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Chapter 1 B--The Evolution of Psychology Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which of the following professionals receive general training in medicine and receive an M.D. (medical doctor) degree? A. psychiatrists only B. clinical psychologists only C. counseling psychologists only D. psychiatrists and clinical psychologists 2. The idea that knowledge should be acquired through observation is referred to as A. structuralism. B. empiricism. C. functionalism. D. nativism. 3. Empiricism refers to a A. school of psychology. B. sub-field of psychology. C. position on how information should be acquired. D. theoretical orientation about life. 4. The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that A. reason and logic are primary to psychology. B. conclusions should be guided by theories. C. conclusions should be based on direct observation. D. research should focus on underlying, internal events. 5. Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through A. logical reasoning. B. common sense. C. historical tradition. D. direct observation. 6. Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with A. empiricism. B. structuralism. C. functionalism. D. humanism. 7. Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. We can say, therefore, that psychology is A. behavioral. B. speculative. C. empirical. D. rational. 1 8. Which of the following qualifies as empirically-based knowledge? A. intuition B. insight C. logical consistency D. observed actions 9. Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of empiricism? A. documentation B. speculation C. skepticism D. observation 10. In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that A. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. B. our experience of the world is highly subjective. C. psychology is empirical. D. behavior is determined by multiple causes. 11. Liam is reading a magazine article about a new "wonder drug" and finds himself wondering who participated in the study, and what evidence the claims are based on. Liam's thinking illustrates the idea that A. motives and expectations can color our experiences. B. information needs to be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism. C. single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. D. sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. 12. A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called A. a theory. B. an empirical set. C. a hypothesis. D. a sociohistorical context. 13. Dr. Kline takes an eclectic approach in treating psychological disorders. She often prescribes medications that influence neurotransmitter levels, but she also works with her clients to change their behavior and understand the impact of social factors in their problems. Dr. Kline's approach to therapy illustrates the idea that A. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. B. motives and expectations can color our experiences. C. unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior. D. differing theoretical perspectives can provide a more complete understanding of behavior. 14. Which of the following BEST describes what a theory is? A. an explanation of unobservable phenomena B. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation C. a string of unrelated observations D. related speculations that are based on common sense 2 15. In trying to understand the psychology of addiction, Dr. Jackson focuses on the neurochemical changes that occur, Dr. Fong focuses on the consequences that people experience for their behavior, and Dr. Wenkle focuses on the cognitive processes that people use in choosing their actions. The different perspectives of these three professionals help to illustrate the underlying theme that A. psychology is theoretically diverse. B. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. C. psychology is empirical. D. our experience of the world is highly subjective. 16. One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate? A. The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives. B. Only one of the two psychologists can be correct. C. Insufficient data have been collected to support either explanation. D. The two psychologists are probably using different sociohistorical contexts. 17. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate? A. Social trends influence psychology's development. B. Psychology influences social trends and practices. C. Interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large. D. There is little relationship between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large. 18. The development of psychology as a science has been influenced by A. historical factors but not social factors. B. social factors but not historical factors. C. neither historical nor social factors. D. both historical and social factors. 19. The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the A. social context. B. empirical context. C. historical context. D. sociohistorical context. 20. The text describes seven unifying themes that provide continuity throughout psychology. The two primary divisions of the themes relate to A. psychology is a science and psychology is a profession. B. psychology is a science and psychology utilizes theories. C. psychology studies behavior and psychology is a science. D. psychology studies behavior and people are subjective. 21. Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? A. people's experience of the world is highly subjective B. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context C. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior D. behavior is determined by multiple causes 3 22. Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? A. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior B. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context C. psychology is empirical D. psychology is theoretically diverse 23. The civil rights movement and the women's movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. This change in practice illustrates the idea that A. behavior is determined by multiple causes. B. motives and expectations can color our experiences. C. science evolves in a sociohistorical context. D. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. 24. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is empirical" implies that psychologists base their conclusions on A. logical reasoning. B. speculation. C. direct observations. D. common sense. 25. The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation defines A. introspection. B. philosophy. C. subjective. D. empiricism. 26. When Watson proposed that psychology should only study observable behaviors and not consciousness he was emphasizing the unifying theme that A. behavior is influenced by multiple causes. B. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. C. psychology should use theories. D. psychology should be empirical. 27. A theory is A. a statement of fact that describes a set of observations. B. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. C. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning. D. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. 28. A scientist uses ____ to explain a set of observations. A. a theory B. common sense C. introspection D. empiricism 4 29. While Freud might explain an individual's depression by focusing on the person's unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical imbalance in the brain. This difference in explanations BEST illustrates the text's unifying theme of A. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. B. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. C. psychology is theoretically diverse. D. psychology is empirical. 30. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that A. psychology has not, as yet, focused on empirical observations. B. there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. C. psychology focuses on unrelated observations. D. psychology is failing in the goal of being a science. 31. The text's unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context" implies that A. there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. B. knowledge should be acquired through observation. C. shared customs, beliefs, and values are transmitted socially across generations. D. dense interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and in society at large. 32. Which of the following BEST describes the unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context"? A. psychology develops in a cultural vacuum B. psychological research and theories have an impact on society C. social trends and values have an impact on psychology D. psychology and society both influence each other 33. During the last few decades people have become more aware of the sexual abuse of children by adults, and psychologists have devoted more research attention to the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse. These observations BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology? A. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context B. behavior is determined by multiple causes C. psychology is theoretically diverse D. people's experience of the world is highly subjective 34. Which of the following approaches do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective? A. They also try to remain somewhat subjective. B. They try to simplify their research problems. C. They consistently apply the scientific method. D. They emphasize the study of internal mechanisms. 35. A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on A. personal factors more than situational factors. B. situational factors more than personal factors. C. both personal and situational factors. D. the relationship between you and your professor. 5 36. The fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors BEST supports which of the following? A. a multifactorial causation of behavior approach B. the single-cause explanation of behavior C. the dual-cause explanation of behavior D. a psychoanalytic approach to explaining behavior 37. Zoe believes that Samantha has trouble forming long-term relationships because her parents were overly strict during Samantha's toilet training. This type of explanation for Samantha's current behavior is inconsistent with the view that A. heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior. B. behavior is determined by multiple causes. C. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. D. perception is often subjective. 38. The concept of culture is MOST closely related to which of the following? A. an individual's collective unconscious B. a genetic predisposition to behave in a particular way C. unconscious urges to satisfy one's basic instincts D. widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a group 39. Dr. Scarply believes that if all violent programming were banned, aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear. This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that A. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. B. heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior. C. perception is often subjective. D. behavior is determined by multiple causes. 40. Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following? A. ideographic nature B. culture C. ontogeny D. phylogeny 41. Which of the following statements about the concept of cultural heritage is LEAST accurate? A. It can be applied to small as well as to large groups. B. Much of one's cultural heritage is invisible. C. It can influence educational success and physical health. D. We generally feel a need to discuss our cultural heritage with others. 42. A host in which of the following countries is MOST likely to be insulted if dinner guests eat all the food they are served? A. China B. India C. Korea D. the United States 6 43. Which of the following statements about the influence of culture is LEAST accurate? A. The influence of culture is everywhere. B. Our cultural heritage has a pervasive impact on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. C. There is not much diversity in the behavior among members of the same culture. D. There are both differences and similarities across cultures in behavior. 44. Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that A. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. B. behavior is determined by multiple causes. C. motives and expectations can color our experiences. D. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. 45. Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend and she enjoyed it so much that she cleaned her plate. Later she was surprised that he had found her behavior somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. In this case, the couple's miscommunication illustrates the underlying theme that A. behavior is determined by multiple causes. B. our experience of the world is highly subjective. C. heredity and environment jointly determine our behavior. D. our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. 46. Nature is to nurture as A. experience is to environment. B. learning is to knowing. C. heredity is to environment. D. behavior is to doing. 47. Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that A. genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior. B. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. C. motives and expectations can color our experiences. D. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. 48. Which of the following BEST characterizes a psychologist's current understanding of the relationship between heredity and environment? A. motives and expectations can color our experiences B. genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior C. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior D. theoretical diversity is an important component in science 49. The fact that Princeton students "saw" Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game is MOST consistent with A. reliance on empirical evidence. B. multifactorial causation of behavior. C. subjectivity of perception. D. unconscious motivation. 7 50. Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a warm and friendly instructor, you A. will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, warm and friendly. B. will probably perceive the instructor as being warm and friendly. C. will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is cold. D. may perceive the instructor as warm and friendly, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you. 51. Roger and Lydia met for a blind date. Roger had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date Lydia was friendly but she was quite shy and didn't initiate much of the conversation. Still, Roger thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people that he has met, and he can't wait to see her again. Roger's reaction to his date with Lydia shows that A. unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior. B. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. C. behavior is determined by multiple causes. D. cultural heritage has a large impact on behavior. 52. Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a cold and strict instructor, you A. will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, cold and strict. B. will probably perceive the instructor as being cold and distant. C. will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is warm and friendly. D. may perceive the instructor as cold and strict, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you. 53. Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality? A. highly objective B. highly subjective C. genetically determined D. a passive process 54. Carly was in favor of the proposed convention center; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed people she found that 70% of those she questioned were in favor of the project. Colin's survey found that 75% of those he surveyed were against building the convention center. These differing survey results show that. A. single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. B. motives and expectations can color our experiences. C. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. D. sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. 55. Which of the following statements is LEAST consistent with the position that reality is highly subjective? A. People tend to perceive what they expect to perceive. B. The nature of reality is the same for most people because of innate mechanisms. C. We tend to impose organization on the stimuli that we pay attention to. D. The perception of sights and sounds is an active process. 56. Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? A. psychology is theoretically diverse B. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context C. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior D. psychology is empirical 8 57. Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? A. people's experience of the world is highly subjective B. psychology is theoretically diverse C. behavior is determined by multiple causes D. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior 58. In everyday life people usually think of a behavior as having ____, while in contrast psychology views behavior as having ____. A. a subjective cause; an objective cause B. an objective cause; a subjective cause C. multiple causes; a single cause D. a single cause; multiple causes 59. The text's two unifying themes of "our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage" and "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" can BEST be viewed as both describing more specialized statements of which other theme? A. psychology is theoretically diverse B. behavior is determined by multiple causes C. people's experience of the world is highly subjective D. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context 60. The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations BEST describes a person's A. cultural heritage. B. legal heritage. C. religious heritage. D. sociohistorical heritage. 61. That you normally use a knife, fork, and spoon to eat dinner BEST reflects your A. evolutionary background. B. subjective thoughts concerning proper behavior. C. objective thoughts concerning proper behavior. D. cultural heritage. 62. The text's unifying theme of "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the A. nature versus nurture issue. B. nurture versus nature issue. C. biological versus psychological issue. D. psychological versus biological issue. 63. That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme of A. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. B. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. C. people's experience of the world is empirical. D. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. 9 64. The unifying theme "people's experience of the world is highly subjective" MOST directly impacts which other unifying theme? A. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context B. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage C. psychology is empirical D. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior 65. Which of the following is the BEST advice for developing sound study habits? A. Plan your study schedule in advance. B. Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favorite music playing. C. Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks. D. Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks. 66. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique? A. Set up a schedule for studying. B. Study in a place where distractions are minimal. C. Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam. D. Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks. 67. Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits? A. Spread out your studying over a period of time. B. Allow time for study breaks. C. Try to tackle simple, routine tasks first, saving larger tasks for later. D. Find a place to study where distractions are likely to be minimal. 68. The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of A. empiricism. B. genetic predisposition. C. unconscious motivation. D. behavior modification. 69. The systematic use of rewards in developing effective study habits is MOST consistent with A. humanism. B. behaviorism. C. functionalism. D. structuralism. 70. Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits? A. find a place to study where you can concentrate B. set up a schedule for studying C. avoid taking study breaks while studying D. reward yourself for studying 71. If you are like most students, cramming for an exam is a(n) ____ study strategy. A. beneficial B. time-efficient C. ineffective D. effective 10 72. When faced with a major assignment such as a term paper it is a good idea to A. set aside a large block of time (for example, an entire weekend) to devote to the assignment. B. break the assignment down into smaller components. C. start the assignment with a clear idea of your conclusion in mind. D. postpone beginning the assignment until shortly before the due date in order to incorporate information from the instructor's lectures into the project. 73. SQ3R refers to a A. mnemonic device used to recall key information. B. method of preparing a study schedule. C. study system designed to promote effective reading. D. technique designed to reduce test anxiety. 74. The "Q" in the SQ3R method of studying refers to which of the following? A. question B. quiet C. quantify D. quiz 75. Which of the following is NOT one of the "Rs" in the SQ3R method of studying? A. review B. remember C. recite D. read 76. Saying out loud the answers to key questions in the textbook constitutes which of the following steps in the SQ3R method? A. read B. recite C. review D. survey 77. Karen asks you for advice on how to improve her study skills. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the advice you should give her? A. She should passively skim the entire chapter all at one time the night before the exam. B. She should read each section of the chapter out loud numerous times until she can recite the words exactly as they appear on the page from memory. C. She should convert the section headings of the chapter into questions and then read each section with an eye for answering those questions. D. She should ignore all of the graphic materials provided in the textbook until the night before her exam since they will only distract her from understanding the text material. 78. The SQ3R study system is designed to promote effective A. reading of course material B. writing of themes and essays C. note-taking of course lectures D. test-taking strategies 11 79. The correct order of the steps in the SQ3R method is A. summarize, question, read, recite, review. B. survey, question, read, recite, review. C. summarize, question, read, review, recite. D. survey, question, read, review, recite. 80. The SQ3R method tends to be more helpful for students with ____ reading ability. A. extremely low B. low to medium C. medium to high D. extremely high 81. Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing "successful" to "unsuccessful" students? A. Successful students and unsuccessful students attended class equally often. B. Paradoxically, successful students attended class less often than unsuccessful students. C. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students. D. Successful students used an instructor's office hours more than unsuccessful students. 82. According to research findings, which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades? A. being absent from class B. rewarding yourself for studying C. overlearning the material D. changing answers on a multiple-choice test 83. According to research findings, which of the following has been found to be associated with higher grades? A. not changing answers on tests B. attending class regularly C. writing down everything your instructor says D. putting off studying until just before an exam 84. The key to the effective use of highlighting is to A. use different highlight colors for different core concepts. B. limit highlighting to no more than 10% of the material from any textbook chapter. C. highlight only the main ideas, key supporting details, and technical terms. D. skim first and then go back and highlight on a second, detailed reading of the material. 85. Francine asks you for advice concerning the use of highlighting when studying for exams. Based on the research into the use of highlighting, the BEST advice that you could her would be to A. try to find the one or two sentences that best capture the purpose of each paragraph. B. only highlight technical terms that are already in bold or italic. C. not use highlighting because it actually reduces overall comprehension of material. D. highlight no more than 10% of the material that she reads. 86. Which of the following is good advice for getting more out of lectures? A. Resist the temptation to anticipate what is coming next. B. When you take notes, try to be a "human tape recorder." C. Avoid reading ahead in the textbook, especially if the material is complex. D. Pay attention to clues from the instructor about what is important. 12 87. Which of the following is MOST likely to help you get more out of lectures? A. skipping lectures on topics you find confusing; instead, relying exclusively on the text B. trying to write down everything the lecturer says C. avoiding the temptation to anticipate what the lecturer will say next D. paying attention to clues about what is most important 88. Which of the following is NOT good advice for getting more out of lectures? A. Ask questions during the lecture. B. Try to record the lecturer's comments verbatim. C. When the material is especially complex, read ahead on the topic to be covered in class. D. During the lecture, try to anticipate what's coming next and search for deeper meanings. 89. Research findings suggest that when students engage in attentive note taking, they are more likely to A. be able to identify and remember the most important points from a lecture. B. recall the information they find particularly interesting. C. have problems distinguishing important from unimportant information. D. participate in class discussions. 90. Based on empirical studies, which of the following students would you expect to have the poorest attendance during the semester? A. Tom who earned an AB. Sue who earned a B C. Ashley who earned a C+ D. Steve who earned a D91. Which of the following is good advice for getting more out of class lectures? A. concentrate on writing down the definitions of terms B. read along in the text as the instructor is lecturing C. read the relevant pages in the text before the lecture D. avoid interrupting the instructor by asking questions 92. Students are said to be "testwise" if they A. have a knack for identifying "trick" questions. B. are particularly knowledgeable about the subject matter being tested. C. are skilled at using clues contained within a test to improve their scores. D. tend to score high on standardized tests. 93. Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, most people change A. a right answer to a wrong answer. B. a wrong answer to a right answer. C. a wrong answer to another wrong answer. D. a right answer to a wrong answer and back again to the right answer. 94. Which of the following is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability? A. Don't change answers on a multiple-choice test; your first answer is usually your best. B. Don't waste time thinking too much about difficult-to-answer questions. C. Don't "read things into" test items-that is, make an item more complicated than it is. D. If you have time left after you've answered all the questions, go back and review the test. 13 95. Which of the following is NOT good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test? A. Anticipate the answer before looking at the options. B. Read all the options and eliminate those that are highly implausible. C. Be cautious of options that make broad, sweeping generalizations. D. Once you find your anticipated answer, don't waste time reading the other options. 96. Which of the following is good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test? A. Do the most difficult and time-consuming questions first. B. Always read each question completely. C. It's a good idea to stick with your first answer. D. As you read the question, try to avoid the temptation to anticipate the answer. 97. Which of the following is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability? A. Check for hidden complexities in simple-looking questions. B. Review the test if you have time left after completing the test. C. Make sure you use your time efficiently and will have enough time to complete the test. D. Don't waste too much time pondering difficult-to-answer questions. 98. Which of the following is good advice for taking multiple choice exams? A. Remember, if "all of the above" is an option, it must be correct. B. Remember to continue to read all options even after you find your anticipated answer. C. Remember, options that use qualified statements such as "often, sometimes and may" tend to be incorrect. D. Remember, options that use broad generalizations such as "always, never and must" tend to be correct. 99. The test suggests that when taking an essay test that it is usually a good idea to first answer the questions that A. are listed first on the exam. B. are worth the most points. C. you know best. D. concern material that was most recently discussed in class. 100.Which of the following is NOT likely to be considered a critical thinking skill? A. working systematically toward a desired goal B. accepting the views of an appropriate authority figure C. distinguishing among facts, opinions, and reasoned judgments D. understanding how reasons and evidence support or refute conclusions 101.Psychologists refer to the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome as A. skepticism. B. scientific thinking. C. critical thinking. D. empiricism. 102.Which of the following is NOT likely to be a characteristic of a critical thinker? A. flexible B. unable to admit mistakes C. willing to plan D. persistent 14 103.Critical thinking includes all of the following EXCEPT A. originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect. B. generating multiple solutions to problems. C. using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events. D. working systematically toward a desired goal. 104.Research has shown that the skills and attitudes involved in critical thinking A. naturally develop during adolescence. B. naturally develop during early adulthood. C. need to be specifically taught to individuals. D. only develop in individuals trained in scientific disciplines. 105.Which of the following is an example of the affective component of critical thinking? A. As Doug reads a newspaper article, he asks himself if there is an alternative explanation for the information presented in the article. B. Doug passively reads the newspaper and accepts the conclusions printed. C. When faced with a problem Doug generates a single solution and sticks with it. D. Doug is able to distinguish facts from opinions. 106.Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, you should predict that Jill will be better than Jack at A. mentally rotating visual images. B. remembering locations. C. reading a map. D. learning a maze. 107.The spatial tasks on which males tend to do better than females generally involve A. remembering locations. B. mentally rotating objects. C. identifying objects in a visual field. D. processing verbal directions to a specific location. 108.Which of the following explanations is MOST likely to be used by an evolutionary psychologist to explain gender differences in spatial abilities? A. The principles of natural selection tend to operate differently in males and females. B. Through evolution, males were classically conditioned to develop certain kinds of spatial abilities. C. When they are young, males are more likely than females to be encouraged to engage in spatially-oriented activities. D. Division of labor between the sexes in hunting and gathering societies created different adaptive pressures for males and females. 109.Which of the following observations weakens the evolutionary explanation of gender differences in spatial abilities? A. There frequently was a sex-based division of labor in ancient hunting and gathering societies. B. Males are encouraged to engage in activities that provide more practice with spatial tasks. C. Males frequently perform slightly better than females on tasks involving mental rotation of images and navigation in space. D. Females perform slightly better than males on tasks involving memory for locations. 15 110.John Watson argued that psychology should study only observable behavior. This position is MOST consistent with which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. Psychology is empirical. B. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. C. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 111.In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of physics, because in his era physics was admired as a "model" science. Wundt's attempt to imitate physics illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. B. Psychology is theoretically diverse. C. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. D. Behavior is determined by multiple causes. 112.Which of the following do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? A. an emphasis on the role sexuality in behavior B. a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research C. the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behavior D. the implication that people are not masters of their own destinies 113.In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. Psychology is empirical. B. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. C. Psychology is theoretically diverse. D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 114.World War I and World War II stimulated the growth of psychology as a profession. This influence illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. B. Psychology is theoretically diverse. C. Psychology is empirical. D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 115.In criticizing the structuralists' reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. James's argument illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. B. Psychology is empirical. C. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 116.The text's suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies are consistent with the application of A. subjective thinking skills. B. objective thinking skills. C. accepted thinking skills. D. critical thinking skills. 16 117.Which of the following MOST accurately describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today? A. neither structuralism nor functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology B. both structuralism and functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology C. only structuralism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology D. only functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology 118.While functionalism emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____. A. physical structures of the body; behavior B. behavior; consciousness C. consciousness; behavior D. consciousness; physical structures of the body 119.Taken as a whole, the text's review of the early "schools" of psychology BEST reflects which one unifying theme in psychology? A. people's experience of the world is highly subjective B. psychology is theoretically diverse C. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage D. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior 120.Imagine two scientists from another planet visit earth and are attempting to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard-drive, monitor, keyboard and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____. A. functionalism; behaviorism B. functionalism; structuralism C. structuralism; functionalism D. structuralism; behaviorism 121.When Watson claimed "Give me a dozen healthy infants..." he was arguing that behavior is strongly influenced by A. heredity factors. B. environmental factors. C. cultural factors. D. subjective factors. 122.Who is Wilhelm Wundt? A. He founded the first experimental laboratory. B. He founded the American Psychological Association. C. He discovered the classically conditioned salivary reflex. D. He founded behaviorism. 123.Structuralism is the historical school of psychology that asserted that the purpose of psychology was to: A. study behavior B. discover the smaller elements that comprise consciousness C. explore the unconscious D. examine the purposes of conscious processes 17 124.Within academic psychology, Freud's ideas initially encountered resistance because he emphasized A. human consciousness. B. human behavior. C. introspection. D. the unconscious. 125.For John B. Watson, the appropriate subject matter of psychology was A. animal behavior. B. the unconscious. C. consciousness. D. human physiology. 126.Which of the following would be considered the major principle of operant conditioning? A. Human behavior derives in part from free will; animal behavior is determined by the environment. B. Humans and other animals tend to repeat responses followed by positive outcomes. C. The majority of human behavior is based on thoughts, feelings, and wishes of which we are unaware. D. Human beings are fundamentally different from other animals. 127.Which of the following theorists would tend to emphasize explanations in terms of freedom and potential for personal growth? A. Carl Rogers B. Sigmund Freud C. B. F. Skinner D. all of the above 128.Recent research trends in psychology involve two areas largely ignored by early behaviorists. These two areas are A. observable and measurable responses. B. cognition (thinking) and physiological processes. C. classical and operant conditioning. D. the effect of environmental events and the behavior of lower animals. 129.Which point of view emphasizes the adaptive (survival or reproductive) value of behavior? A. structuralism B. humanistic psychology C. evolutionary psychology D. existential psychology 130.Which core psychological research area is primarily devoted to the study of such topics as memory, problem solving, and thinking? A. physiological B. social C. cognitive D. personality 131.Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior? A. developmental psychology B. social psychology C. psychoanalysis D. psychometrics 18 132.The assertion that "psychology is empirical" means that psychology is based on A. introspection. B. logic. C. observation. D. mathematics. 133.In looking for the causes of a particular behavior, psychologists assume A. one cause or factor. B. multifactorial causation. C. free will. D. infinite causation. 134.Contemporary psychologists generally assume that human behavior is determined by: A. heredity B. environment C. heredity and environment acting jointly D. heredity, environment, and free will 135.What does SQ3R stand for? A. search, question, research, recommend, reconstitute B. silence, quietude, reading, writing, arithmetic C. summarize, quickly, read, research, reread D. survey, question, read, recite, review 136.Critical thinking includes: A. analysis of problems in terms of scientific principles B. making decisions based on formal and informal logic C. thinking that includes consideration of conflicting interpretations D. all of the above 137.____________________, meaning soul and ____________________, referring to the study of a subject are the two Greek roots that were put together to define this discipline. ________________________________________ 138.____________________ was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to investigate how the elements of consciousness are related to each other. ________________________________________ 139.____________________ is based on the belief that psychology should investigate the purpose of consciousness. ________________________________________ 140.The idea that psychology should only study observable events is the cornerstone of the school of psychology known as ____________________. ________________________________________ 141.B. F. Skinner's conclusion that "free will is an illusion" was based on his belief that people are under the control of their ____________________. ________________________________________ 19 142.Unlike the behaviorists, Abraham Maslow and other humanists take a(n) ____________________ view of human nature and maintain that people are not pawns of their animal heritage or environmental nature. ________________________________________ 143.The first applied arm of psychology to emerge was ____________________ psychology. ________________________________________ 144.Advocates of the ____________________ perspective maintain that much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave. ________________________________________ 145.Advocates of the ____________________ perspective argue that people's manipulations of mental images surely influence how they behave. ________________________________________ 146.One reason why psychological research has ignored ethnic minorities in non-Western societies is because ____________________ research is often costly and time consuming. ________________________________________ 147.Examining behavior in terms of its adaptive value for a given species over a number of generations is consistent with the ____________________ approach to psychology. ________________________________________ 148.Psychology is both the ____________________ that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the ____________________ that applies the accumulated knowledge to practical problems. ________________________________________ 149.A psychologist who studies attitude formation and change would probably be considered a(n) ____________________ psychologist. ________________________________________ 150.A psychologist who studies higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning and problem solving would probably be considered a(n) ____________________ psychologist. ________________________________________ 151.____________________ is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems. ________________________________________ 152.Industrial/Organizational psychologists can often be found running ____________________ departments. ________________________________________ 20 153.When we say that psychology is ____________________, we refer to the fact that its conclusions are based on direct observation rather than on reasoning and speculation. ________________________________________ 154.Apparently unrelated observations can sometimes be linked together and explained through the use of a well-constructed ____________________. ________________________________________ 155.The fact that trends, issues and values in society have influenced psychology's evolution, illustrates that psychology develops in a(n) ____________________ context. ________________________________________ 156.____________________ includes socially shared values and norms that are transmitted across generations. ________________________________________ 157.Contemporary psychologists generally find that behavior is generally governed by a complex network of interacting factors, illustrating the ____________________ causation of behavior. ________________________________________ 158.According to modern cognitive psychologists, critical thinking has two main components: the cognitive component, and the ____________________ component. ________________________________________ 159.According to Wilhelm Wundt, psychology's primary focus should be the scientific study of mental processes. True False 160.Wilhelm Wundt established the first American psychological research laboratory at John Hopkins University. True False 161.G. Stanley Hall, who studied with Wilhelm Wundt, was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Society. True False 162.Edward Titchener and other structuralists argued that the task of psychology was to study the basic elements of consciousness and how the elements were interrelated. True False 163.Functionalists relied heavily on the method of introspection to understand the nature and function of conscious processes. True False 164.Sigmund Freud maintained that seemingly meaningless slips of the tongue often reveal people's true feelings. True False 21 165.A strict behaviorist would view nature as more important than nurture in determining an individual's observable responses to a given stimulus. True False 166.One of the main criticisms raised concerning both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory is that these views are dehumanizing. True False 167.The first applied arm of psychology to achieve prominence was psychometrics, due to the need for the development of psychological tests during World War I. True False 168.Until the 1950s and 1960s, the dominance of behaviorism discouraged the study of mental processes in psychology. True False 169.An individual who was ethnocentric would judge the value of foreign customs based on his or her own social values. True False 170.The evolutionary perspective suggests that, on average, males should outperform females on all aspects of visual-spatial ability. True False 171.Unlike the early years in psychology, today the majority of psychologists are employed by colleges and universities. True False 172.Developmental psychologists generally focus on the study of interpersonal behavior and the role that social forces take in governing behavior. True False 173.Psychiatrists typically have both a Ph.D. in psychology and an M.D. degree. True False 174.Empiricism means scientists draw conclusions based on reasoning and logical inference. True False 175.Today psychologists generally accept the idea that behavior is exceedingly complex and that it is governed by a complex network of interacting factors. True False 176.Contemporary psychologists generally tend to recognize that people's experience of the world is objective and they usually see exactly what happened. True False 22 177.You should study in different locations in a rotation; this will help you maintain your concentration by providing variety. True False 178.The SQ3R method tends to be most beneficial for students who have below average or average reading skills. True False 179.Consistent class attendance relates to higher grades. True False 180.Empirical studies consistently indicate that, in the long run, changing answers on multiple-choice tests results in a lower overall test score. True False 181.Who is Wilhelm Wundt? Why is he important to current day psychology? 182.Name three significant individuals in the early development of psychology as a discipline and describe their major contributions to the field. 23 183.Briefly discuss and contrast the five schools of psychological thought that were developed after Freud's psychodynamic theory. 184.Briefly describe the advances and changes that occurred in psychological thinking after World War II. 185.Briefly summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology. 186.How is psychology defined today? 24 187.Briefly describe the differences between academic psychology and applied psychology and describe two types of applied psychology specializations. 188.Pick two different types of academic psychologists and briefly compare the types of issues researched by them. 189.How do a psychologist and psychiatrist differ? How are they the same? 190.Briefly summarize the advice provided in the text on how to get more out of lectures and improving your test-taking strategies. 25 191.What is critical thinking and why is it important in psychology? 192.Discuss the contributions of structuralism and functionalism to the evolution of psychology as a discipline. 193.Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist assumptions about human nature. 194.Compare and contrast the research interests of a developmental psychologist, a physiological psychologist, a social psychologist and a cognitive psychologist on the topic of love. 26 195.Imagine that you are the president of a large corporation that designs different products for the home. Your company designs everything from cleaning powders to furniture. What type of applied psychologist would you hire to work in your company and explain how having them on staff would benefit your company. 196.Your text identifies three unifying themes that relate to psychology as a field of study. Identify each of these themes and show how each theme might be relevant in investigating clinical depression. 197.Your text identifies four unifying themes that relate to psychology's subject matter. Identify each of these themes and show how each theme might be relevant in investigating clinical depression. 27 198.Imagine that you have been asked to speak to a group of tenth grade students who have signed up for a study skills seminar offered by a local youth group. Based on the information provided in the Personal Application, what are ten concrete points that you would make in your presentation? 199.The Critical Thinking Application in your text lists four skills that are exhibited by critical thinkers. Identify these four skills and show how they might be used by a woman who was trying to decide whether or NOT to begin hormone therapy once she was past menopause. 28 Chapter 1 B--The Evolution of Psychology Key 1. Which of the following professionals receive general training in medicine and receive an M.D. (medical doctor) degree? A. B. C. D. 2. The idea that knowledge should be acquired through observation is referred to as A. B. C. D. 3. logical reasoning. common sense. historical tradition. direct observation. Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with A. B. C. D. 7. reason and logic are primary to psychology. conclusions should be guided by theories. conclusions should be based on direct observation. research should focus on underlying, internal events. Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through A. B. C. D. 6. school of psychology. sub-field of psychology. position on how information should be acquired. theoretical orientation about life. The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that A. B. C. D. 5. structuralism. empiricism. functionalism. nativism. Empiricism refers to a A. B. C. D. 4. psychiatrists only clinical psychologists only counseling psychologists only psychiatrists and clinical psychologists empiricism. structuralism. functionalism. humanism. Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. We can say, therefore, that psychology is A. B. C. D. behavioral. speculative. empirical. rational. 1 8. Which of the following qualifies as empirically-based knowledge? A. B. C. D. 9. Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of empiricism? A. B. C. D. 10. a theory. an empirical set. a hypothesis. a sociohistorical context. Dr. Kline takes an eclectic approach in treating psychological disorders. She often prescribes medications that influence neurotransmitter levels, but she also works with her clients to change their behavior and understand the impact of social factors in their problems. Dr. Kline's approach to therapy illustrates the idea that A. B. C. D. 14. motives and expectations can color our experiences. information needs to be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism. single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called A. B. C. D. 13. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. our experience of the world is highly subjective. psychology is empirical. behavior is determined by multiple causes. Liam is reading a magazine article about a new "wonder drug" and finds himself wondering who participated in the study, and what evidence the claims are based on. Liam's thinking illustrates the idea that A. B. C. D. 12. documentation speculation skepticism observation In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that A. B. C. D. 11. intuition insight logical consistency observed actions our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. motives and expectations can color our experiences. unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior. differing theoretical perspectives can provide a more complete understanding of behavior. Which of the following BEST describes what a theory is? A. B. C. D. an explanation of unobservable phenomena a system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation a string of unrelated observations related speculations that are based on common sense 2 15. In trying to understand the psychology of addiction, Dr. Jackson focuses on the neurochemical changes that occur, Dr. Fong focuses on the consequences that people experience for their behavior, and Dr. Wenkle focuses on the cognitive processes that people use in choosing their actions. The different perspectives of these three professionals help to illustrate the underlying theme that A. B. C. D. 16. One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate? A. B. C. D. 17. social context. empirical context. historical context. sociohistorical context. The text describes seven unifying themes that provide continuity throughout psychology. The two primary divisions of the themes relate to A. B. C. D. 21. historical factors but not social factors. social factors but not historical factors. neither historical nor social factors. both historical and social factors. The idea that Freud's theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime implies that psychology's development is influenced by the A. B. C. D. 20. Social trends influence psychology's development. Psychology influences social trends and practices. Interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large. There is little relationship between what happens in psychology and what happens in society at large. The development of psychology as a science has been influenced by A. B. C. D. 19. The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives. Only one of the two psychologists can be correct. Insufficient data have been collected to support either explanation. The two psychologists are probably using different sociohistorical contexts. Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate? A. B. C. D. 18. psychology is theoretically diverse. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. psychology is empirical. our experience of the world is highly subjective. psychology is a science and psychology is a profession. psychology is a science and psychology utilizes theories. psychology studies behavior and psychology is a science. psychology studies behavior and people are subjective. Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? A. B. C. D. people's experience of the world is highly subjective psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context heredity and environment jointly influence behavior behavior is determined by multiple causes 3 22. Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to psychology as a field of study? A. B. C. D. 23. The civil rights movement and the women's movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. This change in practice illustrates the idea that A. B. C. D. 24. behavior is influenced by multiple causes. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. psychology should use theories. psychology should be empirical. A theory is A. B. C. D. 28. introspection. philosophy. subjective. empiricism. When Watson proposed that psychology should only study observable behaviors and not consciousness he was emphasizing the unifying theme that A. B. C. D. 27. logical reasoning. speculation. direct observations. common sense. The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation defines A. B. C. D. 26. behavior is determined by multiple causes. motives and expectations can color our experiences. science evolves in a sociohistorical context. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is empirical" implies that psychologists base their conclusions on A. B. C. D. 25. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context psychology is empirical psychology is theoretically diverse a statement of fact that describes a set of observations. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. A scientist uses ____ to explain a set of observations. A. B. C. D. a theory common sense introspection empiricism 4 29. While Freud might explain an individual's depression by focusing on the person's unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical imbalance in the brain. This difference in explanations BEST illustrates the text's unifying theme of A. B. C. D. 30. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that A. B. C. D. 31. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context behavior is determined by multiple causes psychology is theoretically diverse people's experience of the world is highly subjective Which of the following approaches do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are highly subjective? A. B. C. D. 35. psychology develops in a cultural vacuum psychological research and theories have an impact on society social trends and values have an impact on psychology psychology and society both influence each other During the last few decades people have become more aware of the sexual abuse of children by adults, and psychologists have devoted more research attention to the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse. These observations BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology? A. B. C. D. 34. there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. knowledge should be acquired through observation. shared customs, beliefs, and values are transmitted socially across generations. dense interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and in society at large. Which of the following BEST describes the unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context"? A. B. C. D. 33. psychology has not, as yet, focused on empirical observations. there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations. psychology focuses on unrelated observations. psychology is failing in the goal of being a science. The text's unifying theme that "psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context" implies that A. B. C. D. 32. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. psychology is theoretically diverse. psychology is empirical. They also try to remain somewhat subjective. They try to simplify their research problems. They consistently apply the scientific method. They emphasize the study of internal mechanisms. A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on A. B. C. D. personal factors more than situational factors. situational factors more than personal factors. both personal and situational factors. the relationship between you and your professor. 5 36. The fact that your performance in this course will be affected by both personal and situational factors BEST supports which of the following? A. B. C. D. 37. Zoe believes that Samantha has trouble forming long-term relationships because her parents were overly strict during Samantha's toilet training. This type of explanation for Samantha's current behavior is inconsistent with the view that A. B. C. D. 38. ideographic nature culture ontogeny phylogeny Which of the following statements about the concept of cultural heritage is LEAST accurate? A. B. C. D. 42. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior. perception is often subjective. behavior is determined by multiple causes. Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following? A. B. C. D. 41. an individual's collective unconscious a genetic predisposition to behave in a particular way unconscious urges to satisfy one's basic instincts widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a group Dr. Scarply believes that if all violent programming were banned, aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear. This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that A. B. C. D. 40. heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior. behavior is determined by multiple causes. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. perception is often subjective. The concept of culture is MOST closely related to which of the following? A. B. C. D. 39. a multifactorial causation of behavior approach the single-cause explanation of behavior the dual-cause explanation of behavior a psychoanalytic approach to explaining behavior It can be applied to small as well as to large groups. Much of one's cultural heritage is invisible. It can influence educational success and physical health. We generally feel a need to discuss our cultural heritage with others. A host in which of the following countries is MOST likely to be insulted if dinner guests eat all the food they are served? A. B. C. D. China India Korea the United States 6 43. Which of the following statements about the influence of culture is LEAST accurate? A. B. C. D. 44. Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that A. B. C. D. 45. genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. motives and expectations can color our experiences. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. Which of the following BEST characterizes a psychologist's current understanding of the relationship between heredity and environment? A. B. C. D. 49. experience is to environment. learning is to knowing. heredity is to environment. behavior is to doing. Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that A. B. C. D. 48. behavior is determined by multiple causes. our experience of the world is highly subjective. heredity and environment jointly determine our behavior. our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. Nature is to nurture as A. B. C. D. 47. our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior. behavior is determined by multiple causes. motives and expectations can color our experiences. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend and she enjoyed it so much that she cleaned her plate. Later she was surprised that he had found her behavior somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. In this case, the couple's miscommunication illustrates the underlying theme that A. B. C. D. 46. The influence of culture is everywhere. Our cultural heritage has a pervasive impact on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. There is not much diversity in the behavior among members of the same culture. There are both differences and similarities across cultures in behavior. motives and expectations can color our experiences genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior theoretical diversity is an important component in science The fact that Princeton students "saw" Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game is MOST consistent with A. B. C. D. reliance on empirical evidence. multifactorial causation of behavior. subjectivity of perception. unconscious motivation. 7 50. Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a warm and friendly instructor, you A. will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, warm and friendly. B. will probably perceive the instructor as being warm and friendly. C. will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is cold. D. may perceive the instructor as warm and friendly, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you. 51. Roger and Lydia met for a blind date. Roger had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date Lydia was friendly but she was quite shy and didn't initiate much of the conversation. Still, Roger thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people that he has met, and he can't wait to see her again. Roger's reaction to his date with Lydia shows that A. B. C. D. 52. unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behavior. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. behavior is determined by multiple causes. cultural heritage has a large impact on behavior. Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a cold and strict instructor, you A. will probably not be affected much by this expectation unless the instructor is, in fact, cold and strict. B. will probably perceive the instructor as being cold and distant. C. will probably not be affected unless you are allowed to compare the instructor to one who is warm and friendly. D. may perceive the instructor as cold and strict, but only if the lecture topic is interesting to you. 53. Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality? A. B. C. D. 54. Carly was in favor of the proposed convention center; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed people she found that 70% of those she questioned were in favor of the project. Colin's survey found that 75% of those he surveyed were against building the convention center. These differing survey results show that. A. B. C. D. 55. highly objective highly subjective genetically determined a passive process single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. motives and expectations can color our experiences. theoretical diversity is an important component in science. sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. Which of the following statements is LEAST consistent with the position that reality is highly subjective? A. B. C. D. People tend to perceive what they expect to perceive. The nature of reality is the same for most people because of innate mechanisms. We tend to impose organization on the stimuli that we pay attention to. The perception of sights and sounds is an active process. 8 56. Which of the following is one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? A. B. C. D. 57. Which of the following is NOT one of the text's unifying themes related to the subject matter of psychology? A. B. C. D. 58. cultural heritage. legal heritage. religious heritage. sociohistorical heritage. That you normally use a knife, fork, and spoon to eat dinner BEST reflects your A. B. C. D. 62. psychology is theoretically diverse behavior is determined by multiple causes people's experience of the world is highly subjective psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations BEST describes a person's A. B. C. D. 61. a subjective cause; an objective cause an objective cause; a subjective cause multiple causes; a single cause a single cause; multiple causes The text's two unifying themes of "our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage" and "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" can BEST be viewed as both describing more specialized statements of which other theme? A. B. C. D. 60. people's experience of the world is highly subjective psychology is theoretically diverse behavior is determined by multiple causes heredity and environment jointly influence behavior In everyday life people usually think of a behavior as having ____, while in contrast psychology views behavior as having ____. A. B. C. D. 59. psychology is theoretically diverse psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context heredity and environment jointly influence behavior psychology is empirical evolutionary background. subjective thoughts concerning proper behavior. objective thoughts concerning proper behavior. cultural heritage. The text's unifying theme of "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the A. B. C. D. nature versus nurture issue. nurture versus nature issue. biological versus psychological issue. psychological versus biological issue. 9 63. That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the text's unifying theme of A. B. C. D. 64. The unifying theme "people's experience of the world is highly subjective" MOST directly impacts which other unifying theme? A. B. C. D. 65. empiricism. genetic predisposition. unconscious motivation. behavior modification. The systematic use of rewards in developing effective study habits is MOST consistent with A. B. C. D. 70. Spread out your studying over a period of time. Allow time for study breaks. Try to tackle simple, routine tasks first, saving larger tasks for later. Find a place to study where distractions are likely to be minimal. The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of A. B. C. D. 69. Set up a schedule for studying. Study in a place where distractions are minimal. Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam. Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks. Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits? A. B. C. D. 68. Plan your study schedule in advance. Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favorite music playing. Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks. Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique? A. B. C. D. 67. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context behavior is shaped by cultural heritage psychology is empirical heredity and environment jointly influence behavior Which of the following is the BEST advice for developing sound study habits? A. B. C. D. 66. heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage. people's experience of the world is empirical. people's experience of the world is highly subjective. humanism. behaviorism. functionalism. structuralism. Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits? A. B. C. D. find a place to study where you can concentrate set up a schedule for studying avoid taking study breaks while studying reward yourself for studying 10 71. If you are like most students, cramming for an exam is a(n) ____ study strategy. A. B. C. D. 72. When faced with a major assignment such as a term paper it is a good idea to A. B. C. D. 73. review remember recite read Saying out loud the answers to key questions in the textbook constitutes which of the following steps in the SQ3R method? A. B. C. D. 77. question quiet quantify quiz Which of the following is NOT one of the "Rs" in the SQ3R method of studying? A. B. C. D. 76. mnemonic device used to recall key information. method of preparing a study schedule. study system designed to promote effective reading. technique designed to reduce test anxiety. The "Q" in the SQ3R method of studying refers to which of the following? A. B. C. D. 75. set aside a large block of time (for example, an entire weekend) to devote to the assignment. break the assignment down into smaller components. start the assignment with a clear idea of your conclusion in mind. postpone beginning the assignment until shortly before the due date in order to incorporate information from the instructor's lectures into the project. SQ3R refers to a A. B. C. D. 74. beneficial time-efficient ineffective effective read recite review survey Karen asks you for advice on how to improve her study skills. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the advice you should give her? A. She should passively skim the entire chapter all at one time the night before the exam. B. She should read each section of the chapter out loud numerous times until she can recite the words exactly as they appear on the page from memory. C. She should convert the section headings of the chapter into questions and then read each section with an eye for answering those questions. D. She should ignore all of the graphic materials provided in the textbook until the night before her exam since they will only distract her from understanding the text material. 11 78. The SQ3R study system is designed to promote effective A. B. C. D. 79. The correct order of the steps in the SQ3R method is A. B. C. D. 80. not changing answers on tests attending class regularly writing down everything your instructor says putting off studying until just before an exam The key to the effective use of highlighting is to A. B. C. D. 85. being absent from class rewarding yourself for studying overlearning the material changing answers on a multiple-choice test According to research findings, which of the following has been found to be associated with higher grades? A. B. C. D. 84. Successful students and unsuccessful students attended class equally often. Paradoxically, successful students attended class less often than unsuccessful students. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students. Successful students used an instructor's office hours more than unsuccessful students. According to research findings, which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades? A. B. C. D. 83. extremely low low to medium medium to high extremely high Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing "successful" to "unsuccessful" students? A. B. C. D. 82. summarize, question, read, recite, review. survey, question, read, recite, review. summarize, question, read, review, recite. survey, question, read, review, recite. The SQ3R method tends to be more helpful for students with ____ reading ability. A. B. C. D. 81. reading of course material writing of themes and essays note-taking of course lectures test-taking strategies use different highlight colors for different core concepts. limit highlighting to no more than 10% of the material from any textbook chapter. highlight only the main ideas, key supporting details, and technical terms. skim first and then go back and highlight on a second, detailed reading of the material. Francine asks you for advice concerning the use of highlighting when studying for exams. Based on the research into the use of highlighting, the BEST advice that you could her would be to A. B. C. D. try to find the one or two sentences that best capture the purpose of each paragraph. only highlight technical terms that are already in bold or italic. not use highlighting because it actually reduces overall comprehension of material. highlight no more than 10% of the material that she reads. 12 86. Which of the following is good advice for getting more out of lectures? A. B. C. D. 87. Which of the following is MOST likely to help you get more out of lectures? A. B. C. D. 88. concentrate on writing down the definitions of terms read along in the text as the instructor is lecturing read the relevant pages in the text before the lecture avoid interrupting the instructor by asking questions Students are said to be "testwise" if they A. B. C. D. 93. Tom who earned an ASue who earned a B Ashley who earned a C+ Steve who earned a D- Which of the following is good advice for getting more out of class lectures? A. B. C. D. 92. be able to identify and remember the most important points from a lecture. recall the information they find particularly interesting. have problems distinguishing important from unimportant information. participate in class discussions. Based on empirical studies, which of the following students would you expect to have the poorest attendance during the semester? A. B. C. D. 91. Ask questions during the lecture. Try to record the lecturer's comments verbatim. When the material is especially complex, read ahead on the topic to be covered in class. During the lecture, try to anticipate what's coming next and search for deeper meanings. Research findings suggest that when students engage in attentive note taking, they are more likely to A. B. C. D. 90. skipping lectures on topics you find confusing; instead, relying exclusively on the text trying to write down everything the lecturer says avoiding the temptation to anticipate what the lecturer will say next paying attention to clues about what is most important Which of the following is NOT good advice for getting more out of lectures? A. B. C. D. 89. Resist the temptation to anticipate what is coming next. When you take notes, try to be a "human tape recorder." Avoid reading ahead in the textbook, especially if the material is complex. Pay attention to clues from the instructor about what is important. have a knack for identifying "trick" questions. are particularly knowledgeable about the subject matter being tested. are skilled at using clues contained within a test to improve their scores. tend to score high on standardized tests. Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, most people change A. B. C. D. a right answer to a wrong answer. a wrong answer to a right answer. a wrong answer to another wrong answer. a right answer to a wrong answer and back again to the right answer. 13 94. Which of the following is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability? A. B. C. D. 95. Which of the following is NOT good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test? A. B. C. D. 96. Do the most difficult and time-consuming questions first. Always read each question completely. It's a good idea to stick with your first answer. As you read the question, try to avoid the temptation to anticipate the answer. Which of the following is NOT good advice for improving your test-taking ability? A. B. C. D. 98. Anticipate the answer before looking at the options. Read all the options and eliminate those that are highly implausible. Be cautious of options that make broad, sweeping generalizations. Once you find your anticipated answer, don't waste time reading the other options. Which of the following is good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test? A. B. C. D. 97. Don't change answers on a multiple-choice test; your first answer is usually your best. Don't waste time thinking too much about difficult-to-answer questions. Don't "read things into" test items-that is, make an item more complicated than it is. If you have time left after you've answered all the questions, go back and review the test. Check for hidden complexities in simple-looking questions. Review the test if you have time left after completing the test. Make sure you use your time efficiently and will have enough time to complete the test. Don't waste too much time pondering difficult-to-answer questions. Which of the following is good advice for taking multiple choice exams? A. Remember, if "all of the above" is an option, it must be correct. B. Remember to continue to read all options even after you find your anticipated answer. C. Remember, options that use qualified statements such as "often, sometimes and may" tend to be incorrect. D. Remember, options that use broad generalizations such as "always, never and must" tend to be correct. 99. The test suggests that when taking an essay test that it is usually a good idea to first answer the questions that A. B. C. D. 100. Which of the following is NOT likely to be considered a critical thinking skill? A. B. C. D. 101. are listed first on the exam. are worth the most points. you know best. concern material that was most recently discussed in class. working systematically toward a desired goal accepting the views of an appropriate authority figure distinguishing among facts, opinions, and reasoned judgments understanding how reasons and evidence support or refute conclusions Psychologists refer to the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome as A. B. C. D. skepticism. scientific thinking. critical thinking. empiricism. 14 102. Which of the following is NOT likely to be a characteristic of a critical thinker? A. B. C. D. 103. Critical thinking includes all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. 104. originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect. generating multiple solutions to problems. using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events. working systematically toward a desired goal. Research has shown that the skills and attitudes involved in critical thinking A. B. C. D. 105. flexible unable to admit mistakes willing to plan persistent naturally develop during adolescence. naturally develop during early adulthood. need to be specifically taught to individuals. only develop in individuals trained in scientific disciplines. Which of the following is an example of the affective component of critical thinking? A. As Doug reads a newspaper article, he asks himself if there is an alternative explanation for the information presented in the article. B. Doug passively reads the newspaper and accepts the conclusions printed. C. When faced with a problem Doug generates a single solution and sticks with it. D. Doug is able to distinguish facts from opinions. 106. Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, you should predict that Jill will be better than Jack at A. B. C. D. 107. The spatial tasks on which males tend to do better than females generally involve A. B. C. D. 108. mentally rotating visual images. remembering locations. reading a map. learning a maze. remembering locations. mentally rotating objects. identifying objects in a visual field. processing verbal directions to a specific location. Which of the following explanations is MOST likely to be used by an evolutionary psychologist to explain gender differences in spatial abilities? A. The principles of natural selection tend to operate differently in males and females. B. Through evolution, males were classically conditioned to develop certain kinds of spatial abilities. C. When they are young, males are more likely than females to be encouraged to engage in spatially-oriented activities. D. Division of labor between the sexes in hunting and gathering societies created different adaptive pressures for males and females. 15 109. Which of the following observations weakens the evolutionary explanation of gender differences in spatial abilities? A. There frequently was a sex-based division of labor in ancient hunting and gathering societies. B. Males are encouraged to engage in activities that provide more practice with spatial tasks. C. Males frequently perform slightly better than females on tasks involving mental rotation of images and navigation in space. D. Females perform slightly better than males on tasks involving memory for locations. 110. John Watson argued that psychology should study only observable behavior. This position is MOST consistent with which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. B. C. D. 111. In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of physics, because in his era physics was admired as a "model" science. Wundt's attempt to imitate physics illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. B. C. D. 112. Psychology is empirical. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Psychology is theoretically diverse. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. World War I and World War II stimulated the growth of psychology as a profession. This influence illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. B. C. D. 115. an emphasis on the role sexuality in behavior a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behavior the implication that people are not masters of their own destinies In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. B. C. D. 114. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Psychology is theoretically diverse. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. Behavior is determined by multiple causes. Which of the following do behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? A. B. C. D. 113. Psychology is empirical. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Psychology is theoretically diverse. Psychology is empirical. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. In criticizing the structuralists' reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. James's argument illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes? A. B. C. D. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. Psychology is empirical. Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. Our experience of the world is highly subjective. 16 116. The text's suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies are consistent with the application of A. B. C. D. 117. Which of the following MOST accurately describes the enduring influence of structuralism and functionalism on psychology today? A. B. C. D. 118. functionalism; behaviorism functionalism; structuralism structuralism; functionalism structuralism; behaviorism When Watson claimed "Give me a dozen healthy infants..." he was arguing that behavior is strongly influenced by A. B. C. D. 122. people's experience of the world is highly subjective psychology is theoretically diverse behavior is shaped by cultural heritage heredity and environment jointly influence behavior Imagine two scientists from another planet visit earth and are attempting to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard-drive, monitor, keyboard and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____. A. B. C. D. 121. physical structures of the body; behavior behavior; consciousness consciousness; behavior consciousness; physical structures of the body Taken as a whole, the text's review of the early "schools" of psychology BEST reflects which one unifying theme in psychology? A. B. C. D. 120. neither structuralism nor functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology both structuralism and functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology only structuralism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology only functionalism exerted a long-lasting influence on psychology While functionalism emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____. A. B. C. D. 119. subjective thinking skills. objective thinking skills. accepted thinking skills. critical thinking skills. heredity factors. environmental factors. cultural factors. subjective factors. Who is Wilhelm Wundt? A. B. C. D. He founded the first experimental laboratory. He founded the American Psychological Association. He discovered the classically conditioned salivary reflex. He founded behaviorism. 17 123. Structuralism is the historical school of psychology that asserted that the purpose of psychology was to: A. B. C. D. 124. Within academic psychology, Freud's ideas initially encountered resistance because he emphasized A. B. C. D. 125. human consciousness. human behavior. introspection. the unconscious. For John B. Watson, the appropriate subject matter of psychology was A. B. C. D. 126. study behavior discover the smaller elements that comprise consciousness explore the unconscious examine the purposes of conscious processes animal behavior. the unconscious. consciousness. human physiology. Which of the following would be considered the major principle of operant conditioning? A. Human behavior derives in part from free will; animal behavior is determined by the environment. B. Humans and other animals tend to repeat responses followed by positive outcomes. C. The majority of human behavior is based on thoughts, feelings, and wishes of which we are unaware. D. Human beings are fundamentally different from other animals. 127. Which of the following theorists would tend to emphasize explanations in terms of freedom and potential for personal growth? A. B. C. D. 128. Recent research trends in psychology involve two areas largely ignored by early behaviorists. These two areas are A. B. C. D. 129. Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner all of the above observable and measurable responses. cognition (thinking) and physiological processes. classical and operant conditioning. the effect of environmental events and the behavior of lower animals. Which point of view emphasizes the adaptive (survival or reproductive) value of behavior? A. B. C. D. structuralism humanistic psychology evolutionary psychology existential psychology 18 130. Which core psychological research area is primarily devoted to the study of such topics as memory, problem solving, and thinking? A. B. C. D. 131. Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior? A. B. C. D. 132. search, question, research, recommend, reconstitute silence, quietude, reading, writing, arithmetic summarize, quickly, read, research, reread survey, question, read, recite, review Critical thinking includes: A. B. C. D. 137. heredity environment heredity and environment acting jointly heredity, environment, and free will What does SQ3R stand for? A. B. C. D. 136. one cause or factor. multifactorial causation. free will. infinite causation. Contemporary psychologists generally assume that human behavior is determined by: A. B. C. D. 135. introspection. logic. observation. mathematics. In looking for the causes of a particular behavior, psychologists assume A. B. C. D. 134. developmental psychology social psychology psychoanalysis psychometrics The assertion that "psychology is empirical" means that psychology is based on A. B. C. D. 133. physiological social cognitive personality analysis of problems in terms of scientific principles making decisions based on formal and informal logic thinking that includes consideration of conflicting interpretations all of the above ____________________, meaning soul and ____________________, referring to the study of a subject are the two Greek roots that were put together to define this discipline. Psyche; logos 138. ____________________ was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to investigate how the elements of consciousness are related to each other. Structuralism 19 139. ____________________ is based on the belief that psychology should investigate the purpose of consciousness. Functionalism 140. The idea that psychology should only study observable events is the cornerstone of the school of psychology known as ____________________. behaviorism 141. B. F. Skinner's conclusion that "free will is an illusion" was based on his belief that people are under the control of their ____________________. environment 142. Unlike the behaviorists, Abraham Maslow and other humanists take a(n) ____________________ view of human nature and maintain that people are not pawns of their animal heritage or environmental nature. optimistic 143. The first applied arm of psychology to emerge was ____________________ psychology. clinical 144. Advocates of the ____________________ perspective maintain that much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave. biological 145. Advocates of the ____________________ perspective argue that people's manipulations of mental images surely influence how they behave. cognitive 146. One reason why psychological research has ignored ethnic minorities in non-Western societies is because ____________________ research is often costly and time consuming. cross-cultural 147. Examining behavior in terms of its adaptive value for a given species over a number of generations is consistent with the ____________________ approach to psychology. evolutionary 148. Psychology is both the ____________________ that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the ____________________ that applies the accumulated knowledge to practical problems. science; profession 149. A psychologist who studies attitude formation and change would probably be considered a(n) ____________________ psychologist. social 20 150. A psychologist who studies higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning and problem solving would probably be considered a(n) ____________________ psychologist. cognitive 151. ____________________ is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems. Psychiatry 152. Industrial/Organizational psychologists can often be found running ____________________ departments. human resource 153. When we say that psychology is ____________________, we refer to the fact that its conclusions are based on direct observation rather than on reasoning and speculation. empirical 154. Apparently unrelated observations can sometimes be linked together and explained through the use of a well-constructed ____________________. theory 155. The fact that trends, issues and values in society have influenced psychology's evolution, illustrates that psychology develops in a(n) ____________________ context. sociohistorical 156. ____________________ includes socially shared values and norms that are transmitted across generations. Culture 157. Contemporary psychologists generally find that behavior is generally governed by a complex network of interacting factors, illustrating the ____________________ causation of behavior. multifactorial 158. According to modern cognitive psychologists, critical thinking has two main components: the cognitive component, and the ____________________ component. emotional 159. According to Wilhelm Wundt, psychology's primary focus should be the scientific study of mental processes. TRUE 160. Wilhelm Wundt established the first American psychological research laboratory at John Hopkins University. FALSE 161. G. Stanley Hall, who studied with Wilhelm Wundt, was the driving force behind the establishment of the American Psychological Society. FALSE 21 162. Edward Titchener and other structuralists argued that the task of psychology was to study the basic elements of consciousness and how the elements were interrelated. TRUE 163. Functionalists relied heavily on the method of introspection to understand the nature and function of conscious processes. FALSE 164. Sigmund Freud maintained that seemingly meaningless slips of the tongue often reveal people's true feelings. TRUE 165. A strict behaviorist would view nature as more important than nurture in determining an individual's observable responses to a given stimulus. FALSE 166. One of the main criticisms raised concerning both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory is that these views are dehumanizing. TRUE 167. The first applied arm of psychology to achieve prominence was psychometrics, due to the need for the development of psychological tests during World War I. FALSE 168. Until the 1950s and 1960s, the dominance of behaviorism discouraged the study of mental processes in psychology. TRUE 169. An individual who was ethnocentric would judge the value of foreign customs based on his or her own social values. TRUE 170. The evolutionary perspective suggests that, on average, males should outperform females on all aspects of visual-spatial ability. FALSE 171. Unlike the early years in psychology, today the majority of psychologists are employed by colleges and universities. FALSE 172. Developmental psychologists generally focus on the study of interpersonal behavior and the role that social forces take in governing behavior. FALSE 173. Psychiatrists typically have both a Ph.D. in psychology and an M.D. degree. FALSE 22 174. Empiricism means scientists draw conclusions based on reasoning and logical inference. TRUE 175. Today psychologists generally accept the idea that behavior is exceedingly complex and that it is governed by a complex network of interacting factors. TRUE 176. Contemporary psychologists generally tend to recognize that people's experience of the world is objective and they usually see exactly what happened. FALSE 177. You should study in different locations in a rotation; this will help you maintain your concentration by providing variety. FALSE 178. The SQ3R method tends to be most beneficial for students who have below average or average reading skills. TRUE 179. Consistent class attendance relates to higher grades. TRUE 180. Empirical studies consistently indicate that, in the long run, changing answers on multiple-choice tests results in a lower overall test score. FALSE 181. Who is Wilhelm Wundt? Why is he important to current day psychology? Wilhelm Wundt is considered to be the founder of the scientific discipline of psychology. He established the first psychological research laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany and argued that psychology should be the study of consciousness. 182. Name three significant individuals in the early development of psychology as a discipline and describe their major contributions to the field. Answers to this question could vary. Individuals that could be discussed include: Wilhelm Wundt, G. Stanley Hall, William James, and John Watson. 23 183. Briefly discuss and contrast the five schools of psychological thought that were developed after Freud's psychodynamic theory. Behaviorism¾focuses on observable events that can be studied scientifically Humanism¾focuses on the human potential for personal growth Cognitive¾focuses on the importance of mental processes and how individual acquire, store and process information Biological¾focuses on the role of bodily and biochemical processes that underlie behavior Evolutionary¾examines the role of natural selection 184. Briefly describe the advances and changes that occurred in psychological thinking after World War II. As a result of the demands of the war psychology became a profession as well as a science. In addition, in the 1950s and 1960s, advances in the study of cognition and the physiological basis of behavior lead psychology to an increased interest in the relationships between bodily structures and biochemical process and lead psychology to return to its roots with a return to an interest in mental processes. In the 1980s, Western psychology developed a greater interest in how cultural factors influencestbehavior. The 1990s saw the emergence of the evolutionary psychology and the beginning of the 21 century, positive psychology became an influential force in psychology. 185. Briefly summarize the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology. The central premise of the evolutionary viewpoint in psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. 186. How is psychology defined today? Psychology is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it AND the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of the science to practical problems. 187. Briefly describe the differences between academic psychology and applied psychology and describe two types of applied psychology specializations. Although academic psychologists generally are employed in higher education settings some work as consultants, therapists and counselors and generally focus on researching one of seven broad areas of specialization. Applied psychologists generally are those who deliver professional services to the public. 24 188. Pick two different types of academic psychologists and briefly compare the types of issues researched by them. Answers to this question could vary. Research areas that could be discussed include: developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality and psychometrics. 189. How do a psychologist and psychiatrist differ? How are they the same? Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and is practiced by medical doctors. Psychiatrists earn an M.D. degree and after which they do residencies in psychiatry. Psychologists will earn a PhD. Or PsyD. degree and cannot prescribe medication. Clinical psychology is only one area of specialization in psychology¾a discipline that has a much broader scope than psychiatry. Both psychologists and psychiatrists deal with the diagnosis and treatment of such disorders. 190. Briefly summarize the advice provided in the text on how to get more out of lectures and improving your test-taking strategies. Effective studying is crucial to success in college and most students need to set up an organized program to promote adequate study. The program could include: Setting up a schedule for studying; studying in a place where you can concentrate; reward your studying; use the SQ3R method to improve your reading; attend class on a regular basis, using active listening and "Testwise" test taking strategies. 191. What is critical thinking and why is it important in psychology? Critical thinking is purposeful, reasoned thinking that increases the probability of a desirable outcome. Since psychology is theoretically diverse, and assumes that behavior is complex and determined by multiple causes, psychologists must be systematic, yet flexible and persistent in their thinking. They must be able to distinguish between fact, opinions and use reasoned judgments to work systematically towards conclusions. 25 192. Discuss the contributions of structuralism and functionalism to the evolution of psychology as a discipline. Both perspectives reflect the early view that consciousness is the appropriate subject matter for the new science, but they differed in regard to how consciousness should be studied. With Wilhelm Wundt, the structuralists believed that consciousness should be broken down into its basic elements through introspection. This approach generated numerous laboratory studies of sensory and perceptual phenomena. Structuralism eventually died out due to the inconsistent results of introspective studies. Along with William James, the functionalists emphasized the adaptive purposes of consciousness, arguing that psychologists should look at the continuous flow of thought rather than its static elements. Its practical and applied focus generated advances in the study of mental testing, child development, and gender differences. Functionalism, too, gradually faded away, but left applied psychology and behaviorism as its enduring descendants. 193. Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanist assumptions about human nature. Psychoanalysts view humans as essentially "bad" (primitive, animalistic, sexual, and irrational) and unconsciously driven to behave in certain ways. This is a pessimistic view of humanity. Behaviorists view human nature as nonexistent. Rather, behavior develops under the control of the environment. Since behavior is regarded as conditioned reactions to observable stimuli, the implication is that there is no such thing as free will. Humanists view humans as essentially "good" and unique among species because they have free will (conscious and rational), a natural potential for growth, and a basic need to fulfill this potential. This is an optimistic view of humanity. 194. Compare and contrast the research interests of a developmental psychologist, a physiological psychologist, a social psychologist and a cognitive psychologist on the topic of love. Developmental psychologists look at human development across the life span, they would likely focus on how people of various ages might experience or define love. Physiological psychologists would focus on the biological and genetic aspects of behavior and thus would be likely to focus on hormone levels and other biological aspects of behavior. Social psychologists focus on the role of social forces in governing behavior and might look at the roles that attitudes, prejudices and group memberships play in people's experience of love. Cognitive psychologists focus on mental processes such as memory, reasoning, language and creativity and thus would be likely to examine how these would influence an individual's experience of love. 195. Imagine that you are the president of a large corporation that designs different products for the home. Your company designs everything from cleaning powders to furniture. What type of applied psychologist would you hire to work in your company and explain how having them on staff would benefit your company. Industrial/organizational psychologists work in the world of business and industry. Their tasks could include running the human resources departments, working to improve staff morale and attitudes, striving to increase job satisfaction and productivity, examining organizational structures and procedures and making other recommendations for improvements in the work environment. 26 196. Your text identifies three unifying themes that relate to psychology as a field of study. Identify each of these themes and show how each theme might be relevant in investigating clinical depression. Psychology is empirical, theoretically diverse and develops in a sociohistorical context. Answers to the remainder of this question will require students to come up with applications of these themes that go beyond the information in the text. Some points that might be covered include: clearly defining depression and specifying the population to be observed and studied (empirical); looking for possible biological, social, and environmental causes of, or treatments for, depression (theoretically diverse); and changing perceptions of depression from a hidden disorder to one that has advertisements for treatments in magazines and on television (sociohistorical context). 197. Your text identifies four unifying themes that relate to psychology's subject matter. Identify each of these themes and show how each theme might be relevant in investigating clinical depression. Behavior is determined by multiple causes, is shaped by cultural heritage, is influenced jointly by heredity and environment and people's experience of the world is subjective. Answers to the remainder of this question will require students to come up with applications of these themes that go beyond the information in the text. Some points that might be covered include: the fact that depression is a complex behavior that has multiple causes (multifactorial causation); a discussion of cross-cultural views on depression (cultural heritage); a discussion of the question as to whether depression may be situational or biological and finally a discussion as to the subjectivity in defining and describing depression. 198. Imagine that you have been asked to speak to a group of tenth grade students who have signed up for a study skills seminar offered by a local youth group. Based on the information provided in the Personal Application, what are ten concrete points that you would make in your presentation? Good answers to this question should include positive advice (such as setting up a study schedule, rewarding studying, and regular classroom attendance), and some "myth clarification" (such as "never changing answers on multiple-choice tests"). 199. The Critical Thinking Application in your text lists four skills that are exhibited by critical thinkers. Identify these four skills and show how they might be used by a woman who was trying to decide whether or NOT to begin hormone therapy once she was past menopause. Critical thinkers: · · · · understand and use the principles of scientific investigation. (How can the risks and benefits of hormone therapy be determined?) apply the rules of formal and informal logic. (If hormone therapy is safe, why did the FDA stop the Women's Health Initiative study?) carefully evaluate the quality of information. (Can the claims made by the drug manufacturers be trusted?) analyze arguments for the soundness of the conclusions. (Does the increased risk for some women mean that hormone therapy should be stopped for all women?) 27
