Download Political

Ayesha Bakshi
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 4
Packet B
Theme 3: Political - Feudalism
The decentralized form of government known as feudalism was used a lot in
Japan and European countries during the Medieval Period. England had the system of
feudalism for many, many years. This concept started by William I, when he conquered
England as a foreigner. When he took England after he beat the English army, he
noticed that he had use military action to keep control in England. He wanted the people
in England to be loyal to him, but that would be difficult since he was not from this land.
William I decided to split up the counter into “large plots of land.” The divisions of
land belonged to the noblemen that fought in the battle. He thought the noblemen that
fought in the battle for him, would also provide loyalty to him. At this point, loyalty was
very important to William. To make sure that these noblemen were really loyal to
William, he decided to have them swear an oath of loyalty. The noblemen would also
have to collect taxes for William and they to give soldiers if they ever needed them. The
men that would get this land were considered very important in that area. According to
the feudal system, they were called the tenants-in-chief. The landed owned by the
tenants-in-chief were divided more and then given to more people that fought in battle.
Balila, Joshua
Mr. Tavernia
Period 3
Packet C
Political: Samurai
Samurai are a part of the Japanese feudalism system, representing the warrior
class that is loyal to their lords (known as daimyos in Japan). The rise of the samurai
mirrored the rise of the shogunate, which sought to overthrow the emperor of Japan in
favor of a feudal system where the shogun (military leader) was the ruler of Japan.
Samurai, however, were present before the feudalistic Japan, and were simply paid
warriors used to defend their master’s property. However, with the rise of the Kamakura
shogunate, all of the political power was passed onto the samurai. This time also saw
the spread of Zen Buddhism into Japan, which was readily picked up and enforced by
the samurai, who believed in individual salvation and honor. The samurai were
expected to uphold the traditional values and beliefs outlined in Zen Buddhism, and
were also expected to give out the necessary punishments if the rules were broken.
The samurai were also held to an incredibly strict code of honor, known as
Bushido, that is comparable to the chivalry expected of Western knights during
European feudalism. This code emphasized honor and duty above all else, and is what
influenced the culture that samurai spread throughout Japan.
Ariann Barker
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 4 Packet D
Political: Dar-al Islam
Translating into “house of Islam,” Dar al-Islam is a term coined by Muslim
scholars, though initially invented by Abu Hanifa. It signifies a state where Islam
is the main, majority religion. In addition, it refers to lands where Islam is the
main religion practiced, but other monotheistic religions (citizens dubbed “People
of the Book”) were welcomed as well. A measure of the Dar al-Islam at the time
was the concept of Sharia law, and whether a nation-state utilized it politically. If
a country did so, they were considered a part of the Dar al-Islam. Two other
guidelines for a country to be considered part of the Dar al-Islam were that the
country had to border some Muslim countries and be ruled by a Muslim
government.
Eric Bazail
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History 4
Packet D
(Political): [The Reconquest of Iberia]
Stemming from the zealous religious ideologies of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen
Isabella of Castille and the resentment and xenophobic sentiments of the ethnic Spaniards, the
reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by the united monarchy radically transformed a nation which
had accustomed to the rule and presence of the Moors and other Islamic peoples. Originally
overrun by the superior military forces of the Umayyad caliphate, the ‘Spaniard’ territory was
reduced to just Northern Iberia, an area oddly unable to be taken by Islam. There, in the
kingdoms of Leon, Catalonia, and Navarre, the push for a Reconquista, or reconquest, grew.
Gradual progress was made, but the Moors, Muslims from Northern Africa, were able to
hold onto the Al-Andalus, or Andalusia territory. However, when the kingdoms of Aragon and
Castille unified under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille and Leon, the combined force
set out to take Andalusia back. As the force pushed through the peninsula, they reached Cordoba.
There, the unified Spanish crown expelled the Moors once and for all at the Battle of Cordoba,
ending the Reconquista, a goal of the Spanish people for centuries. Spain was finally ‘free.’
Eric Bazail
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History 4
Packet D
(Political): [The Reconquest of Iberia]
Stemming from the zealous religious ideologies of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen
Isabella of Castille and the resentment and xenophobic sentiments of the ethnic Spaniards, the
reconquest of the Iberian peninsula by the united monarchy radically transformed a nation which
had accustomed to the rule and presence of the Moors and other Islamic peoples. Originally
overrun by the superior military forces of the Umayyad caliphate, the ‘Spaniard’ territory was
reduced to just Northern Iberia, an area oddly unable to be taken by Islam. There, in the
kingdoms of Leon, Catalonia, and Navarre,
​ the push for a ​Reconquista, or reconquest, grew.
Gradual progress was made, but the Moors, Muslims from Northern Africa, were able to
​
hold onto the ​Al-Andalus, or Andalusia territory. However, when the kingdoms of Aragon and
Castille unified under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille and Leon, the combined force
set out to take Andalusia back. As the force pushed through the peninsula, they reached Cordoba.
​
There, the unified Spanish crown expelled the Moors once and for all at the Battle of Cordoba,
ending the ​Reconquista, a goal of the Spanish people for centuries. Spain was finally ‘free.’
Jared Cohen
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History - P.4
Packet D
Political: Beijing
Beijing is the capital of China and has an
extremely large and long lasting city.
The city has over 21,700,000 people making it the
second largest city in China. This also makes it the
third largest city in the world.
Several mountains and rivers surround Beijing.
The urban area of Beijing is 200 feet above
sea level. Levels of humidity are influenced
by a monsoon. Precipitation is extremely
common.
The city first began to form in 11th
century BCE. in Imperial China, the city still
existed, but had several name changes,
including Finland, Yanjing, and Jicheng.
The city, though known for its cultural
heritage, has several other aspects, including the economy and air quality.
The city has poor air quality. Many of the air pollutions affect the city of Beijing. Coal burning is
one of the causes of the air quality. some other reasons are factories, gas stations, and a number of
cars. Since 2015, levels of air pollution have gone down drastically.
The economy is one of the main reasons for the city's success. The city has a post-industrial
economy, with several service-based jobs. Manufacturing is the second most common job. There
are several different "economic zones" found in Beijing, each with unique interests. Zhongguancun
is the "Silicon Valley" of china. They are the home to technology companies around the world.
Beijing financial Street is an area lined with well-known banks and insurance companies. The
Central Business District has many foreign companies. Here is where tall towers are commonly
found. The Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area has many pharmaceutical,
material engineering, pharmaceutical, and information technology, companies. Automobile
assembly plants and trading firms are commonly found near the airport, in the Beijing Airport
Economic Zone. Lastly, tourism, sports, and entertainment are found in the Beijing Olympic Center
Zone.
Beijing has played an important role culturally, economically, and politically in China for
hundreds of years.
Sydni Dichter
Tavernia
AP World History, Period 4
December 13, 2016
Political: Wat Tyler
Wat Tyler was a British man who started a peasant revolt in England in 1381. The protest
was intended to end serfdom and obedience to landowners by storming the streets of London and
murdering officials, including the archbishop of Canterbury. He wanted to get rid of poll tax and
make
economic
and
social
reforms.
He
was killed
during a
meeting
with
the king.
Ben Geller Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet D Political: Crusades The crusades were one of the most impactful set of wars ever on earth in a religious aspect. The Crusades were a series of wars by the Latin Church. The crusades served the purpose of Christians to gain or conquer territory and to resolve political controversy between two or more places. The first crusades and the series of crusades were started y Pope Urban the second. He wanted the military to be strong and support the Byzantine empire. The pope’s strategy was to unite the east and the west and it did not go exactly as planned. The crusades are a fully driven religious set of wars in which the Christians are the main subject and topic. The connection between the Crusades and the political theme is that all wars and revolutions almost always effect the political system in place. This is shown by how the pope tries to unite the east and west. Also, the war involves in the military which effects political action. Annita Huang
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/Period 4
Packet: D
Theme 3: Feudalism
Feudalism from the latin feodum, meaning a land awarded for military service. Medieval
Europe was commonly referred to as a feudal society, where kings and lords gave land to vassals
in return for sworn military support. The relationship between the landholders and serfs and
between lords and vassals are are very different. Feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and
military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around lord, vessels, and fiefs. Fief is
a grant of land in return for a pledge to provide military service. Kings would grant fiefs to their
noble followers, vassals, on a temporary basis. The kings and lords might be able to command
the service of their vassals for only part of the year. Vassals can hold land from several different
lords and owe loyalty to each one.
Laila Inan
Mr. Tavernia
PD Politics
13 December 2016
Politics: Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty is commonly referred to as the greatest imperial dynasty in ancient
Chinese history. It was a golden age of political reform and cultural advancement, which
lay the groundwork for policies which are still observed in modern day China. The
second emperor, Taizong, is held up as an exemplary ruler who reformed the
government,
social
structure,
military,
education,
and
religious
practices.
Under Taizong's successor, Gaozong , the country experienced further reforms when
Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian took control of the government under the reign of Xuanzong,
China
became
the
most
prosperous
country
in
the
world.
Many of the most impressive inventions and advancements in Chinese history -gunpowder, air conditioning, gas stoves, printing, advancements in medicine, science,
technology, architecture, and literature-- come from the Tang Dynasty. The emperors
Taizong, Wu Zetian, and Xuanzong made the Tang Dynasty the great era that it was,
and although the dynasty remained in power, the golden age ended with Xuanzong's
decline which threw the country into chaos. The Tang were succeeded by the Sung
Dynasty who brought order back to China.
Emily Irigoyen
Tavernia
AP World History/4
Packet C
Song Empire: Theme 3 (Political)
The Song Empire centralized in central and southern China distinguished for its
advances in technology and closeness to an industrial revolution.It emphasized
civil administration, industry, education, and the arts more than the military. As a
result, it never established hegemony over as large an area as the Tang. Despite
this, the Song was considered a “golden era”. It was kept at bay by the Jin
people up north and was once allied with the Jurchens to defeat the Liao state.
The Song Empire was eventually betrayed by the Jurchens and was forced to
make annual payments and move south. The Song had many issues with high
taxes, which led to rebellions.
Political:AnLushanRebellion
AnLushanwasageneralwhobecametheemperorofChina’sfavoritegeneral.He
wasappointedbyEmperorXuanzongtobecommanderofthreegarrisonsinthe
north—Pinglu,FanyangandHedong,andthushadcontrolovertheentirearea
northofthelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.Hehad164,000peopleunderhis
command.HetookadvantageofthediscontentwiththeextravagantTangcourt,the
AbbasidRebellionagainsttheUmayyadDynasty,andtheplace’slackofprotection,
tobeginhisrebellion.TheAnLushanRebellionspannedthereignsofthreeTang
dynastyemperors,beginningduringthereignofXuanzong,continuingthroughthe
reignofSuzong,andendingduringthereignofDaizong.Itwasaperiodofgreat
turmoilinChinaandleadtothedeclineoftheTangdynasty.
Angela Lin
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet D
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict: Magna Carta
The English king granted concessions in the form of chatter to his citizens. Henry I issued
a Coronation Charter in 1100 and promised to enforce less taxes and confiscation of church
revenues, and other abuses of power. They were not able to enforce them because of lack of
power.
A feud between Pope Innocent III and King John started in 1208, making John suffer
excommunication. After John had another military defeat by France in 1213, he demanded
scutage, money paid in lieu of military service, from barons who had not fought alongside him.
Stephen Langton, the archbishop of Canterbury, channeled baronial unrest and put the king
under pressure for concessions. Civil war broke out in early 1215 and the rebels gained control
of London. John yielded and accepted the terms of the Articles of the Barons. After four days,
the king and the barons issued a formal version of the document called the Magna Carta. It was
supposed to be a peace treaty, but civil war still broke out within three months.
After John’s death in 1216, advisors to Henry III, John’s successor, reissued the Magna
Carta with some of its controversial clauses taken out. It was reissued several more times until
the final 1225 version.
Olivia Lloyd
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 4
Packet D
Political: Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years’ War was a struggle of claim to the French throne between
France and England. It began in 1337 and ended in 1453, so it was actually 116 years
long. After the death of Charles IV, the ruler of France, the English said their king was
the closest living relative, so England claimed the throne.
Although the French were significantly larger and more powerful, they had
difficulty defeating the English, who were smaller but had good military tactics. This led
to King John of France’s signing of the Treaty of Calais, thus relinquishing a territory a
third the size
of France to
the English. It
was this land,
Guyenne, that
had helped
instigate the
war in the first place.
The French were eventually able to regain most of the territory they had lost to the
English, but Henry V of England was successful in conquering Normandy. However, the
French people would not accept the English king as their ruler, and so his claim was
rejected. The French later regained Normandy and Guyenne, and with the help of Joan of
Arc, the siege of Orleans was lifted, boosting morale for the French. Although no formal
treaty was signed, the French are historically considered the winners of the war, because
the English realized they could not stand up to France’s military might any longer.
Crusades
The crusades were a set of religious wars against the Islamic empire meant to
take back possession of the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is considered a holy site to the
Islamic, Christian, and Jewish religion. At the time Jerusalem was controlled by the
Islamic empire, and was restricting the access of Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem.
Pope Urban II is well known for initiating the first crusade in 1095 in Clermont, France.
The call was to tell the Christians to stop fighting each other and to go to fight the
Muslims in order to free Jerusalem from Muslim control. In total there were between
eight and nine crusades, although only the first four were of any real importance. The
first crusade ended with the Christians taking over the city of Jerusalem and driving out
the Muslims. The Muslims vowed revenge, saying that they would come back to
conquer the Christians and take back their land. Later during the third crusade, the
alliance between the Byzantine Christians and the Christians from the rest of Europe
crumbled, which led to the sack of Constantinople during the third crusade. Later a
growing Mamluk dynasty in Egypt would be the final test for the Christians. The
Mamluks would topple the coastal stronghold Acre to fully drive the Christians out of
Palestine and Syria. The final end to the crusades was in 1291 when the Christians were
driven from Palestine and Syria. Overall, Jerusalem switched into the hands of the
Christians before once again becoming part of the Islamic empire. The Crusades lasted
about 196 years from 1095 to 1291. The crusades were influential in the sense that they
spread technology not only of siege weapons, but also castle building technologies
and styles. Technologies spread include battering rams, trebuchets, and ballistas.
Other technologies that spread were used in the building of castles. Some were the
ideas of having two or more doors to pass through which would be barred by a piece
of wood. Another idea was the two sided arrow holes, which allowed an archer to
shoot arrows in two different directions without exposing themselves to enemy fire.
The crusades were a good way to spread war technology but ended up having no
effect on who the controllers of Jerusalem were.
Samantha Ross
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet: D
Political: Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was also known as the Eastern Roman Empire as it was a
continuation of the Roman Empire. At this empire’s greatest size, it included parts of
southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. The Byzantine
people spoke Greek. Greek culture continued to influence this region. It was
Constantine, the Roman Emperor, who moved the capital to Byzantium from Rome and
named it Constantinople. Christianity influenced Byzantine music, art, and architecture.
Constantinople served as not only the political center of the empire, but the educational
center as well. Many people learned to read and write Greek here. The Byzantine’s kept
control on the empire for over a thousand years. However, they were weakened by the
recurring attacks of the Ottoman Turks. The Turks took over and conquered
Constantinople. They renamed the capital Istanbul.
Kaitlyn Seese
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet: D
Chinggis Khan
Chinggis Khan (Genghis) was the founder of the Mongol Empire. He unified the Mongol
clans under leadership and conquered much of Asia. Although he did not conquer China in its
entirety during his lifetime, he paved the way for his sons and grandsons who conquered
following his death until the empire was of an enormous size. Khan also organized warrior into
armies of ten thousand, which were grouped into one thousand man brigades, one hundred man
companies, and ten man platoons. Chinggis Khan ensured generals were kinsmen or trusted
friends who would remain loyal and used many sophisticated tactics such as fake retreats and
fake leads. Also, Khan developed many sophisticated forms of technology such as catapults and
gunpowder charges.
Sydney Stewart
Mr Tavernia
AP World History/Period 4
Packet D
Political: Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis khan and was born in 13th century Mongolia. Kublai
distinguished himself by ruling through administrative apparatuses that embraced local customs
of those he conquered. He became the first Mongol to rule over all of China at once. He died in
1294.
By the time Kublai was born the Mongol empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Pacific. In
1251 his brother, Mongke, became the grand khan and left Kublai in charge of Northern China
while he went to go conquer Southern China. Kublai surrounded himself with Chinese officials
and advisors and established a new capital in the north called Shangdu.
Kublai established the use of paper money as the primary means of exchange and trade. He also
introduced a new social structure that divided the population into four classes: The Mongolian
aristocracy and foreign merchant class that are exempt from taxes, while the North and South
Chinese bore most of the economic burden and made to do most of the manual labor.
Noah Teixeira
Mr.Tavernia
AP World History Period 4
Packet D
Political: Byzantine Empire
Historians’ name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the
fourth century onward. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. The
Byzantine emperors established Christianity as their official religion. They
also represented a continuation of Roman imperial rule and tradition that
was largely absent in the kingdoms that succeeded Rome in the west. Only
provincial forms of Roman law survived in the west. Combining the imperial
role with political oversight over the Christian church, the emperors made a
comfortable transition into the role of all-powerful Christian monarchs.
Kathryn Treacy
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History, Period 4
Packet D: Medieval Civilizations
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict:
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was
the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East which outlived the Western
Roman Empire. The religion of this empire was Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) that
was strictly enforced. The empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks. As shown in
the picture, Justinian extended the boundaries of the Byzantine Empire during his
time of rule. The expansion of empires like the Byzantine Empire, facilitated
Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their
conquerors’ economies and trade networks.