Download Unit 2 cardiovascular system 3.44MB 2017-03

Unit 2: Functional Anatomy
Objectives:
• Assess Prior Learning
of CV System
 Mindmap everything
you know about the
heart.
 Label any structures you
know on the heart
Unit 7: Anatomy and Physiology
• How the Heart works.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ1_TAwCUWw
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How does the heart act
as a dual pump?
Cardiovascular system structure
Artery
Capillary
Vein
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Cardiovascular system structure
Activity 4 sheet
Artery
Capillary
Vein
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Vessels of the body:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whtNDBIhczQ
Thick muscular walls that carry high pressure blood away from the
heart.
The lining can change in size ( vasodilation / vasoconstriction ) as
demand for blood changes in the body
Carry nutrients to within reach of every living cell.
One cell thick to allow Oxygen and Nutrients to pass in and waste
products and CO2 out.
Permeable wall.
Veins carry blood at low pressure to the heart.
They contain valves to prevent backflow
The skeletal muscles press on veins to help push blood along.
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Structure and function:
NB. Write the question.
1. Name the 4 chambers of the heart?
2. What is the job of the chambers?
3. What is the job of the Septum?
4. Name the two valves in your heart and what is their
function?
 What is the Sino-atrial node?
 What does the Pulmonary vessels relate to?
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Coronary Arteries:
Under the title: ‘Structure and Function of a Coronary Artery’, make notes and then
Structure and Function
the same under ‘Atherosclerosis’
Function
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart
muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the
heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to
function. Also, oxygen-depleted blood must be
carried away. The coronary arteries wrap around
the outside of the heart. Small branches dive into
the heart muscle to bring it blood
Structure
Video on Slide 2 from 2mins 30
Blood Vessel Recap: Venules and Arterioles
Venules are small blood vessels that
collect spent blood from capillary
beds and transport it to the larger
veins for transport back to the heart.
Apart from their small size and
narrow interior lumens, venules are
structurally similar to veins, and
several venules often merge together
to form a vein.
Arterioles: Atrteries get smaller as
they get further away from the heart.
When they have decreased in size to a
certain point, they are then referred to
as arterioles.
Arterioles share many of the
properties of arteries – they are
strong, have a relatively thick wall for
their size, and contain a high
percentage of smooth muscle
Blood Vessel Recap:
• http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Blood/
Blood_Vessels.php
• Create a table based on the above link and
draw the structure and function
What is blood made up of?
Composition of Blood:
Types of
Descriptions
Blood
White Blood These help protect the body. They fight
infection, repair damaged tissue after an
Cells
injury and destroy bacteria.
Plasma
It’s straw coloured and is 90% water and
also contains electrolytes such as Sodium.
It makes up 55% of the volume of blood.
It helps the blood flow more easily.
Platelets
disc shaped cell fragments that are in
charge of clotting the blood. They clot at
the surface after a graze or cut to prevent
fluid loss and infection getting in
Their job is to carry oxygen. They contain a
protein called Haemoglobin. This combines
with oxygen to form Oxyhaemoglobin. They
are produced in bone marrow of long
bones. During exercise the blood increases
in thickness as water is removed as waste
Red Blood
Cells
Picture
Composition of Blood:
Types of Blood
White Blood Cells
Plasma
Platelets
Red Blood Cells
Descriptions
Picture
Transportation: The blood carries other substances around the
body inside Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. These include gasses
(Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide), waste products (water, urea),
hormones, enzymes and nutrients (glucose, amino acids,
vitamins and minerals).
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
Immunity and defence: White
blood cells fight infection and
platelets help repair damage
and clot the blood
Maintaining Homeostasis:
Altering the blood flow to the
skin can help to reduce body
temperature. Transportation of
enzymes which are used to
maintain our internal
environments.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
What is the function of the Cardiovascular
System?
Transportation:
• Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide
• Nutrients
• White cells and
Antibodies
• Platelets
• Remove waste
products
• Transport hormones
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Thermoregulation
• Constant body
temperature 37 degrees
• Too hot = vasodilation,
sweat.
• Too cold = vaso
constriction, shiver,
insulation
Functions of the circulatory system:
waste removal.
Discuss with a partner and list all the waste
products that are removed by the circulatory
system.
Why are they created?
How are they removed?
Functions of the circulatory system:
waste removal.
•
•
•
•
Respiratory system -- As blood flows through the
capillaries in the lungs, carbon dioxide is given up and
oxygen is picked up. The carbon dioxide is expelled
from the body through the lungs, and the oxygen is
taken to the body tissues by the blood.
Digestive system -- As food is digested, blood flows
through the intestinal capillaries and picks up
nutrients, such as glucose (sugar), vitamins, and
minerals. These nutrients are delivered to the body
tissues by the blood.
Kidneys and urinary system -- Waste materials from
the body tissues are filtered out from the blood as it
flows through the kidneys. The waste material then
leaves the body in the form of urine. Water and
mineral ion content must also be kept constant for
our cells to work effectively.
Water Control - Our bodies take in water from food
and drinks and when we release energy. We lose
water in sweat, faeces, urine and when we breathe
out.
How does Lactic Acid Build up? How is removed by the Bloodstream?
Lactic Acid is produced during anaerobic respiration ( high intensity exercise ).
Whereas normally glucose is fully changed to water and carbon dioxide and releasing a
considerable amount of energy when oxygen is present ( aerobic exercise ), during
anaerobic exercise the glucose is only slightly changed and so Lactic Acid is produced which is basically toxic.
The problems comes later – in the form of cramp, soreness, muscle burn and fatigue.
To do this, when oxygen is again available it is fed back into the metabolic pathway and
fully oxidised. "Oxygen Debt" - a debt that must be repaid in order to remove the Lactic
Acid.
Lactic acid is also transferred through the circulatory system from muscle tissues to the
liver.
Function of Circulatory system: Blood
flow ( Vaso and blood movement )
• Vasodilation: Blood vessels supplying
blood to the skin can swell or dilate. This
causes more heat to be carried by the
blood to the skin, where it can be lost to
the air.
• Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels can shrink
down again. This reduces heat loss
through the skin once the body’s
temperature has returned to normal
• Blood movement: ( cold ) blood vessels in
the skin constricts, and blood is hastily
shunted to the interior to protect vital
organs against the falling temperature.
Blood pressure and heart rate increases.
Hot weather the opposite happens
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
Overview of Circulatory System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lgd03h3te8
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institution only.
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
• The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events
that cause the flow of blood through the heart
during one heartbeat.
• At rest the process takes approx. 0.8 seconds and
occurs between 60 and 80 times per minute
(resting heart rate).
• There are 2 phases – Contraction phase and
Relaxation phase.
• The contraction phase is called Systole. (0.3 secs)
• The relaxation phase is called Diastole. (0.5 secs)
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
• Research what Diastolic and Systolic Pressure
is
•systolic pressure - the
higher measurement when
the heart beats, pushing
blood through the arteries,
and
•diastolic pressure - the
lower measurement when
the heart rests between
beats
 Describe the action of the
valves and direction of
blood flow during each
phase
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
• A young, fit person may have a blood
pressure of about 120 over 70, which
means their systolic pressure is 120
mmHg, and their diastolic pressure 70
mmHg.
• Practical: Measure and record your Blood
Pressure
• if your top number is 140 or more - then
you may have high blood pressure,
regardless of your bottom number.
• if your bottom number is 90 or more then you may have high blood pressure,
regardless your top number.
• if your top number is 90 or less - then you
may have low blood pressure, regardless
of your bottom number.
• if your bottom number is 60 or less - then
you may have low blood pressure,
regardless of your top number.
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
• A young, fit person may have a blood pressure of about
120 over 70, which means their systolic pressure is 120
mmHg, and their diastolic pressure 70 mmHg.
• Practical: Measure and record your Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure varies with age. It also varies with
lifestyle factors such as:
• diet
Discuss and give reasons why
• stress
the lifestyle factors affect
• exercise
blood pressure?
• body mass
• alcohol consumption
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Emotional State - Stress or anxiety can cause large increases in blood pressure. If
you are having your blood pressure taken while thinking about something that
causes you to tense up or become stressed, your blood pressure levels could
significantly increase.
Talking - If you are talking to the nurse/doctor while having your blood pressure
taken, studies have shown that your systolic blood pressure measurement may
increase 10 to 15mmHg.
Smoking - Tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco) all contain
nicotine which will temporarily increase your blood pressure, so refrain from
smoking at least 30 minutes before having a blood pressure measurement taken.
Alcohol/Caffeine - Alcohol and caffeine (sodas, coffee, tea, etc) consumption
causes blood pressure levels to spike so stay away from alcohol/caffeine at least 30
minutes before having a blood pressure measurement taken.
Temperature - Blood pressure tends to increase when you are cold. Therefore, if
you are at the doctor's office and the room temperature is "chilly" to you, be
aware that your blood pressure readings may be higher than expected.
Full bladder - Your blood pressure is lower when your bladder is empty. As your
bladder gradually fills, your blood pressure increases. Studies have shown that
your systolic blood pressure measurements could increase 10 to 15mmHg when
you have a full bladder.
Neural control of the Cardiac System.
• High blood pressure is when the resting blood pressure is
above normal and when consistently exceeding 160 mmHg
systolic and 95 mmHg diastolic.
• Low blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure of 99
mmHg or less and diastolic of 59 mmHg.
WHAT
IS HIGH BP
• The pulse is a pressure wave that can be felt in1.the
arteries
2. WHAT IS LOW BP
(carotid or brachial,3. for
WHAT IS THE
example) and corresponds
PULSE? to the
beating of the heart
the THE
4. and
WHAT’S
contraction of the leftAVERAGE PULSE?
ventricle.
• An average pulse is between 60
and 80 beats per minute
Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure
How can exercise have a positive effect on Blood Pressure?
• Regular physical activity makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart can
pump more blood with less effort. If your heart can work less to pump, the
force on your arteries decreases, lowering your blood pressure.
• Regular exercise also helps you maintain a healthy weight — another
important way to control blood pressure.
• Weight training can cause a temporary increase in blood pressure during
exercise due to stress caused by heavy lifting and holding your breath.
Weight lifting tends to speed up metabolism and reduce body fat, and
reduced body fat often leads to reduced blood pressure.
• Exercise relieves stress which in turn will reduce blood pressure at rest
due to the release of feel good hormones and the feelings of
accomplishment.
• Exercise boosts self-image and self-esteem and makes you look fit and feel
healthy and therefore makes you feel more relaxed and rested and in turn
improves sleep
• Exercise Improve your circulation and help your body use oxygen better
Neural control of the Cardiac System: Sequence of
Excitation
1). The SA (sinoatrial)
node
2) AV
(atrioventricular)
node
3). AV node to
the bundle of His
4). left and right
branches.
5). Purkinje fibers to
the ventricular
muscles
Complete worksheet, labelling the
different electrical structures
Neural control of the Cardiac System: Sequence of
Complete worksheet, describing the
Excitation
neural control
• The autonomous beating of cardiac muscle cells is regulated by the
heart's internal pacemaker that uses electrical signals to time the
beating of the heart.
• The electrical signals and mechanical actions are intimately intertwined.
• The internal pacemaker starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is
located near the wall of the right atrium.
• Electrical charges spontaneously pulse from the SA node, causing the
two atria to contract in unison.
• The pulse reaches a second node, the atrioventricular (AV) node,
between the right atrium and right ventricle, where it pauses for
approximately 0.1 seconds before spreading to the walls of the
ventricles.
• This pause allows the blood in the atria to empty completely into the
ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood.
• From the AV node, the electrical impulse enters the bundle of His, then
to the left and right bundle branches extending through the
interventricular septum.
• Finally, the Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex of the
heart up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract.
Exam Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What does Pronation mean? ( 1 )
What does Distal mean? ( 1 )
What does the Chordae Tendinae do? ( 1 )
Describe the function of Red blood cells ( 2 )
Describe the function of platelets? ( 2 )
Where is the Bicuspid valve and what is it’s function? ( 2 )
Describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system ( 4 )
Describe how the blood vessels adapt to exercise ( 4 marks )
Describe how the function of the Cardiovascular system improves
with exercise ( 6 marks )
10. Describe how blood is circulated around the body starting with
oxygenated blood leaving the lungs ( 12 )
• * Answers should contain linked points, which in combination,
provides a logical description
Questions : Textbook, p41 – 48 ( 30 mins )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Describe the Anatomical Position.
What is the Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid?
Define and describe the 3 layers of the heart.
How does the heart act as 2 pumps in 1?
Why do Arteries have elasticity and contractility?
What is Venous return?
What are ‘Pocket Valves’?
What is the function of ‘Tunica Intima’?
What does Collagen do in the ‘Tunica Externa’?
What does Plasma contain?
Where are Platelets created?
Name 3 functions of the Lymphatic System.
What are Leucocytes and Pathogens?
What do antitoxins do?
Describe the Blood Clotting process.
Functions of CV system: discuss and
mindmap
Function
Explanation
Transport
Transports hormones to blood cells and organs. Transports
nutrients to cells.
Circulation
Circulation of O2 and removal of CO2.
Protection
Protects the body against disease and infection.
Clotting
Stops bleeding after injury through clotting.
Temperature
regulation
The body regulates temperature through thermoregulation –
vasodilation of blood vessels removes heat through skin,
vasoconstriction decreases flow of warm blood to skin to prevent
heat loss.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2013.
Copying permitted for purchasing
institution only.
Functions of CV system: discuss and
mindmap
Function
Explanation
Transport
Transports hormones to blood cells and organs. Transports
nutrients to cells.
Circulation
Circulation of O2 and removal of CO2.
Protection
Protects the body against disease and infection.
Clotting
Stops bleeding after injury through clotting.
Temperature
regulation
The body regulates temperature through thermoregulation –
vasodilation of blood vessels removes heat through skin,
vasoconstriction decreases flow of warm blood to skin to prevent
heat loss.
© Pearson Education Ltd 2013.
Copying permitted for purchasing
institution only.