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Ayesha Bakshi Mr. Tavernia AP World History / Period 4 Packet B Theme 3: Political - Feudalism The decentralized form of government known as feudalism was used a lot in Japan and European countries during the Medieval Period. England had the system of feudalism for many, many years. This concept started by William I, when he conquered England as a foreigner. When he took England after he beat the English army, he noticed that he had use military action to keep control in England. He wanted the people in England to be loyal to him, but that would be difficult since he was not from this land. William I decided to split up the counter into “large plots of land.” The divisions of land belonged to the noblemen that fought in the battle. He thought the noblemen that fought in the battle for him, would also provide loyalty to him. At this point, loyalty was very important to William. To make sure that these noblemen were really loyal to William, he decided to have them swear an oath of loyalty. The noblemen would also have to collect taxes for William and they to give soldiers if they ever needed them. The men that would get this land were considered very important in that area. According to the feudal system, they were called the tenants-in-chief. The landed owned by the tenants-in-chief were divided more and then given to more people that fought in battle. Balila, Joshua Mr. Tavernia Period 3 Packet C Political: Samurai Samurai are a part of the Japanese feudalism system, representing the warrior class that is loyal to their lords (known as daimyos in Japan). The rise of the samurai mirrored the rise of the shogunate, which sought to overthrow the emperor of Japan in favor of a feudal system where the shogun (military leader) was the ruler of Japan. Samurai, however, were present before the feudalistic Japan, and were simply paid warriors used to defend their master’s property. However, with the rise of the Kamakura shogunate, all of the political power was passed onto the samurai. This time also saw the spread of Zen Buddhism into Japan, which was readily picked up and enforced by the samurai, who believed in individual salvation and honor. The samurai were expected to uphold the traditional values and beliefs outlined in Zen Buddhism, and were also expected to give out the necessary punishments if the rules were broken. The samurai were also held to an incredibly strict code of honor, known as Bushido, that is comparable to the chivalry expected of Western knights during European feudalism. This code emphasized honor and duty above all else, and is what influenced the culture that samurai spread throughout Japan. Ariann Barker Mr. Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet D Political: Dar-al Islam Translating into “house of Islam,” Dar al-Islam is a term coined by Muslim scholars, though initially invented by Abu Hanifa. It signifies a state where Islam is the main, majority religion. In addition, it refers to lands where Islam is the main religion practiced, but other monotheistic religions (citizens dubbed “People of the Book”) were welcomed as well. A measure of the Dar al-Islam at the time was the concept of Sharia law, and whether a nation-state utilized it politically. If a country did so, they were considered a part of the Dar al-Islam. Two other guidelines for a country to be considered part of the Dar al-Islam were that the country had to border some Muslim countries and be ruled by a Muslim government. Eric Bazail Mr. Tavernia AP World History 4 Packet D (Political): [The Reconquest of Iberia] Stemming from the zealous religious ideologies of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille and the resentment and xenophobic sentiments of the ethnic Spaniards, the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by the united monarchy radically transformed a nation which had accustomed to the rule and presence of the Moors and other Islamic peoples. Originally overrun by the superior military forces of the Umayyad caliphate, the ‘Spaniard’ territory was reduced to just Northern Iberia, an area oddly unable to be taken by Islam. There, in the kingdoms of Leon, Catalonia, and Navarre, the push for a Reconquista, or reconquest, grew. Gradual progress was made, but the Moors, Muslims from Northern Africa, were able to hold onto the Al-Andalus, or Andalusia territory. However, when the kingdoms of Aragon and Castille unified under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille and Leon, the combined force set out to take Andalusia back. As the force pushed through the peninsula, they reached Cordoba. There, the unified Spanish crown expelled the Moors once and for all at the Battle of Cordoba, ending the Reconquista, a goal of the Spanish people for centuries. Spain was finally ‘free.’ Eric Bazail Mr. Tavernia AP World History 4 Packet D (Political): [The Reconquest of Iberia] Stemming from the zealous religious ideologies of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille and the resentment and xenophobic sentiments of the ethnic Spaniards, the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by the united monarchy radically transformed a nation which had accustomed to the rule and presence of the Moors and other Islamic peoples. Originally overrun by the superior military forces of the Umayyad caliphate, the ‘Spaniard’ territory was reduced to just Northern Iberia, an area oddly unable to be taken by Islam. There, in the kingdoms of Leon, Catalonia, and Navarre, the push for a Reconquista, or reconquest, grew. Gradual progress was made, but the Moors, Muslims from Northern Africa, were able to hold onto the Al-Andalus, or Andalusia territory. However, when the kingdoms of Aragon and Castille unified under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille and Leon, the combined force set out to take Andalusia back. As the force pushed through the peninsula, they reached Cordoba. There, the unified Spanish crown expelled the Moors once and for all at the Battle of Cordoba, ending the Reconquista, a goal of the Spanish people for centuries. Spain was finally ‘free.’ Jared Cohen Mr. Tavernia AP World History - P.4 Packet D Political: Beijing Beijing is the capital of China and has an extremely large and long lasting city. The city has over 21,700,000 people making it the second largest city in China. This also makes it the third largest city in the world. Several mountains and rivers surround Beijing. The urban area of Beijing is 200 feet above sea level. Levels of humidity are influenced by a monsoon. Precipitation is extremely common. The city first began to form in 11th century BCE. in Imperial China, the city still existed, but had several name changes, including Finland, Yanjing, and Jicheng. The city, though known for its cultural heritage, has several other aspects, including the economy and air quality. The city has poor air quality. Many of the air pollutions affect the city of Beijing. Coal burning is one of the causes of the air quality. some other reasons are factories, gas stations, and a number of cars. Since 2015, levels of air pollution have gone down drastically. The economy is one of the main reasons for the city's success. The city has a post-industrial economy, with several service-based jobs. Manufacturing is the second most common job. There are several different "economic zones" found in Beijing, each with unique interests. Zhongguancun is the "Silicon Valley" of china. They are the home to technology companies around the world. Beijing financial Street is an area lined with well-known banks and insurance companies. The Central Business District has many foreign companies. Here is where tall towers are commonly found. The Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area has many pharmaceutical, material engineering, pharmaceutical, and information technology, companies. Automobile assembly plants and trading firms are commonly found near the airport, in the Beijing Airport Economic Zone. Lastly, tourism, sports, and entertainment are found in the Beijing Olympic Center Zone. Beijing has played an important role culturally, economically, and politically in China for hundreds of years. Sydni Dichter Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 December 13, 2016 Political: Wat Tyler Wat Tyler was a British man who started a peasant revolt in England in 1381. The protest was intended to end serfdom and obedience to landowners by storming the streets of London and murdering officials, including the archbishop of Canterbury. He wanted to get rid of poll tax and make economic and social reforms. He was killed during a meeting with the king. Ben Geller Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet D Political: Crusades The crusades were one of the most impactful set of wars ever on earth in a religious aspect. The Crusades were a series of wars by the Latin Church. The crusades served the purpose of Christians to gain or conquer territory and to resolve political controversy between two or more places. The first crusades and the series of crusades were started y Pope Urban the second. He wanted the military to be strong and support the Byzantine empire. The pope’s strategy was to unite the east and the west and it did not go exactly as planned. The crusades are a fully driven religious set of wars in which the Christians are the main subject and topic. The connection between the Crusades and the political theme is that all wars and revolutions almost always effect the political system in place. This is shown by how the pope tries to unite the east and west. Also, the war involves in the military which effects political action. Annita Huang Mr. Tavernia AP World/Period 4 Packet: D Theme 3: Feudalism Feudalism from the latin feodum, meaning a land awarded for military service. Medieval Europe was commonly referred to as a feudal society, where kings and lords gave land to vassals in return for sworn military support. The relationship between the landholders and serfs and between lords and vassals are are very different. Feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around lord, vessels, and fiefs. Fief is a grant of land in return for a pledge to provide military service. Kings would grant fiefs to their noble followers, vassals, on a temporary basis. The kings and lords might be able to command the service of their vassals for only part of the year. Vassals can hold land from several different lords and owe loyalty to each one. Laila Inan Mr. Tavernia PD Politics 13 December 2016 Politics: Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty is commonly referred to as the greatest imperial dynasty in ancient Chinese history. It was a golden age of political reform and cultural advancement, which lay the groundwork for policies which are still observed in modern day China. The second emperor, Taizong, is held up as an exemplary ruler who reformed the government, social structure, military, education, and religious practices. Under Taizong's successor, Gaozong , the country experienced further reforms when Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian took control of the government under the reign of Xuanzong, China became the most prosperous country in the world. Many of the most impressive inventions and advancements in Chinese history -gunpowder, air conditioning, gas stoves, printing, advancements in medicine, science, technology, architecture, and literature-- come from the Tang Dynasty. The emperors Taizong, Wu Zetian, and Xuanzong made the Tang Dynasty the great era that it was, and although the dynasty remained in power, the golden age ended with Xuanzong's decline which threw the country into chaos. The Tang were succeeded by the Sung Dynasty who brought order back to China. Emily Irigoyen Tavernia AP World History/4 Packet C Song Empire: Theme 3 (Political) The Song Empire centralized in central and southern China distinguished for its advances in technology and closeness to an industrial revolution.It emphasized civil administration, industry, education, and the arts more than the military. As a result, it never established hegemony over as large an area as the Tang. Despite this, the Song was considered a “golden era”. It was kept at bay by the Jin people up north and was once allied with the Jurchens to defeat the Liao state. The Song Empire was eventually betrayed by the Jurchens and was forced to make annual payments and move south. The Song had many issues with high taxes, which led to rebellions. Political:AnLushanRebellion AnLushanwasageneralwhobecametheemperorofChina’sfavoritegeneral.He wasappointedbyEmperorXuanzongtobecommanderofthreegarrisonsinthe north—Pinglu,FanyangandHedong,andthushadcontrolovertheentirearea northofthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Hehad164,000peopleunderhis command.HetookadvantageofthediscontentwiththeextravagantTangcourt,the AbbasidRebellionagainsttheUmayyadDynasty,andtheplace’slackofprotection, tobeginhisrebellion.TheAnLushanRebellionspannedthereignsofthreeTang dynastyemperors,beginningduringthereignofXuanzong,continuingthroughthe reignofSuzong,andendingduringthereignofDaizong.Itwasaperiodofgreat turmoilinChinaandleadtothedeclineoftheTangdynasty. Angela Lin Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet D State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: Magna Carta The English king granted concessions in the form of chatter to his citizens. Henry I issued a Coronation Charter in 1100 and promised to enforce less taxes and confiscation of church revenues, and other abuses of power. They were not able to enforce them because of lack of power. A feud between Pope Innocent III and King John started in 1208, making John suffer excommunication. After John had another military defeat by France in 1213, he demanded scutage, money paid in lieu of military service, from barons who had not fought alongside him. Stephen Langton, the archbishop of Canterbury, channeled baronial unrest and put the king under pressure for concessions. Civil war broke out in early 1215 and the rebels gained control of London. John yielded and accepted the terms of the Articles of the Barons. After four days, the king and the barons issued a formal version of the document called the Magna Carta. It was supposed to be a peace treaty, but civil war still broke out within three months. After John’s death in 1216, advisors to Henry III, John’s successor, reissued the Magna Carta with some of its controversial clauses taken out. It was reissued several more times until the final 1225 version. Olivia Lloyd Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 4 Packet D Political: Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’ War was a struggle of claim to the French throne between France and England. It began in 1337 and ended in 1453, so it was actually 116 years long. After the death of Charles IV, the ruler of France, the English said their king was the closest living relative, so England claimed the throne. Although the French were significantly larger and more powerful, they had difficulty defeating the English, who were smaller but had good military tactics. This led to King John of France’s signing of the Treaty of Calais, thus relinquishing a territory a third the size of France to the English. It was this land, Guyenne, that had helped instigate the war in the first place. The French were eventually able to regain most of the territory they had lost to the English, but Henry V of England was successful in conquering Normandy. However, the French people would not accept the English king as their ruler, and so his claim was rejected. The French later regained Normandy and Guyenne, and with the help of Joan of Arc, the siege of Orleans was lifted, boosting morale for the French. Although no formal treaty was signed, the French are historically considered the winners of the war, because the English realized they could not stand up to France’s military might any longer. Crusades The crusades were a set of religious wars against the Islamic empire meant to take back possession of the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is considered a holy site to the Islamic, Christian, and Jewish religion. At the time Jerusalem was controlled by the Islamic empire, and was restricting the access of Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem. Pope Urban II is well known for initiating the first crusade in 1095 in Clermont, France. The call was to tell the Christians to stop fighting each other and to go to fight the Muslims in order to free Jerusalem from Muslim control. In total there were between eight and nine crusades, although only the first four were of any real importance. The first crusade ended with the Christians taking over the city of Jerusalem and driving out the Muslims. The Muslims vowed revenge, saying that they would come back to conquer the Christians and take back their land. Later during the third crusade, the alliance between the Byzantine Christians and the Christians from the rest of Europe crumbled, which led to the sack of Constantinople during the third crusade. Later a growing Mamluk dynasty in Egypt would be the final test for the Christians. The Mamluks would topple the coastal stronghold Acre to fully drive the Christians out of Palestine and Syria. The final end to the crusades was in 1291 when the Christians were driven from Palestine and Syria. Overall, Jerusalem switched into the hands of the Christians before once again becoming part of the Islamic empire. The Crusades lasted about 196 years from 1095 to 1291. The crusades were influential in the sense that they spread technology not only of siege weapons, but also castle building technologies and styles. Technologies spread include battering rams, trebuchets, and ballistas. Other technologies that spread were used in the building of castles. Some were the ideas of having two or more doors to pass through which would be barred by a piece of wood. Another idea was the two sided arrow holes, which allowed an archer to shoot arrows in two different directions without exposing themselves to enemy fire. The crusades were a good way to spread war technology but ended up having no effect on who the controllers of Jerusalem were. Samantha Ross Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: D Political: Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was also known as the Eastern Roman Empire as it was a continuation of the Roman Empire. At this empire’s greatest size, it included parts of southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. The Byzantine people spoke Greek. Greek culture continued to influence this region. It was Constantine, the Roman Emperor, who moved the capital to Byzantium from Rome and named it Constantinople. Christianity influenced Byzantine music, art, and architecture. Constantinople served as not only the political center of the empire, but the educational center as well. Many people learned to read and write Greek here. The Byzantine’s kept control on the empire for over a thousand years. However, they were weakened by the recurring attacks of the Ottoman Turks. The Turks took over and conquered Constantinople. They renamed the capital Istanbul. Kaitlyn Seese Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: D Chinggis Khan Chinggis Khan (Genghis) was the founder of the Mongol Empire. He unified the Mongol clans under leadership and conquered much of Asia. Although he did not conquer China in its entirety during his lifetime, he paved the way for his sons and grandsons who conquered following his death until the empire was of an enormous size. Khan also organized warrior into armies of ten thousand, which were grouped into one thousand man brigades, one hundred man companies, and ten man platoons. Chinggis Khan ensured generals were kinsmen or trusted friends who would remain loyal and used many sophisticated tactics such as fake retreats and fake leads. Also, Khan developed many sophisticated forms of technology such as catapults and gunpowder charges. Sydney Stewart Mr Tavernia AP World History/Period 4 Packet D Political: Kublai Khan Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis khan and was born in 13th century Mongolia. Kublai distinguished himself by ruling through administrative apparatuses that embraced local customs of those he conquered. He became the first Mongol to rule over all of China at once. He died in 1294. By the time Kublai was born the Mongol empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Pacific. In 1251 his brother, Mongke, became the grand khan and left Kublai in charge of Northern China while he went to go conquer Southern China. Kublai surrounded himself with Chinese officials and advisors and established a new capital in the north called Shangdu. Kublai established the use of paper money as the primary means of exchange and trade. He also introduced a new social structure that divided the population into four classes: The Mongolian aristocracy and foreign merchant class that are exempt from taxes, while the North and South Chinese bore most of the economic burden and made to do most of the manual labor. Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet D Political: Byzantine Empire Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. The Byzantine emperors established Christianity as their official religion. They also represented a continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition that was largely absent in the kingdoms that succeeded Rome in the west. Only provincial forms of Roman law survived in the west. Combining the imperial role with political oversight over the Christian church, the emperors made a comfortable transition into the role of all-powerful Christian monarchs. Kathryn Treacy Mr. Tavernia AP World History, Period 4 Packet D: Medieval Civilizations State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East which outlived the Western Roman Empire. The religion of this empire was Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) that was strictly enforced. The empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks. As shown in the picture, Justinian extended the boundaries of the Byzantine Empire during his time of rule. The expansion of empires like the Byzantine Empire, facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.