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Name Date Reading Study Guide Chapter 27 Section 2 (pages 763–768) War in Africa and Europe Before You Read TERMS & NAMES In the last section, you read about the start of World War II and how the United States became involved in the conflict. In this section, you will learn how the United States and the rest of the Allies defeated the Axis powers in Europe and Africa. Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. general who led the Allied forces in Europe As You Read Battle of the Bulge Germany’s last major attack Use this chart to take notes on the significant events surrounding the war in Europe. Event Description D-Day D-Day Allied invasion of France in June 1944 to liberate Europe Yalta Conference Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss the end of the war Holocaust Systematic murder of millions of Jews and other people in Europe by the Nazis Battle of the Bulge Yalta Conference Holocaust Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. Mobilizing for War (pages 763–764) What groups served in the war? Upon entering the war, the United States quickly had to build up its armed forces. Millions of Americans volunteered for duty. Millions more were drafted. Those who served represented many of the nation’s ethnic and racial groups. They included large numbers of Mexican Americans and African Americans. Native Americans and Asian Americans served as well. More than 300,000 women also served in the U.S. armed forces. Many women worked as drivers, mechanics, clerks, and nurses. 1. What different groups of Americans helped with the war effort? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Battles in Africa and Italy (pages 764–765) Who led the Allied troops in northern Africa? The Allies planned to invade Europe. But first, they sought to defeat the Axis powers in North Africa and Italy. A wave of Allied troops landed in northern Africa in November 1942. They were led by American general Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s army battled against German forces. In May 1943, the Allies defeated the Axis powers in northern Africa. The Allies began to establish bases from which they could attack southern Europe. That summer, the Allies invaded Italy. Soon, the Italians turned on Mussolini. Officials imprisoned him. However, he escaped. The new Italian government surrendered to the Allies in September 1943. 2. Why did the Allies want to take control of northern Africa? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The Allied Advance and D-Day (pages 765–766) What was D-Day? Meanwhile, Germany’s difficulties in the Soviet Union had grown worse. The Germans had attacked the Russian city of Stalingrad in September 1942. In THE RISE OF DICTATORS AND WORLD WAR II 261 War in Africa and Europe continued 3. Where did the D-Day invasion take place? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Victory in Europe (page 767) Who conquered Berlin? By February 1945, the Germans were retreating everywhere. That month, Allied leaders met in the Soviet resort of Yalta. Attending the Yalta Conference were Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. During the conference, these leaders made plans for the end of the war and the future of Europe. Shortly after the Yalta Conference, President Roosevelt died. Roosevelt’s vice president, Harry S. Truman, succeeded him. The new president 262 CHAPTER 27 SECTION 2 continued the war effort. In April 1945, the Russians reached Berlin. On April 30, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. On May 2, the Soviet Army captured Berlin. Five days later, Germany surrendered. The war in Europe was over. 4. What did the Allied leaders discuss at Yalta? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The Horrors of the Holocaust (pages 767–768) What was the Holocaust? As the Allies fought toward Berlin, they discovered a shocking and horrible sight. Scattered throughout German-occupied Europe were camps where Jews and other groups had been murdered. In what became known as the Holocaust, the Nazis killed about 6 million Jewish people. The Nazis also killed millions of Gypsies, Russians, and Poles. An estimated 11 million people were killed in all. The roots of the Holocaust lay in Adolf Hitler’s intense racism. He preached that other groups, particularly the Jews, were inferior to Germans. Hitler also blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems. Soon after the war broke out, Nazi leaders set out to murder every Jew under German rule. The Allies were angered by the sight of the camps where the Nazis murdered people. The Allies planned to bring German leaders to trial for the crimes committed in the Holocaust. 5. Who were the victims of the Holocaust? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Copyright © McDougal Littell Inc. February 1943, German troops there surrendered to Russian forces. Each side suffered huge losses. But Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad ended its hopes of conquering the Soviet Union. In June 1944, the Allies’ plan to invade France got underway. On the morning of June 6, more than 5,000 ships carrying more than 130,000 soldiers invaded a region in northern France called Normandy. The day of this historic attack became known as D-Day. By the end of June 1944, 850,000 Allied troops had poured into France. They moved toward Paris, battling German troops. On August 25, Allied forces liberated the French capital. Meanwhile, Soviet forces were beating back Hitler’s army in the East. The German leader launched one final assault. German forces attacked American troops in the Ardennes region in Belgium and Luxembourg in December 1944. The attack became known as the Battle of the Bulge. The Germans gained some territory. But the Allies soon pushed them back. Casualties on both sides were high.