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Unit 2: Functional Anatomy Objectives: • Assess Prior Learning of CV System Mindmap everything you know about the heart. Label any structures you know on the heart Unit 7: Anatomy and Physiology • How the Heart works. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ1_TAwCUWw © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. How does the heart act as a dual pump? Cardiovascular system structure Artery Capillary Vein © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Cardiovascular system structure Activity 4 sheet Artery Capillary Vein © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Vessels of the body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whtNDBIhczQ Thick muscular walls that carry high pressure blood away from the heart. The lining can change in size ( vasodilation / vasoconstriction ) as demand for blood changes in the body Carry nutrients to within reach of every living cell. One cell thick to allow Oxygen and Nutrients to pass in and waste products and CO2 out. Permeable wall. Veins carry blood at low pressure to the heart. They contain valves to prevent backflow The skeletal muscles press on veins to help push blood along. © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Structure and function: NB. Write the question. 1. Name the 4 chambers of the heart? 2. What is the job of the chambers? 3. What is the job of the Septum? 4. Name the two valves in your heart and what is their function? What is the Sino-atrial node? What does the Pulmonary vessels relate to? © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Coronary Arteries: Under the title: ‘Structure and Function of a Coronary Artery’, make notes and then Structure and Function the same under ‘Atherosclerosis’ Function Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to function. Also, oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away. The coronary arteries wrap around the outside of the heart. Small branches dive into the heart muscle to bring it blood Structure Video on Slide 2 from 2mins 30 Blood Vessel Recap: Venules and Arterioles Venules are small blood vessels that collect spent blood from capillary beds and transport it to the larger veins for transport back to the heart. Apart from their small size and narrow interior lumens, venules are structurally similar to veins, and several venules often merge together to form a vein. Arterioles: Atrteries get smaller as they get further away from the heart. When they have decreased in size to a certain point, they are then referred to as arterioles. Arterioles share many of the properties of arteries – they are strong, have a relatively thick wall for their size, and contain a high percentage of smooth muscle Blood Vessel Recap: • http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Blood/ Blood_Vessels.php • Create a table based on the above link and draw the structure and function What is blood made up of? Composition of Blood: Types of Descriptions Blood White Blood These help protect the body. They fight infection, repair damaged tissue after an Cells injury and destroy bacteria. Plasma It’s straw coloured and is 90% water and also contains electrolytes such as Sodium. It makes up 55% of the volume of blood. It helps the blood flow more easily. Platelets disc shaped cell fragments that are in charge of clotting the blood. They clot at the surface after a graze or cut to prevent fluid loss and infection getting in Their job is to carry oxygen. They contain a protein called Haemoglobin. This combines with oxygen to form Oxyhaemoglobin. They are produced in bone marrow of long bones. During exercise the blood increases in thickness as water is removed as waste Red Blood Cells Picture Composition of Blood: Types of Blood White Blood Cells Plasma Platelets Red Blood Cells Descriptions Picture Transportation: The blood carries other substances around the body inside Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. These include gasses (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide), waste products (water, urea), hormones, enzymes and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals). FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD Immunity and defence: White blood cells fight infection and platelets help repair damage and clot the blood Maintaining Homeostasis: Altering the blood flow to the skin can help to reduce body temperature. Transportation of enzymes which are used to maintain our internal environments. FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD What is the function of the Cardiovascular System? Transportation: • Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Nutrients • White cells and Antibodies • Platelets • Remove waste products • Transport hormones © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Thermoregulation • Constant body temperature 37 degrees • Too hot = vasodilation, sweat. • Too cold = vaso constriction, shiver, insulation Functions of the circulatory system: waste removal. Discuss with a partner and list all the waste products that are removed by the circulatory system. Why are they created? How are they removed? Functions of the circulatory system: waste removal. • • • • Respiratory system -- As blood flows through the capillaries in the lungs, carbon dioxide is given up and oxygen is picked up. The carbon dioxide is expelled from the body through the lungs, and the oxygen is taken to the body tissues by the blood. Digestive system -- As food is digested, blood flows through the intestinal capillaries and picks up nutrients, such as glucose (sugar), vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients are delivered to the body tissues by the blood. Kidneys and urinary system -- Waste materials from the body tissues are filtered out from the blood as it flows through the kidneys. The waste material then leaves the body in the form of urine. Water and mineral ion content must also be kept constant for our cells to work effectively. Water Control - Our bodies take in water from food and drinks and when we release energy. We lose water in sweat, faeces, urine and when we breathe out. How does Lactic Acid Build up? How is removed by the Bloodstream? Lactic Acid is produced during anaerobic respiration ( high intensity exercise ). Whereas normally glucose is fully changed to water and carbon dioxide and releasing a considerable amount of energy when oxygen is present ( aerobic exercise ), during anaerobic exercise the glucose is only slightly changed and so Lactic Acid is produced which is basically toxic. The problems comes later – in the form of cramp, soreness, muscle burn and fatigue. To do this, when oxygen is again available it is fed back into the metabolic pathway and fully oxidised. "Oxygen Debt" - a debt that must be repaid in order to remove the Lactic Acid. Lactic acid is also transferred through the circulatory system from muscle tissues to the liver. Function of Circulatory system: Blood flow ( Vaso and blood movement ) • Vasodilation: Blood vessels supplying blood to the skin can swell or dilate. This causes more heat to be carried by the blood to the skin, where it can be lost to the air. • Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels can shrink down again. This reduces heat loss through the skin once the body’s temperature has returned to normal • Blood movement: ( cold ) blood vessels in the skin constricts, and blood is hastily shunted to the interior to protect vital organs against the falling temperature. Blood pressure and heart rate increases. Hot weather the opposite happens Neural control of the Cardiac System. Overview of Circulatory System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lgd03h3te8 © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Neural control of the Cardiac System. • The cardiac cycle describes the mechanical events that cause the flow of blood through the heart during one heartbeat. • At rest the process takes approx. 0.8 seconds and occurs between 60 and 80 times per minute (resting heart rate). • There are 2 phases – Contraction phase and Relaxation phase. • The contraction phase is called Systole. (0.3 secs) • The relaxation phase is called Diastole. (0.5 secs) Neural control of the Cardiac System. • Research what Diastolic and Systolic Pressure is •systolic pressure - the higher measurement when the heart beats, pushing blood through the arteries, and •diastolic pressure - the lower measurement when the heart rests between beats Describe the action of the valves and direction of blood flow during each phase Neural control of the Cardiac System. • A young, fit person may have a blood pressure of about 120 over 70, which means their systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, and their diastolic pressure 70 mmHg. • Practical: Measure and record your Blood Pressure • if your top number is 140 or more - then you may have high blood pressure, regardless of your bottom number. • if your bottom number is 90 or more then you may have high blood pressure, regardless your top number. • if your top number is 90 or less - then you may have low blood pressure, regardless of your bottom number. • if your bottom number is 60 or less - then you may have low blood pressure, regardless of your top number. Neural control of the Cardiac System. • A young, fit person may have a blood pressure of about 120 over 70, which means their systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, and their diastolic pressure 70 mmHg. • Practical: Measure and record your Blood Pressure • Blood pressure varies with age. It also varies with lifestyle factors such as: • diet Discuss and give reasons why • stress the lifestyle factors affect • exercise blood pressure? • body mass • alcohol consumption Neural control of the Cardiac System. • • • • • • Emotional State - Stress or anxiety can cause large increases in blood pressure. If you are having your blood pressure taken while thinking about something that causes you to tense up or become stressed, your blood pressure levels could significantly increase. Talking - If you are talking to the nurse/doctor while having your blood pressure taken, studies have shown that your systolic blood pressure measurement may increase 10 to 15mmHg. Smoking - Tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco) all contain nicotine which will temporarily increase your blood pressure, so refrain from smoking at least 30 minutes before having a blood pressure measurement taken. Alcohol/Caffeine - Alcohol and caffeine (sodas, coffee, tea, etc) consumption causes blood pressure levels to spike so stay away from alcohol/caffeine at least 30 minutes before having a blood pressure measurement taken. Temperature - Blood pressure tends to increase when you are cold. Therefore, if you are at the doctor's office and the room temperature is "chilly" to you, be aware that your blood pressure readings may be higher than expected. Full bladder - Your blood pressure is lower when your bladder is empty. As your bladder gradually fills, your blood pressure increases. Studies have shown that your systolic blood pressure measurements could increase 10 to 15mmHg when you have a full bladder. Neural control of the Cardiac System. • High blood pressure is when the resting blood pressure is above normal and when consistently exceeding 160 mmHg systolic and 95 mmHg diastolic. • Low blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure of 99 mmHg or less and diastolic of 59 mmHg. WHAT IS HIGH BP • The pulse is a pressure wave that can be felt in1.the arteries 2. WHAT IS LOW BP (carotid or brachial,3. for WHAT IS THE example) and corresponds PULSE? to the beating of the heart the THE 4. and WHAT’S contraction of the leftAVERAGE PULSE? ventricle. • An average pulse is between 60 and 80 beats per minute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure How can exercise have a positive effect on Blood Pressure? • Regular physical activity makes your heart stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. If your heart can work less to pump, the force on your arteries decreases, lowering your blood pressure. • Regular exercise also helps you maintain a healthy weight — another important way to control blood pressure. • Weight training can cause a temporary increase in blood pressure during exercise due to stress caused by heavy lifting and holding your breath. Weight lifting tends to speed up metabolism and reduce body fat, and reduced body fat often leads to reduced blood pressure. • Exercise relieves stress which in turn will reduce blood pressure at rest due to the release of feel good hormones and the feelings of accomplishment. • Exercise boosts self-image and self-esteem and makes you look fit and feel healthy and therefore makes you feel more relaxed and rested and in turn improves sleep • Exercise Improve your circulation and help your body use oxygen better Neural control of the Cardiac System: Sequence of Excitation 1). The SA (sinoatrial) node 2) AV (atrioventricular) node 3). AV node to the bundle of His 4). left and right branches. 5). Purkinje fibers to the ventricular muscles Complete worksheet, labelling the different electrical structures Neural control of the Cardiac System: Sequence of Complete worksheet, describing the Excitation neural control • The autonomous beating of cardiac muscle cells is regulated by the heart's internal pacemaker that uses electrical signals to time the beating of the heart. • The electrical signals and mechanical actions are intimately intertwined. • The internal pacemaker starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is located near the wall of the right atrium. • Electrical charges spontaneously pulse from the SA node, causing the two atria to contract in unison. • The pulse reaches a second node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, between the right atrium and right ventricle, where it pauses for approximately 0.1 seconds before spreading to the walls of the ventricles. • This pause allows the blood in the atria to empty completely into the ventricles before the ventricles pump out the blood. • From the AV node, the electrical impulse enters the bundle of His, then to the left and right bundle branches extending through the interventricular septum. • Finally, the Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse from the apex of the heart up the ventricular myocardium, causing the ventricles to contract. Exam Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What does Pronation mean? ( 1 ) What does Distal mean? ( 1 ) What does the Chordae Tendinae do? ( 1 ) Describe the function of Red blood cells ( 2 ) Describe the function of platelets? ( 2 ) Where is the Bicuspid valve and what is it’s function? ( 2 ) Describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system ( 4 ) Describe how the blood vessels adapt to exercise ( 4 marks ) Describe how the function of the Cardiovascular system improves with exercise ( 6 marks ) 10. Describe how blood is circulated around the body starting with oxygenated blood leaving the lungs ( 12 ) • * Answers should contain linked points, which in combination, provides a logical description Questions : Textbook, p41 – 48 ( 30 mins ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Describe the Anatomical Position. What is the Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid? Define and describe the 3 layers of the heart. How does the heart act as 2 pumps in 1? Why do Arteries have elasticity and contractility? What is Venous return? What are ‘Pocket Valves’? What is the function of ‘Tunica Intima’? What does Collagen do in the ‘Tunica Externa’? What does Plasma contain? Where are Platelets created? Name 3 functions of the Lymphatic System. What are Leucocytes and Pathogens? What do antitoxins do? Describe the Blood Clotting process. Functions of CV system: discuss and mindmap Function Explanation Transport Transports hormones to blood cells and organs. Transports nutrients to cells. Circulation Circulation of O2 and removal of CO2. Protection Protects the body against disease and infection. Clotting Stops bleeding after injury through clotting. Temperature regulation The body regulates temperature through thermoregulation – vasodilation of blood vessels removes heat through skin, vasoconstriction decreases flow of warm blood to skin to prevent heat loss. © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. Functions of CV system: discuss and mindmap Function Explanation Transport Transports hormones to blood cells and organs. Transports nutrients to cells. Circulation Circulation of O2 and removal of CO2. Protection Protects the body against disease and infection. Clotting Stops bleeding after injury through clotting. Temperature regulation The body regulates temperature through thermoregulation – vasodilation of blood vessels removes heat through skin, vasoconstriction decreases flow of warm blood to skin to prevent heat loss. © Pearson Education Ltd 2013. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only.