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Competitive Relationships LifeSci Unit 5.12 Attendance link: http://goo.gl/forms/dJ9iQzBOQN Expectations Required Class Connects Be active and participate in class. Be respectful to your classmates Be positive in the chat box and use it correctly. Have a working microphone! Tuesday, Wednesday, & Thursday 10:30-11:30 am You will need it during the lessons and break out rooms. If you have a question, please place it in the chat box and repost it if I don’t see it. Objectives • Give examples of competition in specific environments (freshwater, ocean, forest, desert, grassland, mountain region, etc.). • Describe the interaction of predators and prey in a specific area and relate the interaction to competition for resources. Connections between organisms • All living things on the earth are connected in some way. • This unit we will study these relationships: – Producer/consumer/decomposer – Predator/Prey – Competition Competition – two species share a requirement for a limited resource reduces fitness of one or both species Producer/consumer/decomposer • We’ve already learned that a producer is able to use the sun’s energy to make food. • We’ve also learned that a consumer has to get food by eating producers (herbivore) or other consumers (carnivore) or both, (omnivore). Producer/consumer/decomposer • Producers (autotrophs) capture the energy that all other organisms rely on to survive. • Without producers, the sun’s energy couldn’t be used by living things. Producer/consumer/decomposer • A decomposer is an organism that breaks down waste and dead organisms. • Decomposers help to recycle nutrients. • Without decomposers, dead things would pile up, and nutrients would run out. Consumers - Predator/Prey • An organism that kills and eats another organism for food is called a predator. • An organism that gets killed and eaten by a predator is called the prey. Predator/Prey • Predator populations rise and fall in relation to the prey they eat. – (If there is a decrease in the amount of prey, there will soon be a decrease in the amount of predators). – (If there is an increase in the amount of prey, there will soon be an increase in the amount of predators). Predation • Predation is any interaction between two organisms in which one organism (the predator) consumes all or part of another organism (the prey). Predation – one species feeds on another enhances fitness of predator but reduces fitness of prey herbivory is a form of predation Predation one eats another (Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eats animals.) Competition • Competition occurs when 2 or more organisms are both trying to use the same limited resource. Competition • Competition in an interaction between two organisms that are using the same limited resource. • Competition can be within the same species (intraspecific) or between different species (interspecific). Competition • Competition could occur between producers or consumers • Competition might occur between organisms of the same species, or different species. Competition • Competition might occur because of limited: – – – – – Food Space Sunlight Mates Or any other limited resource What does head-butting in bighorn sheep illustrate? A. Competition among members of the same species B. Competition among members of different species. C. Predator-prey relationships in bighorn sheep. D. Predation of members of the same species. An example of competition between members of the same population in a community is a male lion chases after another lion that invaded its territory. Herbivore-Plant Interactions • An herbivore grazing on a plant is another example of predation. • Usually, only part of the prey is eaten by the predator. • Photo Credit: Rhett A. Butler @ mongabay.com Herbivore-Plant Interaction: Manatee Grazing on Aquatic Plants Limiting factor • The resource that runs out when a population reaches its carrying capacity is called the limiting factor. • Limiting factors lead to competition between organisms. Under which condition is competition among lions least likely? A. B. C. D. When there are fewer producers in that area. When there is a large zebra population. When there are large number of lions. When there is abundant rainfall in the area. Which interaction is most likely to result in the most competition among the organisms? A. Lions and vultures eat the remains left after a lion kill. B. Sagebrush and cacti obtain light in the desert. C. Grasshoppers and caterpillars eat oak leaves. D. Producers and scavengers eat deer carcasses. Example: Interspecific Competition • Two species of barnacles on rocky coasts often compete for space. • The smaller species (Chthamalus) is unable to compete as well as the larger species (Balanus). • However, Chthamalus can survive drying better than Balanus, so it can live higher up on the rocks. Example: Interspecific Competition • A small Chthamalus barnacle is circled in red. • A large Balanus barnacle is circled in blue. • Photo Credit: Department of the Interior Experiment: Interspecific Competition • In Scotland, Joseph Connell studied interspecific competition in these two barnacles. • In places where both barnacles were present, he removed the Balanus barnacles from the rocks. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • When Balanus barnacles were removed, the Chthamalus barnacles moved down into the vacant area. • This showed that Balanus was outcompeting Chthamalus in the lower zone. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • At other sites where both barnacles were present, he removed Chthamalus barnacles from the rocks. • The vacant areas remained unoccupied. • This showed that Balanus was not able to survive in the upper zone. Experiment: Interspecific Competition • The distribution of these two barnacles is a result of a combination of: – Interspecific competition: Chthamalus is excluded from the lower zone by Balanus – Adaptations to dryness and heat: Balanus cannot survive in the upper zone but Chthamalus can Why are ecological interactions important? Interactions can affect distribution and abundance. Interactions can influence evolution. Think about how the following interactions can affect distribution, abundance, and evolution. Which of these is likely to result in the most competition? A. Organisms that live in different ecosystems. B. Organisms that live in the same area. C. Organisms that are classified in the same phylum. D. Organisms that use the same resource. Parasitism One organism, usually physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed Parasitism – one species feeds on another enhances fitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host Ticks and fleas that live in a host animal's fur bite the animal and drink its blood are parasites. Insects such as mosquitoes feeding on a host are parasites. Vines such as Kudzu growing on Trees Tomato Hornworm with Wasp Eggs Tapeworm or Hookworms living in Host's Gut The roots of the Owl Clover are partly parasitic on the roots of other desert wildflowers. Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis (3:19 minutes) http://youtu.be/D1aRSeT-mQE Assignment • OLS – Online Part 1 – 6 questions – Offline part 2 – 1 question • Study Island – Remember all 13 pathways are due. – You need to have at least 10 questions in each pathway. – Earn a Blue Ribbon (75%+) and get extra credit