Download After the Fall- Western Europe #2

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Western Europe
Germanic Custom, Roman Legacy and
The Roman Catholic Church
Shellie Hochstadt
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Development of the Roman Catholic Church
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500-800
Early Christian Church
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Roman Empire adopts Christianity with Constantine, Council of Nicea 325 CE
It becomes the official religion and holds power by 400
persecution of other religions who are pagan
conflict between the Arians and Athanasians
Arians more intellectual, hold that the son is not equal to the father, not eternal and therefore not of the same
substance
Athanasians believe Jesus was not of human form and was of the same substance as God and the holy spirit = Trinity
this split will cause differences in the growth of the Church
Christian Church
Organization is on a Roman model = Imperial and top down
districts = diocese, bishopric
4 cities that hold the most power because they were founded by original apostles: Jerusalem, Rome, Alexandria,
Antioch
heresy to believe other than the Athanasian ideas, Nicean decisions.
Universal = Catholic
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Growth of the Papacy
formation of Christianity is organized around bishops
Rome holds a great cache of importance because it is said that St Peter and St Paul died there.
Peter is the first bishop of Rome.
Doctrine of Petrine Supremacy: Jesus gave keys of the kingdom of heaven to Peter, and Peter when to Rome.
Established by Pope Leo I in 440
subsequent bishops are the “vicars (substitute) of Christ” on earth
Rome’s bishops hold themselves as the highest bishop, the Pope
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Rome’s bishops hold themselves as the highest bishop, the Pope
The rest of the Christian bishops do not agree
Growth of Christianity
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kingdoms/noble lands are weak, (such as Italy) the bishops are stronger
In Germanic areas tribal kings are stronger
continued rejection of pagan ideas, but they are very hard to wipe out.
St. Jerome (345-420) purifies pagan writings by creating the Vulgate Bible
Pagan images: Halo (sun God) and the shepherd(pagan image for benevolence)
use of Latin in the West
Sacraments: power of the Church
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seven sacraments to the church
not cemented until the Council of Trent in 1545
Baptism, Marriage, First Communion or Eucharist, Confirmation,Penance, Last Rights or Anointing of the Sick, Holy
Orders
Monasticism - formation in the Roman world
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from Greek = secluded or dwelling alone
from asceticism which is prevalent in the religious world
becomes more organized over a 200 year period
borrowed ideas from pre-Christians: celibacy, prayer, living apart
beginnings of Christian monasticism is Eremitical monasticism in Egypt 250-350
founded by St. Anthony
hermit directly relating to God
monasticism- Roman World
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Cenobitic monasticism 290-346
created 8 monasteries on a military model
obedience and manual labor
begins the formation of monasteries
St Basil 329-379
Palestine and Egypt
moral example for the outside world
monasticism - post-Roman
St. Benedict of Nursia (Italy)
Western - Roman Catholic, St. Benedict lived 480-547
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monasticism - post-Roman
St. Benedict of Nursia (Italy)
Western - Roman Catholic, St. Benedict lived 480-547
build a monastery at Monte Cassino in 529
build on earlier monastic ideas, added the abbot as the head of the monastery
established the Benedictine Monks
chastity, obedience, and poverty
becomes a refuge for order in a chaotic world
communal organization for prayer, food, work
prayer and labor, peasants used for heavy work
Scholastica (twin sister) establishes rules for nuns
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outside world is unorganized with little law
no trade, and agriculture is dependent on peace in the region, which is often in short supply
monasteries produce food and goods for themselves, and sometimes a surplus
source of law and a place to settle arguments based in church law
becomes the go-to place for any sense of order
monasteries gain importance and the role of the church is elevated
lay people are not inside the tranquil monastery but seek products and advice through the doors
monasteries
Literacy in monasteries in Ireland
brought Christianity to new lands
Celtic monasteries from Ireland into Germany and France
Benedictine moving northward into Europe
takes in widows and orphans
orphans become a workforce
not always well supervised
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double monasteries with male and female in separate housing
co-mingled for church and worship
often times children are produced
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co-mingled for church and worship
often times children are produced
new rules needed for celibacy
women are entering monasteries for the opportunity to be educated
nuns educated many future bishops
also used nuns to convert pagans, however conversion was not deep with many pagan customs remaining
Popes - Latin Christian Church:
Roman Catholics
Growth of the papal role
Pope Gregory I (the Great) 590-640
used the title of Pontifex Maximus as well as Servus Servorum Dei (servant to the servants of God)
consolidate the ruins of central Italy and Rome into the Papal States under the Byzantines
still held Byzantines as the rightful ruler of Italy - just after the death of Justinian
extend the role of the Western Christian Church through Europe and to Britain and Ireland where literacy is
preserved
Latin liturgy
purgatory as a concept - purify before heaven
active conversion of German tribes, however full conversion take 700 years
Celtic doctrines are different from the Catholic doctrines - need to be unified
picture in 700
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by late 700s pope now controls their own land in central Italy with military force
regular clergy = monasteries
secular clergy = administers to the people
only working legal system in Italy is the church
land ownership
power through ex-communication
Economic development
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500-800
Manorial System and economics
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dependency on the strong man by the weak
Germanic tribal base is rural not urban
land is owned by the wealthy land owners from the Roman Empire = Latifundias
as Rome collapses the economic base becomes manors, heirs to the latifundia system
land is owned by the wealthy land owners from the Roman Empire = Latifundias
as Rome collapses the economic base becomes manors, heirs to the latifundia system
illiteracy
language breaks down from Latin to Romance languages and Germanic languages also used
small agricultural areas
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lord controls the land ownership and provides protection
serf gives over freedom and works for the lord in exchange for protection
serfs cannot leave the land
everything is made on the manor, trade has stopped
specialization of labor varied from manor to manor
size of the manors varied, some have larger grazing and growing areas, chapel, mill
most buildings are thatched roofs
manorial system
animals are in the house with the people in winter for warmth
chimney is not invented until 1200, hole in the roof for smoke
food was vegetables and grains
seasoning was herbs, onions and garlic
salt was expensive and a preservative
food was continuously added to a cooking pot over a fire
not much bathing or washing for serfs
meat was a feast day treat
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population numbers are unknown, 2-5 persons per sq. kilometer
forest and hunting society, not strong agriculture compared to ancient times
old pagan reverence for trees so few are cleared
low life expectancy
poor diet
“The countryside of Western Europe remained, in the words of Chapelot and Fossier, ‘ill-defined, full of shadows and
contrasts, isolated and unorganized islands of cultivation, patches of uncertain authority, scattered family groupings
around a patriarch, a chieftain, or a rich man . . . a landscape still in a state of anarchy, in short, the picture of a world
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“The countryside of Western Europe remained, in the words of Chapelot and Fossier, ‘ill-defined, full of shadows and
contrasts, isolated and unorganized islands of cultivation, patches of uncertain authority, scattered family groupings
around a patriarch, a chieftain, or a rich man . . . a landscape still in a state of anarchy, in short, the picture of a world
that man seemed unable to control or dominate.’” Giles, Life in a Medieval Village,p.13
Development of civil government
500-800
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Huns
Huns are from central Asian steppes
fierce fighters but not our vision of a barbarian
dine with the Romans on silver plates
cruel and illiterate
no central religious formation
probably Eurasian
meat eaters- moved animals with them on campaign
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push from the Huns who invade the Black Sea area to move tribes to the West
Huns push moves the Visigoths across the Danube
Alaric (Visigoth) sacks Rome in 410
moves (with Rome’s permission) to Spain and Southern Gaul
Visigoths pushed out of power in Spain in 711
Burgundians settle in Eastern Gaul
Alemanni in German areas
Vandals in North Africa
Franks in area of modern France
Ostrogoths in Italy, Justinian retakes it, the Lombards take it from Byzantines in 568
Civil Rule
Rulers have two different origins
Roman Imperial system disappearing and resurfacing as the Catholic Church. Top-down hierarchy.
Roman Law = offense is against society or the state
German-based clan rule
dependency on a strong man rule in a local area
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German-based clan rule
dependency on a strong man rule in a local area
illiterate so rule of force
Germanic Law= offense against clan/family= blood feud
disagreements are settled by ordeal. Living through it means innocent
civil government
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Ostrogoths create a kingdom in Italy in early 500s, but conflict over type of Christianity (Arian) causes downfall
Lombards invade in 568 and take the region from Byzantines
Visigoths hold Spain until 711
no strong kingdoms emerge until the Franks
most of area is local rule on manors
Frankish kingdom
482-511 Clovis is the king of the one group of the Franks
illiterate
minimal agriculture
conversion to Christianity in 500 accepting the Catholic Church
when the king converts the tribe converts
somewhat superficial conversion
link is established between Roman Popes and a Frankish (Germanic) king
eventually he will consolidate power over all the Franks in the name of the church
extend into the Alamanni of Germany and the Visigoths in Gaul
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Clovis sets up “administrative” system between of Frankish followers using divisions from old Roman city-states
those who are in charge are called “counts”, and share power with bishops
Clovis kills off all the other Frankish leaders and establishes the Merovingian dynasty named after Merovech (an
ancestor)
At Clovis’ death his sons divide the lands crating three areas: Neustria (Northern Gaul), Austrasia (ancient Frankish
lands at the Rhine) and Burgundy
strong noble families emerge in each area
the nobles become stronger than the kings
the position of major domus or dominici (mayor of the palace) takes strong power
Merovingians
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the position of major domus or dominici (mayor of the palace) takes strong power
Merovingians
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Charles Martel is the major domus in Austrasia
he engages battle in Poitiers near Tours and stops the Muslim invasion in 732
by the time of his death he is the virtual ruler of the Merovingians
this is a land that has fused Roman and Germanic custom. It is rural, not urban and has no trade.
Charles Martel’s son is Pepin
Carolingians
Pepin the short 714-768 (the younger) inherits the position of mayor of the palace from his father Charles Martel
He is king in all ways except title and family linage
Pepin will ask the pope to anoint him as king with the support of the Franks
Pope Boniface crowns and anoints him starting the Carolingian dynasty
significance is that a pope can choose and make a dynastic change
Carolingians are named after Charles Martel
Pepin helps the Pope conquer the Lombards and is the final split with the Byzantines
Pepin acknowledges the right of the pope to hold papal lands in Italy
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Pepin’s son is Carolus Magnus = Charlemagne 768-814
he conducts 54 military campaigns and crushes the Lombards in 773
fuse together lands that create a huge land area
grants lands to nobles who assist him
still using the term “count” for those who hold lands and report to king
missi dominici check on the counts for the king
the efficiency of the empire is very low
bishops can represent the church and hold land under the king
the king can appoint bishops
Pope Leo III flees to safety in Charlemagne’s court. With Charlemagne’s help he returns to Rome
Carolingians
in 800 Charlemagne crowned by Leo III in Rome as King of the Romans.
Sets up the title of Holy Roman Emperor
makes Charlemagne equal to the Byzantine Emperor
sets up new tensions between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire
reestablishes imperial kingship
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sets up new tensions between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire
reestablishes imperial kingship
Literacy
re-introduction of literacy
monks are brought from the British Isles where writing was preserved by the Irish monks
introduced into the court for scribes
nobles and their children can be educated in Latin
Carolingian minuscule
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Society
arranged marriages
Frankish aristocrats kept concubines
church push for marriage to one woman
consent age for girls is 15 and over, girl must give consent to be wed
Church wants to stabilize marriage, and land ownership also a factor
789 church council condemned concubinage and easy divorce
Church argues against abortion, not for sanctity of life but no need for sex (following St. Paul)
also against homosexuality as a pagan practice. Too sexual, no offspring
infanticide practiced and unwanted children also given to monasteries