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Thermal expansion
substance’s
VOLUME
increases when
TEMPERATURE
increases
Heat

Transfer of energy
between objects that
are at different
temperatures

From the higher
temperature object to
the lower
temperature object
Thermal Equilibrium
Conduction
transfer of thermal energy
by direct contact – touch!
– Kinetic energy is
transferred as particles
collide
– Solids, particularly
metals, are good heat
conductors
Convection
the transfer of energy
by the motion of
heated particles in a
liquid or gas
 Convection currents
transfer heat from
warmer to cooler
parts of a fluid.
Convection
The movement of
energy through a
moving liquid or
gas.
Image from: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/outreach/education/science/convection/img/AtmosCartoon.jpg; Definition adapted from:
Access Science glossary, page 313.
Radiation
energy transfer by
electromagnetic
waves
– Some radiation is
absorbed and
some is reflected
when it strikes a
material
Thermal Conductivity
 Rate
at which a
substance
transfers thermal
energy
Specific Heat Capacity
amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1
degree Celsius or Kelvin
– can be thought of as how well a substance
resists changing its temperature
 Water = 4,184 J/(kg K)
 Iron = 450 J/(kg K)
Radiant Energy = from the Sun
 Radiant
energy drives changes in
weather & creates different climates.
– Weather changes from day to day.
– Climate = a region’s general pattern of
weather over a long period of time.

The equator receives the most direct
angle of sunlight, creating the warmest
climates.
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Heating differences
causes there to be
different air masses.
cool air (or water) is
more dense than warm,
so it sinks, creating
currents by convection
The Sun heats
land and oceans
by radiation
land/ocean
heats the air
above it by
conduction
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Air Mass
A large body of air that has approximately the
same temperature and humidity.
Image from: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/air-masses.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0122-airmasses.php&usg=__XvmhcOGvRLktqQCRn2lJ7OrcuMw=&h=260&w=400&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=FE4SQ7SrCqW5AM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dair%2Bmass%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=yrpUTcHzN8O88gap
x-mfBw; Definition adapted from: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 468.
Air movements create weather changes.
•Different air mass pressures cause wind.
• Air moves from high to low pressure areas.
-Generally blow from poles toward equator
-Weather often changes when air pressure changes
-A front is where two air masses meet or collide
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Front
The place where
two air masses of
different
temperatures and
pressures meet.
Image adapted from: http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/images/cloudformation_Fronts_small.jpg;
Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 488.
High Pressure
An area of higher
air pressure that is
typically associated
with clear weather.
Image adapted from: http://www.thereddawn.com/uploaded_images/HighLowPressure-783717.jpg; Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page
491.
Low Pressure
An area of lower
air pressure that is
typically associated
with wet or cloudy
weather.
Image adapted from: http://www.thereddawn.com/uploaded_images/HighLowPressure-783717.jpgp; Definition adapted from: ScienceSaurus
glossary, page 498.
Warm air rises, decreasing
the air pressure.
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Note:
You will attach a weather fronts
foldable here.
You will do this in
class soon!
Weather
A pattern of
precipitation, wind,
etc. that covers a
small area for a short
amount of time.
Image from: http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/5528602/2/istockphoto_5528602-weather-symbols.jpg; Definition
adapted from: Access Science glossary, page 325.
Climate
A pattern of
temperature and
precipitation that
remains for a long
period of time.
The climate of Antarctica is extremely cold.
Image adapted from: http://www.crystalinks.com/antarcticablueice.jpg; Definition: Access Science glossary, page 312.
Land-Ocean Interactions
Land heats up faster than water (= the ocean).
– The air over the land will also heat quickly.
– Warm air rises, starting a convection current.
– This brings moist ocean air inland.
• Ocean air holds a lot of water vapor.
• Warm air can also hold more water vapor.
– When air cools, it may no longer be able to
hold on to all of the water vapor, forming
clouds & precipitation.
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Vocab !
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Ocean Current
The flow of
water within
the ocean that
moves in a
regular pattern.
Image from: http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/OceanCurrents.gif; Definition: ScienceSaurus glossary, page 503.
Surface Current
The flow of water that occurs near or at
the surface of the ocean.
Image from: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/tserver.php?f=currents.gif&w=736&legacyResize; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com
Deep Ocean Current
The movement of
water far below
the surface of the
ocean.
Image adapted from: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/ocean-current-7b.jpg; Definition: www.thefreedictionary.com
Current – movement of water in the ocean
• Surface currents are affected by  Winds
 Continental deflections
 Coriolis Effect – following the
curve of the Earth as it rotates
• Deep ocean currents are affected by  Temperature differences (density)
 Salinity differences (density)
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Movement of currents is constant and
creates a “global conveyor belt” that
transfers heat from one part of the
Earth to another via water.
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Ocean currents can bring in air of a different
temperature that makes one area on Earth
warmer than another at the same latitude
– Example: Gulf Stream brings warm air into
England, making it warmer than Nova Scotia,
Canada at the same latitude.
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• Oceans can also influence weather in
extreme ways, such as in the formation of
hurricanes
= A low pressure tropical storm that forms over
WARM ocean water.
• Oceans impact climate because they heat
and cool slowly (=good insulator!).
– Land near the ocean is often warmer in winter and
cooler in summer, meaning inland climates differ
from those near the ocean at the same latitude.
• Oceans also impact climate via currents…
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Hurricane
A low pressure
tropical storm
that forms over
warm ocean
water.
Hurricane Ivan; September 15, 2004
Image from: http://express.howstuffworks.com/gif/hurricane-ivan.jpg; Definition: wwwthefreedictioanry.com.
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-hurricane.htm
Bill Nye - Storms
https://www.schooltube.com/video/143fd8ba24e44b1ba80a/
Bill%20Nye%20Storms
El Niño
A periodic change in
the location of warm
and cool surface
waters in the Pacific
Ocean.
A warmer sea temperature in the
eastern Pacific around Christmas.
Image from:
http://junglephotos.com/galapagos/satimages/othersatimages/elnino.jpg;
Definition adapted from: www.thefreedictionary.com.