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Cell Basics Types, Parts, and Function Plant Cells Plant cells are often larger and more regularly shaped than animal cells Cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large, central vacuole are unique to plant cells Animal Cells Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Animal cells are often irregularly shaped & slightly smaller in size compared to plant cells. Cells come in a variety of shapes – any idea why? “Shape Reflects Function” What do you think this statement means? Nerve cells Nerve cells have branches! Nerve cells branch out to receive and send electrical signals. Skin cells Skin cells are typically flat because they act like a protective covering. Muscle cells Long and thin with the ability to shorten and lengthen Intestinal cells Above are 4 cells each with a nucleus and microvilli (little extensions) Here is an electron microscope picture – what do you think their shape allows them to do? Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Size?? Complexity?? Comparison Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Larger in size Smaller in size Has a nucleus No nucleus Has more organelles Each with their own membrane Has less organelles none with a membrane Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protists Examples: bacteria Cell Theory Explains the relationship between cells & living things It is made up of 3 statements: • All living things are made up of one or more cells. • All cells come from pre-existing cells. • Cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all life. In Summary Cells are the basic units of life. Much of what we know about cells & their connection to life is stated in the cell theory. There are 2 general types of cells– prokaryotic & eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells (animal & plant) AND prokaryotic cells (bacteria) – while different, also have some similarities. A cell’s shape helps it perform its job in an organism. Now, let’s look at all of the cell parts we call organelles… Cytoplasm • Lots of chemicals are dissolved in it and lots of chemical activities occur here. Analogy – internal environment of factory Nucleus • Control center - contains DNA – instructions needed to build & regulate our body Analogy – main office of factory Vacuole/Vesicle • Stores food, water, and minerals – Plants have a huge vacuole!! Analogy – Storage rooms/spaces In factory Animal cells have smaller versions VESICLES Lysosomes • Break down extra/unwanted chemicals & cells with their powerful enzymes for recycling Analogy – clean up crew of factory Cytoskeleton • Supports and gives shape to cell. Can also aid in movement. Analogy – steel & cement/wooden beams of a factory Centrioles • Part of cytoskeleton – aids in cell reproduction Ribosomes • Assembles proteins (helps string together the amino acids) Analogy – workers or machines that make the product ER • Helps the ribosomes assemble proteins & transport materials around the cell Analogy – assembly line/conveyor belt of factory Golgi body (or Golgi apparatus) • Process, modify & package proteins – puts finishing touches! Analogy – customization shop or finishing department of factory Chloroplasts • Capture sunlight to make food for plant – where photosynthesis takes place Analogy – solar panels on roof of factory Mitochondria • Convert food into energy for the cell – where cellular respiration takes place Analogy – boiler room or generator of factory Cell Wall • Tough, rigid outer wall – provides support & shape to plant Analogy - ????? This is the FIBER we spoke about in the last unit Cell Membrane • Regulates what goes in and out Analogy - ????