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Theatre History Study Guide From 2,000 B.C. to 1616 A.D. Mr. Grimes Egypt2,000BC • ThefirstrecordofatheatricalperformancewasfoundonastonetabletinEgyptdating backtoabout2000BC. • ItwasTHREEDAYSLONG! • ItwaswrittenbyandstarredI-Kher-WolfretofAbydos. • Itwasincrediblyviolent,withmurder,dismemberment,andsacrifice. Greece700BC • Greektheatrewascreatedtocelebratereligiousfestivals. • Achoruswasusedtoeithersingorchantthescript. • ItisunknownifThespiswasaplaywright,anactororapriest,buthehasbeencredited forcreatingthe“firstactor”whobrokeawayfromthechorusandwouldspeaktothe chorusasanindividualcharacter.Thisiswhyactorsarealsoknownas“Thespians”. • Thisleadtothecreationofcharacter. • Maskswereusedtoallowtheactorstoplaymorethanonecharacter. Thefollowingplaywrightscontributedtothecreationofcharacter: • Aeschylusintroducedtheideaofusingasecondandthirdactorwhichallowedfor interactionbetweencharacters. • Sophoclescontinuedthecreationofcharacterbyusingthechorusless,andcreating moredialoguebetweencharacters. HighlyNotable FamousGreekplaysinclude:Medea,PrometheusBound,TheBacchae,OedipusRex, Antigone Rome400BC • TheRomansweregreatlyinfluencedbyGreekTheatre. • Theword“play”comesfromtheLatinword“ludus”whichmeansrecreationorplay. • TheRomanplaywrightTerenceintroducedtheconceptofasubplotallowingthe audiencetocontrastthereactionsofdifferentcharacterstothesameeventsor circumstances. • RomanTheatrewaslessinfluencedbyreligionthanGreektheatre. • Theaudiencewasoftenloudandrude.Theaudiencedidnotapplaud,butratherwere alwaysshoutinginsultsandbooing. • Sincetheaudiencewassoloud,muchoftheplayswerepantomimedandrepetitive. • Theactorsdevelopedacodewhichwouldtelltheaudienceaboutacharacterjustby lookingatthem. • Forexample: • Ablackwig:thecharacterwasayoungman • Aredwig:thecharacterwasaslave. • Ayellowrobe:thecharacterwasawoman • Ayellowtassel:thecharacterwasagod. HighlyNotable WhiletheplaywrightTerenceiscreditedwiththecreationofthesubplotwe talkedatlengthaboutthe20thCenturyInventionoftheAStory,BStory,andCStory. TheAStoryisyourmainplot,usuallyyouradventure.YourBStoryisyoursecondary story,usuallyyourromance.TheCStoryisseeminglyunrelated,butintheendithelps resolvetheAandBStory. OurPhineas&FerbBreakdown… AStory:“Whatarewegoingtodotoday?” BStory:Candacetryingtocatchherbrothers. CStory:Perryvs.Doofenshmirtz EuropeintheMiddleAges400-1400 • AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,citieswereabandoned,andEuropebecame increasinglymoreagricultural. • Afterseveralhundredyears,townsre-emerged. • TheRomanCatholicChurchdominatedreligion,educationandpolitics.Italsohada stronginfluenceontheatre. • Theatrewas“reborn”as“liturgicaldramas”whichwerewritteninLatinandperformed bypriestsorchurchmembers.PlotsweretakenfromtheChristianBible. • Performancesalsowereheldtocelebratereligiousfestivals(asinGreektimes) • Later“vernaculardramas”werewrittenincommonlanguage(thereforeeveryonecould understand). • Theseplayswereperformedintownsquaresonwagonstages. • Therewerethreetypesof“vernaculardramas”: • Mysteryplays–basedontheOldandNewTestament • Miracleplays–basedonthelivesofthesaints • Moralityplays–taughtalessonthroughsymboliccharacters representingvirtuesorfaults. Italy’sCommediaDell’Arte1551-1797 • InItaly,auniqueformoftheatrewascreatedforthecommonpeople–“Commedia dell’Arte”. • Commediadell’Arterequiredfewpropsandnosets. • Theplaysdidnotcomefromscriptsbutby“scenarios”whichwereanoutlineofaplot. • Theactorsimprovisedthedialoguewithcomedicstunts.Thisisthebirthofimprov! • • • • • Actorsworehalfmaskswhichindicatedtotheaudiencewhichcharactertheywere playing(JustliketheGreeks). ACommediatroupetypicallyconsistedof10to12members,afewofwhichwere women Playswerebasedonstockcharacters,forexample: • Pantalone,anelderlyVenetianmerchant(Mr.Burns) • Arlecchino,aservantwhowasatroublemaker(Bart) FurthercontributionstoTheatreweremadebyItaliansthroughthedevelopmentofthe proscenium,or“pictureframestage” OutlawedbyNapoleonin1797.Rebornin1979. HighlyNotable TheHierarchyofCommediaCharacterswiththeirSpongebobEquivalents Magnifico Neptune FirstActress Mrs.Puff FirstActor GarytheSnail TheWitch TheFlyingDutchman Pantalone Mr.Krabs TheDoctor Squidward Captain Plankton Brighella Spongebob Harlequino Patrick Zanni RoyalCrownPolisher Shakespeare1564-1616 • BornApril23(wethink),1564 • Stratford-upon-Avon,England • Fatherwasalocalprominentmerchant • MarriedAnnHathaway1582(whenhewas18,shewas26) • Threechildren:Susannabornin1583,twinsJudithandHamnetborn1585 • Hamnetdiedatage11;thegirlsneverhadanychildren • Wehavenorecordsofhislifefrom1585-192 • Itisspeculatedthathemighthavebeenateacher,abutcher,oranactorto supporthisfamily. • In1592,heisinLondon,whileAnnandthekidsarestillinStratford-upon-Avon • 1590s-QueenElizabethIisincharge. • ChristopherMarlowewasShakespeare’sRivalandCollaborator • TheLordChamberlain’sMen(latercalledTheKing’sMen)wasShakespeare’sacting troupe. • Theactorswereallmen;youngboys(age12-14)playedthefemaleparts Theywereconsidered“shareholders”andownedstockorsharesintheplay texts,costumes,andprops • Theirpaydependedonadmissionsales • Actorsonlyhadabout3weekstopracticeanewplay • Inoneweek,thetroupesmayperform6differentplays(asmanyas4,000lines!) Between1611-1612,ShakespearereturnstoStratfordtohiswifeandfamily. DiesApril23,1616attheageof52 HighlyNotable ShakespearemostlywroteinIambicPentameter • Isasoundpattern • IAMB:oneunaccented(orunstressed)syllablewithoneaccented syllable • It’slikeaheartbeat:ba-bum,ba-bum,ba-bum • Five“ba-bum”sinarowmakeonelineofiambicpentameter(10syllablelines) • Example:heWENTtoTOWNtoDAYtoBUYaCAR • OR:InSOOTH/IKNOW/notWHY/IAM/soSAD Shakespeare’splayscanbedividedintoFOURCategories • Comedy-usuallyendsinaweddingorcelebration • AMidsumerNight’sDream,AComedyofErrors,AsYou LikeIt • Tragedy-usuallyendswiththetitlecharacterdying • Hamlet,Othello,Romeo&Juliet • Romance-containscomedyandtragedy,fromlaterinhislife, morepoeticlanguage • TheTempest,TheWinter’sTale,Cymbeline • History-BasedonpastrulersofEngland • RichardIII,KingHenryIV,KingJohn • • •