Download APES Review Sheet: Questions 1-60 1) Toxic waste is classified as

APES Review Sheet:
Questions 1-60
1) Toxic waste is classified as: Flammable, Poisonous, Corrosive and Reactive.
2) What is a physical way to detoxify hazardous materials? Charcoal filtration
3) The US produces the most hazardous waste. What are the top three waste producing industries?
Chemical, Mining, military
4) List some automotive toxic chemicals. Antifreeze, brake fluid, gas, oil
5) What are the three ways suggested by the National Academy of Science of dealing with hazardous waste disposal?
a. Produce less hazardous material
b. Reuse, recycle
c. Safe disposal
6) Define the following ways to detoxify hazardous waste:
a. Bioremediation: Use of bacteria or enzymes to reduce toxicity
b. Incineration: Burning to detox the area, creates ash
c. Decomposition: allowing substances to breakdown into nontoxic chemicals over time
d. Charcoal filtration: Physical detox
e. Cyclodextrin: Chemical detox
f. Phytoremediation: Using plants to clean up the soil and water
7) Phytoremediation can be used to clean up soil and water contaminated with metals using sunflowers or mustards,
organic materials and solvents using poplar trees and radioactive wastes sunflowers with dangling roots.
8) T/F F Phytofiltration using algae to absorb UV radiation is the most common use of phytoremediation.
9) Describe the ways we can store hazardous materials. Which is best for nuclear waste?
a. Sanitary landfills:
b. Underground wells: Best for radioactive, below aquifers
c. Surface impoundments: Ponds that are lined to store hazardous liquids
d. Underground salt formations: absence of water prevents wastes from dissolving and spreading
10) What are the cons of using the following techniques to clean up or store hazardous chemicals?
a. Incineration: creates ash
b. Landfills: Leaks contaminate groundwater
c. Burial of liquid in a shallow pit: leak or overflow (think bay of pigs example)
11) Use the graph to answer the following questions.
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a. What can a dose/ response curve tell you? The LD 50
b. Drug A is more toxic than Drug B because it has a Lower (lower/ higher) LD 50.
c. When it comes to drug B, what is a sub- threshold dose? 0.3 What is the LD50? 3 What is the threshold? 0.7
What is the 100% lethal dose? 30
A substance is considered a poison when the LD 50 is 50mg/kg of body weight or less.
Define the following and give an example of each.
a. Acute effects: shorter lasting, immediate risk, instant reaction, not permanent... unless its death like CO
poisoning
b. Chronic effects: low dose, long term, permanent, repeated sub lethal exposure
Define the following and give an example :
a. Neurotoxin:
b. Teratogen:
c. Mutagen: Damages or alters genetic material
d. Allergen:
e. Endocrine disruptors
Match the following terms with all that apply. Tobacco smoke, ozone, CO2, Particulates, SO2, CO, Ozone, NOX,
lead
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a. List the six criteria pollutants. Lead, Particulates, Ozone, NOX, CO, SO2
b. What are the components of photochemical smog? NOX, Ozone, VOCs
c. What component of industrial smog will irritate the lungs when inhaled? Particulates
d. ________is the product of burning coal and a major component of acid rain. SO2
e. A secondary pollutant that requires UV radiation to form. Ozone
f. One of the most deadly indoor air pollutants. Tobacco smoke
Biomagnification: when a metabolized substance moves and concentrates as it moves up the food chain, top
predators are impacted the most
Bioaccumulation: When a toxin metabolizes into a living organism from the environment (Usually ends up in fat)
Environmental risk analysis: Comparing the risks of a situation to its related benefits
What are the two components of environmental risk? Assessment and Management
What are the four risk management strategies?
a. Hierarchical
b. Market-based
c. Sectarian
d. Rational
22) Describe the four categories of risk
a. Very low: events that have never occurred
b. Low: infrequent events which have large consequences
c. Mixed: events which increase in frequency against a background of less frequent occurrences
d. High: events that occur relatively frequently
23) Define the following:
a. Superfund: Initially financed by taxes on producers of toxic waste, these monies finance the emergency
cleanup of serious sites that poise immediate threat
b. Brownfields: contaminated, cleaned to a certain level then abandoned (pollution still exists)
c. Toxic release inventory: Sites that are required to report the release of about 300 toxic materials to provide
citizens of risk
d. National Priority List (NPL) sites: sites leaking carcinogens, teratogens, or mutagens funded by the Superfund
24) Poverty is the indicator for a short life-span. Race is the strongest determinant for exposure to toxins.
25) What does the EPA deem the most high risk environmental problems? Climate change, Ozone depletion, habitat
loss, extinction
26) What lifestyle choice is the best way to reduce premature death? Stop smoking
Questions 61-100
27) Briefly describe the five steps that go into cost-benefit analysis.
a. _Gathering all information
b. _Defining the possible solution
c. _Brainstorming the possible environmental and societal consequences
d. _Quantify the benefits and costs
e. _Making decisions and balancing concerns
28) Define the following terms:
a. Direct costs: Building materials, labor, technology etc.
b. Indirect costs: things like clean air and water
c. External costs: Costs not included in the prices paid for the good or cost of environmental damage
d. Marginal costs: when the production of just one item changes the total cost of the product
e. Market Price: The amount paid for a good or service.
f. Social Cost: The total cost of both the internal and external
29) List the possible ways to deal with negative externalities.
-regulations that which limit or prohibit
- Increasing price through taxation
Tradable licensing
30) Sustainable activities seek to conserve biodiversity, maintain ecological integrity, balance human and env. needs, and
restore balance of nature
31) Regulations that encourage sustainability are controlling release of toxic waste, protecting natural resources, taxing
releases of pollutants, and establishing market permit programs
32) Define the following:
a. GDP: Useful tool to compare economic outputs of nations
b. GPI:(genuine progress indicator) subtracts harmful env. costs and adds benefits not calculated in GDP
c. HPI: (Life satisfaction x ave. life span)/Eco footprint (Highest in Central America)
d. Eco-Labeling: to show that their manufacture conforms to recognized environmental standards
e. Command and Control Laws: regulations that set fixed limits on resource use or pollution emissions and
punishments
f. Cap-and-trade: Tradable pollution permits or resource use permits
g. Incentive based regulations: market forces used to encourage resource conservation and waste reduction
33) Green taxes encourage sustainability by
a. _Lowering taxes on wages
b. _Lowering taxes on profit
34) Define the following acts:
a. Resource Conservation and recovery act:(RCRA)
i. Requires record-keeping from generation to disposal,
ii. states that petroleum needs to be stored in regulated underground tanks,
iii. prohibits the dumping of solid wastes
b. CERCLA:
i. Holds property owner liable for clean-up costs,
ii. established superfund,
c. Superfund Amendments and reauthorization act:
i. Established the Toxic Release Inventory,
ii. gives the EPA authority to oversee emergency clean-up,
iii. Taxes polluters were instituted to clean up severe sites
d. Federal hazardous substance act:
i. requires cautionary labels on things like household cleaners
e. Nuclear waste policy act:
i. Act to explore nuclear waste disposal sites,
f. Toxic substance control act:
i. authorizes the EPA to track domestically produced industrial chemicals,
ii. track imported industrial chemicals,
iii. ban hazardous industrial chemicals,
iv. ban the import of hazardous industrial chemicals
35) Nuclear waste disposal is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Describe the Four acts that control
nuclear waste.
-Low level radioactive Policy Act: Requires the state to be responsible
-Nuclear Waste Policy
-Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
-Price Anderson Nuclear Indemnity Act: indemnifies the nuclear industry from liability for accidents, covers all nonmilitary, constructed before 2006, and ensures compensation to accident victims through no-fault insurance
36) Practice the Essays!!!!!!