1848?
6. What event brought turmoil to the presidency of Zachary Taylor?
7. What type of people went to California?
8. Why did the Free Soilers condemn slavery?
9. Who was Harriet Tubman? What did she do?
10. What was Calhoun's plan to protect the South?
11. What was Webster's "Seventh of March" speech? Impact?
12. Who were the "young guard?" Views?
13. What were the major events during the debates of 1850?
14. What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850? Reaction from the North and the South?
15. What happened to the Whigs in 1852?
16. What happened in Nicaragua in the 1850s?
17. What Caribbean island did many Southerners want to acquire? Why?
18. What was the Ostend Manifesto?
19. How was slavery impacted by the push for a transcontinental railroad?
20. How did Douglas propose to address slavery in Kansas and Nebraska?
21. William H. Seward
22. Gen. Lewis Cass
23. popular sovereignty
24. Period 5: 1844-1877
25. Free Soil Party
26. Fugitive Slave Law
27. Underground Railroad
28. Harriet Tubman
29. Henry Clay
30. Stephen Douglas
Day 5-6
FOCUS QUESTIONS: 05 UNIT: 19 CHAPTER
1. What was described in Uncle Tom's Cabin? Impact domestically? Impact abroad?
2. What was bleeding Kansas? Why did this occur?
3. What were the major events of "Bleeding Kansas?"
4. What was the Lecompton Constitution?
5. What did Buchanan decide in regards to the Lecompton Constitution?
6. What did the caning of Sumner exemplify?
7. Who were the candidates in the election of 1856?
8. What was the main platform idea of the Know-Nothings?
9. Why did the Republicans lose the election in 1856?
10. Explain the Dred Scott decision? Impact?
11. What caused the Panic of 1857? Impact?
12. What were the major points of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
13. What was the goal of Harper's raid on Harper's Ferry?
14. What was the South's reaction to Harper's Ferry?
15. What were the political platforms of the candidates for office in 1860?
16. What were the results of the election of 1860?
17. How did the lame duck Buchanan act before Lincoln took office?
18. What was the Crittenden Compromise?
19. Why did the Southern states secede from the Union?
20. John C. Calhoun
21. Daniel Webster
22. Seventh of March
23. Whittier
24. William H. Seward
25. higher law
26. Millard Fillmore
27. Compromise of 1850
28. Personal Liberty Laws
29. Anthony Burns
30. Franklin Pierce
DAY 7-8
FOCUS QUESTIONS: 05 UNIT: 20 CHAPTER
1. Why did European powers favor war in America?
2. How did Lincoln approach the Ft. Sumter crisis? What action did he finally take?
3. What action did Lincoln take to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union?
4. What was the original goal in the war as stated by Lincoln?
5. What side did the Indians tend to side with?
6. What advantages did the South possess? Disadvantages?
7. What advantages did the North possess? Disadvantages?
8. What supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the war never materialized?
9. Why did the British refuse to break the Union blockade?
10. What event nearly pushed the Union and the British to war?
11. What actions did France take during the Civil War?
12. How did the concept of states' rights impact the Southern war effort?
13. How did the different presidents run their nations during the war?
14. How did the North get their troops? South?
15. What was the National Banking System?
16. What was the impact of the war on the Northern economy? Southern economy?
17. How did the North and the South pay for the Civil War?
18. Gen. Winfield Scott
19. Free Soil Party
20. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
21. slavocracy
22. William Walker
23. Ostend Manifesto
24. Caleb Cushing
25. Commodore Matthew Perry
26. James Gadsden
27. Gadsden Purchase
28. Stephen Douglas
29. Kansas-Nebraska Act
30. Harriet Beecher Stowe
Day 9-10
FOCUS QUESTIONS: 05 UNIT: 21 CHAPTER
1. What was the impact of the Battle of Bull Run?
2. What was the impact of the Peninsula campaign? How did it change Union goals?
3. What was the Anaconda Plan?
4. What the major events of the war at sea?
5. What was the importance of the Battle of Antietam Creek?
6. What were the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation? Was it constitutional?
7. What legally abolished slavery in the United States?
8. What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the war effort?
9. Did blacks served in the war effort? To what extent?
10. Why did Lee attempt to invade the North? Impact of Gettysburg?
11. What was the importance of Vicksburg? Sherman's style of warfare?
12. Who were the Copperheads? What was the Union party in 1864?
13. Who was the Democratic candidate in 1864? Republican/Union Party? Who won and why?
14. What was Grant's strategy to end the war?
15. What were the terms to end the war? What was the impact of the war?
16. Uncle Tom's Cabin
17. Hinton Helper
18. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher
19. John Brown
20. Bleeding Kansas
21. Lecompton Constitution
22. Pres. James Buchanan
23. Stephen Douglas
24. Charles Sumner
25. Preston Brooks
26. James Buchanan
27. John C. Fremont
28. American Party
29. Know-Nothing Party
30. Chief Justice Roger Taney
Day 11-12
FOCUS QUESTIONS: 05 UNIT: 22 Chapter
1. What was the fate of the Confederate leaders after the Civil War?
2. What was the state of the postwar economy in the South?
3. What did emancipation mean to Southern blacks?
4. What was the Thirteenth Amendment?
5. What was the Freedman's Bureau? Accomplishments?
6. Why was Andrew Johnson included on the Republican ticket in 1864?
7. What was Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?
8. What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
9. What was Johnson's plan for Reconstruction?
10. What were the black codes? Purpose?
11. How did the North view the black codes?
12. Why did many Republicans have a problem with the South regaining full rights?
13. What was Congressional Reconstruction?
14. What was the Fourteenth Amendment?
15. What was the basis of the battle between Johnson and Congress?
16. What was the Fifteenth Amendment?
17. Who were scalawags and carpetbaggers?
18. What were the accomplishments of the Radical Reconstruction state governments?
19. What was the Ku Klux Klan? What did they do?
20. Why was Johnson impeached?
21. What did Seward buy in 1867?
22. Why was Johnson acquitted in his impeachment trial?
23. Was Reconstruction effective?
24. Dred Scott decision
25. Panic of 1857
26. Sen. Stephen Douglas
27. Abraham Lincoln
28. Lincoln-Douglas debates
29. Freeport Doctrine
30. John Brown
Day 13-14
1. Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee
2. John C. Breckinridge
3. John Bell
4. Constitutional Union Party
5. Confederate States of America
6. Jefferson Davis
7. Crittendon Compromise
8. Border States
9. Gen. Robert E. Lee
10. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
11. King Wheat
12. King Corn
13. Trent affair
14. Laird rams
15. Maximilian
16. confederacy
17. President Jefferson Davis
18. Morrill Tariff Act
19. National Banking System
20. Federal Reserve System
Day 15-16
1. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
2. Clara Barton
3. Dorothea Dix
4. Sally Tompkins
5. Battle of Bull Run
6. Battle of Manassas
7. Gen. Thomas "Stonewall"
Jackson
8. Gen. George McClellan
9. Richmond, VA
10. Peninsula Campaign
11. Jeb Stuart
12. Robert E. Lee
13. Seven Days' Battles
14. Gen. Winfield Scott
15. ironclad
16. Second Battle of Bull Run
17. Gen. John Pope
18. Battle of Antietam Creek
19. 13th Amendment
20. Gen. A.E. Burnside
Day 17-18
1. Gen. Joseph Hooker
2. Gen. George Meade
3. Battle of Gettysburg
4. Pickett's Charge
5. Gettysburg Address
6. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
7. Vicksburg
8.
Gen. William Tecumseh
Sherman
9. Radical Republicans
10. Clement L. Valandigham
11. Copperheads
12. Butternut Region
13. Union Party
14. Appomattox Courthouse
15. John Wilkes Booth
16. freedmen
17. Freedmen's Bureau
18. Gen. O. O. Howard
19. Pres. Andrew Johnson
20. Radical Republicans
Day 19-20
1. Wade-Davis Bill
2. Black Codes
3. Civil Rights Bill
4. Fourteenth Amendment
5. Thaddeus Stevens
6. Reconstruction Act
7. 15th Amendment
8. Ex parte Milligan
9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
10. Susan B. Anthony
11. Frederick Douglass
12. Union League
13. Hiram Revels
14. Blanche K. Bruce
15. scalawags
16. Carpetbaggers
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Ku Klux Klan
literacy tests
understanding clauses
grandfather clauses
Tenure of Office Act
Gen. Zachary Taylor