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Standard 8.84 Lesson
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C HAPTER
Chapter 1. Standard 8.84 Lesson
1
Standard 8.84 Lesson
8.84 Compare the 10 Percent Plan to the Radical Republican Plan for Reconstruction.
FIGURE 1.1
Reconstruction: Goals, Successes and Failures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjGNq2qDU-0
10 Percent Plan
Abraham Lincoln wanted a plan for Reconstruction that would united the country quickly. He wanted to make it
fairly easy for the Southern states to rejoin the Union. Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was named the 10 Percent
Plan.
Under the 10 Percent Plan, a state could rejoin the Union when it had met the following:
• A new state government could be formed when 10 percent of its voters pledged its allegiance to the United
States. States could then elect Congressmen and participate in the national government.
• Southern states admitted by this plan would need a plan to abolish slavery and deal with the freed slaves.
• Confederates, except high officials, could receive a government pardon, if they swore loyalty to the Union.
Some of the Radical Republicans thought the plan was too easy on the South. Lincoln was just trying to reunite the
country.
Radical Reconstruction
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites.
They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Leaders like
Pennsylvania REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER
vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson’s lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold.
Americans had long been suspicious of the federal government playing too large a role in the affairs of state. But
the Radicals felt that extraordinary times called for direct intervention in state affairs and laws designed to protect
the emancipated blacks. At the heart of their beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete
in a free-labor economy. In 1866, this activist Congress also introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen’s
Bureau and began work on a CIVIL RIGHTS BILL .
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FIGURE 1.2
In Baltimore on May 19, 1870, 20,000
participants celebrate the ratification of
the 15th Amendment.
FIGURE 1.3
Hiram Revels of Mississippi was elected
Senator and six other African Americans
were elected as Congressmen from other
southern states during the Reconstruction
era.
President Johnson stood in opposition. He vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill, claiming that it would bloat the size
of government. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill rejecting that blacks have the "same rights of property and person"
as whites.
Moderate Republicans were appalled at Johnson’s racism. They joined with the Radicals to overturn Johnson’s Civil
Rights Act veto. This marked the first time in history that a major piece of legislation was overturned. The Radicals
hoped that the Civil Rights Act would lead to an active federal judiciary with courts enforcing rights.
Congress then turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the far-reaching Fourteenth
Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment
provided for a reduction of a state’s representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the
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Chapter 1. Standard 8.84 Lesson
South a choice — accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred exConfederates from holding state or national office.
Which plan do you think was better? The 10 Percent plan or Radical Reconstruction; justify your answer,
citing text when possible.
Emboldened by the work of the Fourteenth Amendment and by local political victories in the 1866 elections, the
Republicans went on to introduce the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This removed the right to vote and seek office
by "leading rebels." Now the SOUTHERN UNIONISTS — Southerners who supported the Union during the War
— became the new Southern leadership. The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts
under commanders empowered to employ the army to protect black property and citizens.
The first two years of Congressional Reconstruction saw Southern states rewrite their Constitutions and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Congress seemed fully in control. One thing stood in the way — it was President
Johnson himself. Radical leaders employed an extraordinary Constitutional remedy to clear the impediment —
Presidential impeachment.
FIGURE 1.4
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