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Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Introduction: Believe it or not, a student in a first year biology class is expected to learn more new words than a student in a first year foreign language class. Scary, huh? Below are some common science roots, prefixes, and suffixes. All are defined below, with an example of each after the semicolon. a, an : without; anemia ab : away from; abnormal ad, af : near, toward; adrenal, afferent aero: air; aerobic alb : white; albumin algia : pain; neuralgia allo: other; allopatric amphi : both; amphibious andro: male; androgen anti : against, opposite; antitoxin api, apic: tip; apical aqua : water; aquatic archae : ancient; Archaeopteryx arthro : joint; arthritis ase : enzyme; lipase auto : self; autoimmune bacill: a little stick; bacilli bi : two or twice; biceps bienn: every two years; biennial bio : life; biology blast : that which will germinate; blastula brachi : arm; brachial carcin: an ulcer; carcinoma cardi : heart; carditis carn : flesh; carnivore caryo, karyo : nucleus of a cell; eukaryote centi: one hundred; centipede centro: center; centromere cephalo, ceph : head; cephalothorax chemo: chemical; chemotherapy chloro : green; chloroplast chromo : color; chromotagraphy chrondro: cartilage; chrondoichthyes cide : kill; bactericide cili : hair; cilia co : together; covalent bond coel : cavity; coelom coll: glue; collenchyma com, con : with; community contra: against; contraception costa : rib; intercostal crypt: hidden; cryptic cyst : capsule; nematocyst cyto, cyte : cell; leukocyte decid : to cut off; deciduous dendr : tree; dendrite dent, dont : tooth; denture, orthodontist liga: tied; ligase logy : study of; biology detrit: wear off; detritovore di : two; diploid dinos: whirling; dinoflagellates dis, dys : ill or bad; disease ecino: spiny; echinodermata eco : habitat or household; ecology ecto : outer; ectoderm ectomy : removal; appendectomy emia : blood; anemia endo : inner; endoderm enter : intestine; enteric entom: insect; entomology epi : on, at, or above; epidermis equi: equal; equilibrium erythro : red; erythrocyte eu : true; eukaryote ex, exo : out; exterior extra: outside; extracellular fer : bearer; Rotifera fertile: fruitful; fertilization firbro, fibrino: fiber; fibrous flagell: a whip; flagella gamete : egg or sperm; gametogeneis gastro : stomach; gastroenteritis gen : producing; antigen geno: offspring; genotype glyco : sweet; glycogen gymno : naked; gymnosperm haplo: single; haploid hemo : blood; hemoglobin herb : non-woody plant; herbarium hepato : liver; hepatitis hetero : other, different; heterozygous homo, homeo : same; homozygous hydro : water; hydrolysis hyper : above or excessive; hyperactivity hypo : below or not enough; hypothyroidism ia, iasis : disease; pneumonia ichthys : fish; ichthyology inter : between; interspecies intra : within; intraspecies iodo: violet; iodine iso : same; isotonic itis : inflammation of; appendicitis kin, kinet : motion; cytokinesis lac : milk; lactose leuco, leuko : white; leukocyte platy: flat; platyhelminthes pleio: more; pleiotropy lut: yellow: lutenize ploe: bark of a tree; ploem lysis : dissolving; cytolysis macro : large; macronucleus mal : bad; malnutrition mega : very large; megaspore meso : middle; mesophyll meta : beyond or after; metamorphosis mer, meros: part; polymer micro : small; microbe milli: one thousand; millipede mito : thread; mitosis mollusc: soft; mollusca mono : one; monoculture morpho : shape, form; morphology muta: change; mutagen mutu: reciprocal; mutualism myce: fungus; mycelium myo : muscle; myofibril nema : thread; nematocyst nephr : kidney; nephritis neuro : nerve; neurology noto: the back side; notochord oo: egg; oogenesis onco, onkos: tumor; oncologist oma : tumor or swelling; sarcoma omni : all; omnivore ophth : eye; ophthalmogy orni : bird; ornithology ortho : straight; orthoptera osis : act, condition; acidosis osteo : bone; osteopath oto : ear; otitis ovi, oo : egg; oviduct, oocyte paleo: ancient; paleolithic patric: country; allopatric para : beside; parathyroid patho : disease; pathology ped or pod : foot; millipede peri : around; pericardium perenni: throughout the year; perennial phage: eat; bacteriophage phago : eating; phagocyte pheno : to show; phenotype philic: loving; hydrophilic phob, phobos: fearing; hydrophobic photo : light; photograph phyll : leaf; mesophyll phyto, phyte : plant; saprophyte pino : to drink; pinocytosis planktos: wandering; plankton plasma : form; cytoplasm plast : particle; chloroplast poly : many; polysaccharide por: pore; porifera post : after, behind; posterior pre: before; prezygotic pro: before; prokaryotic proto : first; protozoa pseudo : false; pseudopod pter : wing; diptera pulmo : lung; pulmonary renal : kidney; adrenal glands reticul: network; endoplasmic reticulum retro: backward; retrovirus rhea or rrhea : flow or discharge; diarrhea rhino : nose; rhinoceros rhiza: root; rhizobium sal : salt; saline sarco: flesh; sarcoma sapro : rotten; saprophyte sclero : hard; arteriosclerosis script: write; transcription site: food; parasite soma : body; chromosomes sphere : ball or round; atmosphere spiro: spiral; spirogyra sporo : seed, spore; sporophyte stalsis: constriction; peristalsis stam: standing upright; stamen stasis: standing, still; homeostasis stom : mouth; stomata sym or syn : binding together; sympathy, synthesis telo: end; telomer tetra : four; tetrapod therm : heat; thermometer tonus: tension; isotonic trans: across; transcription tri: three; tripod troph : nourishment; autotrophic ultra: beyond; ultrasound vacu : empty; vacuole viv : living; viviparous vore : to devour; carnivore xeros : dry; xerophyte xyl: wood; xylem zo, zoo, zoa : animal; zoology zyg : united; zygote